메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 80, Issue 1, 2013, Pages

Comparison of pathogenic domains of rabies and African rabies-related lyssaviruses and pathogenicity observed in mice

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DUVENHAGE VIRUS; LAGOS BAT VIRUS; LYSSAVIRUS; MOKOLA VIRUS; MUS; RABIES VIRUS;

EID: 84875616878     PISSN: 00302465     EISSN: 22190635     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v80i1.511     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (18)

References (50)
  • 1
    • 0035100866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence of two phylogroups with distinct pathogenicity and immunogenicity
    • PMid:11238853
    • Badrane, H., Bahloul, C., Perrin, P. & Tordo, N., 2001, 'Evidence of two phylogroups with distinct pathogenicity and immunogenicity', Journal of Virology 75, 3268-3276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.75.7.3268-3276.2001, PMid:11238853
    • (2001) Journal of Virology , vol.75 , pp. 3268-3276
    • Badrane, H.1    Bahloul, C.2    Perrin, P.3    Tordo, N.4
  • 2
    • 32344441249 scopus 로고
    • A study of viraemia in experimental rabies
    • Borodina, TA., 1958, 'A study of viraemia in experimental rabies', Problems of Virology 4, 96-100.
    • (1958) Problems of Virology , vol.4 , pp. 96-100
    • Borodina, T.A.1
  • 3
    • 0014960118 scopus 로고
    • Viremia in rabies
    • Burne, J.C., 1970, 'Viremia in rabies', Lancet 1, 195-196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(70)90444-7
    • (1970) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 195-196
    • Burne, J.C.1
  • 4
    • 0017641183 scopus 로고
    • Antibody response to rabies virus in Syrian hamsters
    • PMid:330398
    • Coe, J.E. & Bell, J.F., 1977, 'Antibody response to rabies virus in Syrian hamsters', Infection and Immunity 16, 915-919. PMid:330398
    • (1977) Infection and Immunity , vol.16 , pp. 915-919
    • Coe, J.E.1    Bell, J.F.2
  • 5
    • 78049514477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved PCR methods for the detection of African rabies and rabies-related lyssaviruses
    • PMid:20810772
    • Coertse, J., Weyer, J., Nel, L.H. & Markotter, W., 2010, 'Improved PCR methods for the detection of African rabies and rabies-related lyssaviruses', Journal of Clinical Microbiology 48, 3949-3955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01256-10, PMid:20810772
    • (2010) Journal of Clinical Microbiology , vol.48 , pp. 3949-3955
    • Coertse, J.1    Weyer, J.2    Nel, L.H.3    Markotter, W.4
  • 6
    • 37049004566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology and molecular virus characterization of reemerging rabies, South Africa
    • PMid:18258039
    • Cohen, C., Sartorius, B., Sabeta, C., Zulu, G., Paweska, J., Mogoswane, M. et al., 2007, 'Epidemiology and molecular virus characterization of reemerging rabies, South Africa', Emerging Infectious Diseases 13, 1879-1886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1312.070836, PMid:18258039
    • (2007) Emerging Infectious Diseases , vol.13 , pp. 1879-1886
    • Cohen, C.1    Sartorius, B.2    Sabeta, C.3    Zulu, G.4    Paweska, J.5    Mogoswane, M.6
  • 7
    • 0031974476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An avirulent mutant of rabies virus is unable to infect motoneurons in vivo and in vitro
    • PMid:9420224
    • Coulon, P., Ternaux, J-P., Flamand, A. & Tuffereau, C., 1998, 'An avirulent mutant of rabies virus is unable to infect motoneurons in vivo and in vitro', Journal of Virology 72, 273-278. PMid:9420224
    • (1998) Journal of Virology , vol.72 , pp. 273-278
    • Coulon, P.1    Ternaux, J.-P.2    Flamand, A.3    Tuffereau, C.4
  • 8
    • 0002727951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The fluorescent antibody test
    • in F.X. Meslin, M.M. Kaplan & H. Koprowski (eds.), World Health Organization, Geneva. PMid:8788270
    • Dean, D.J., Abelseth, M.K. & Atanasiu, P., 1996, 'The fluorescent antibody test', in F.X. Meslin, M.M. Kaplan & H. Koprowski (eds.), Laboratory techniques in rabies, pp. 88-95, World Health Organization, Geneva. PMid:8788270
    • (1996) Laboratory techniques in rabies , pp. 88-95
    • Dean, D.J.1    Abelseth, M.K.2    Atanasiu, P.3
  • 10
    • 55949100542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Concepts in the pathogenesis of rabies
    • PMid:19578477
    • Dietzschold, B., Li, J., Faber, M. & Schnell, M., 2008, 'Concepts in the pathogenesis of rabies', Future Virology 3, 481-490. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/17460794.3.5.481, PMid:19578477
    • (2008) Future Virology , vol.3 , pp. 481-490
    • Dietzschold, B.1    Li, J.2    Faber, M.3    Schnell, M.4
  • 11
    • 27644521445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A single amino acid change in rabies virus glycoprotein increases virus spread and enhances virus pathogenicity
    • PMid:16254349
    • Faber, M., Faber, M.L., Papaneri, A., Bette, M., Weihe, E., Dietzschold, B. et al., 2005, 'A single amino acid change in rabies virus glycoprotein increases virus spread and enhances virus pathogenicity', Journal of Virology 79, 14141-14148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.79.22.14141-14148.2005, PMid:16254349
    • (2005) Journal of Virology , vol.79 , pp. 14141-14148
    • Faber, M.1    Faber, M.L.2    Papaneri, A.3    Bette, M.4    Weihe, E.5    Dietzschold, B.6
  • 12
    • 43249084547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial dysfunction in lyssavirus-induced apoptosis
    • PMid:18321977
    • Gholami, A., Kassis, R., Real, E., Delmas, O., Guadagnini, S., Larrous, F. et al., 2008, 'Mitochondrial dysfunction in lyssavirus-induced apoptosis', Journal of Virology 82, 4774-4784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02651-07, PMid:18321977
    • (2008) Journal of Virology , vol.82 , pp. 4774-4784
    • Gholami, A.1    Kassis, R.2    Real, E.3    Delmas, O.4    Guadagnini, S.5    Larrous, F.6
  • 13
    • 0002051540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BioEdit: A user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT
    • Hall, T.A., 1999, 'BioEdit: A user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT', Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41, 95-98.
    • (1999) Nucleic Acids Symposium Series , vol.41 , pp. 95-98
    • Hall, T.A.1
  • 14
    • 0031957754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Collaboration of antibody and inflammation in clearance of rabies virus from the central nervous system
    • PMid:9557653
    • Hooper, D.C., Morimoto, K., Bette, M., Weihe, E., Koprowski, H. & Dietzschold, B., 1998, 'Collaboration of antibody and inflammation in clearance of rabies virus from the central nervous system', Journal of Virology 72, 3711-3719. PMid:9557653
    • (1998) Journal of Virology , vol.72 , pp. 3711-3719
    • Hooper, D.C.1    Morimoto, K.2    Bette, M.3    Weihe, E.4    Koprowski, H.5    Dietzschold, B.6
  • 15
    • 33748960766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental infection of big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) with Eurasian bat lyssaviruses Aravan, Khujand and Irkut virus
    • PMid:16705370
    • Hughes, G.J., Kuzmin, I.V., Schmitz, A., Blanton, J., Manangan, J. & Murphy, S. et al., 2006, 'Experimental infection of big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) with Eurasian bat lyssaviruses Aravan, Khujand and Irkut virus', Archives of Virology, 2021-2035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00705-005-0785-0, PMid:16705370
    • (2006) Archives of Virology , pp. 2021-2035
    • Hughes, G.J.1    Kuzmin, I.V.2    Schmitz, A.3    Blanton, J.4    Manangan, J.5    Murphy, S.6
  • 16
  • 17
    • 34548269171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modifications of the PSAP region of the matrix protein lead to attenuation of vesicular stomatitis virus in vitro and in vivo
    • PMid:17698667
    • Irie, T., Carnero, E., Okumura, A., García-Sastre, A. & Harty, R.N., 2007, 'Modifications of the PSAP region of the matrix protein lead to attenuation of vesicular stomatitis virus in vitro and in vivo', Journal of General Virology 88, 2559-2567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.83096-0, PMid:17698667
    • (2007) Journal of General Virology , vol.88 , pp. 2559-2567
    • Irie, T.1    Carnero, E.2    Okumura, A.3    García-Sastre, A.4    Harty, R.N.5
  • 19
    • 34250430380 scopus 로고
    • Mokola virus: Experimental infection and transmission with the shrew, a natural host
    • PMid:4772939
    • Kemp, G.E., Moore, D.L., Isoun, T.T. & Fabiyi, A., 1973, 'Mokola virus: Experimental infection and transmission with the shrew, a natural host', Archiv für die gesamte Virusforschung 43, 242-250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01250419, PMid:4772939
    • (1973) Archiv für die gesamte Virusforschung , vol.43 , pp. 242-250
    • Kemp, G.E.1    Moore, D.L.2    Isoun, T.T.3    Fabiyi, A.4
  • 22
    • 77950627731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shimoni bat virus, a new representative of the lyssavirus genus
    • PMid:20138934
    • Kuzmin, I.V., Mayer, A.E., Niezgoda, M., Markotter, W., Agwanda, B., Breiman, R.F. et al., 2010, 'Shimoni bat virus, a new representative of the lyssavirus genus', Virus Research 149, 197-210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2010.01.018, PMid:20138934
    • (2010) Virus Research , vol.149 , pp. 197-210
    • Kuzmin, I.V.1    Mayer, A.E.2    Niezgoda, M.3    Markotter, W.4    Agwanda, B.5    Breiman, R.F.6
  • 23
    • 0037020152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG) is a trimeric ligand for the N-terminal cysteine-rich domain of the mammalian p75 neurotrophin receptor
    • PMid:12163480
    • Langevin, C., Jaaro, H., Bressanelli, S., Fainzilber, M. & Tuffereau, C., 2002, 'Rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG) is a trimeric ligand for the N-terminal cysteine-rich domain of the mammalian p75 neurotrophin receptor', The Journal of Biological Chemistry 277, 37655-37662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M201374200, PMid:12163480
    • (2002) The Journal of Biological Chemistry , vol.277 , pp. 37655-37662
    • Langevin, C.1    Jaaro, H.2    Bressanelli, S.3    Fainzilber, M.4    Tuffereau, C.5
  • 24
    • 0021678943 scopus 로고
    • Amino acid sequence similarity between rabies virus glycoprotein and snake venom curaremimetic neurotoxins
    • PMid:6494916
    • Lentz, T.L., Wilson, P.T., Hawrot, E. & Speicher, D.W., 1984, 'Amino acid sequence similarity between rabies virus glycoprotein and snake venom curaremimetic neurotoxins', Science 226, 847-848. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.6494916, PMid:6494916
    • (1984) Science , vol.226 , pp. 847-848
    • Lentz, T.L.1    Wilson, P.T.2    Hawrot, E.3    Speicher, D.W.4
  • 25
    • 12344310157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The heminested RT-PCR for the study of rabies virus pathogenesis
    • PMid:15664054
    • Lima, K.C., Megid, J., Silva, A.V. & Cortez A., 2005, 'The heminested RT-PCR for the study of rabies virus pathogenesis', Journal of Virological Methods 124, 79-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.11.008, PMid:15664054
    • (2005) Journal of Virological Methods , vol.124 , pp. 79-85
    • Lima, K.C.1    Megid, J.2    Silva, A.V.3    Cortez, A.4
  • 26
    • 32344433091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viral RNA in the bloodstream suggests viremia occurs in clinically ill rabies-infected mice
    • PMid:16242805
    • Lodmell, D.L., Dimcheff, D.E. & Ewalt, L.C., 2006, 'Viral RNA in the bloodstream suggests viremia occurs in clinically ill rabies-infected mice', Virus Research 116, 114-118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2005.09.004, PMid:16242805
    • (2006) Virus Research , vol.116 , pp. 114-118
    • Lodmell, D.L.1    Dimcheff, D.E.2    Ewalt, L.C.3
  • 28
    • 33644540499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent Lagos bat virus isolations from bats (suborder Megachiroptera) in South Africa
    • PMid:16704795
    • Markotter, W., Randles, J., Rupprecht, C.E., Sabeta, C.T., Wandeler, A.I., Taylor, P.J. et al., 2006b, 'Recent Lagos bat virus isolations from bats (suborder Megachiroptera) in South Africa', Emerging Infectious Diseases 12, 504-506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1203.051306, PMid:16704795
    • (2006) Emerging Infectious Diseases , vol.12 , pp. 504-506
    • Markotter, W.1    Randles, J.2    Rupprecht, C.E.3    Sabeta, C.T.4    Wandeler, A.I.5    Taylor, P.J.6
  • 29
    • 44549088670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phylogeny of Lagos bat virus: Challenges for lyssavirus taxonomy
    • PMid:18359532
    • Markotter, W., Kuzmin, I., Rupprecht, C.E. & Nel, L.H., 2008, 'Phylogeny of Lagos bat virus: Challenges for lyssavirus taxonomy', Virus Research 35, 10-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2008.02.001, PMid:18359532
    • (2008) Virus Research , vol.35 , pp. 10-21
    • Markotter, W.1    Kuzmin, I.2    Rupprecht, C.E.3    Nel, L.H.4
  • 30
    • 69949124457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lagos bat virus virulence in mice inoculated by the peripheral route
    • PMid:19144249
    • Markotter, W., Kuzmin, I.V., Rupprecht, C.E. & Nel, L.H., 2009, 'Lagos bat virus virulence in mice inoculated by the peripheral route', Epidemiology and Infection 137, 1155-1162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268808001945, PMid:19144249
    • (2009) Epidemiology and Infection , vol.137 , pp. 1155-1162
    • Markotter, W.1    Kuzmin, I.V.2    Rupprecht, C.E.3    Nel, L.H.4
  • 32
    • 78650532560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amino acids at positions 273 and 394 in rabies virus nucleoprotein are important for both evasion of host RIG-I mediated antiviral response and pathogenicity
    • PMid:20875468
    • Masatania, T., Ito, N., Shimizua, K., Ito, Y., Nakagawaa, K., Abea, M. et al., 2011, 'Amino acids at positions 273 and 394 in rabies virus nucleoprotein are important for both evasion of host RIG-I mediated antiviral response and pathogenicity', Virus Research 155, 168-174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2010.09.016, PMid:20875468
    • (2011) Virus Research , vol.155 , pp. 168-174
    • Masatania, T.1    Ito, N.2    Shimizua, K.3    Ito, Y.4    Nakagawaa, K.5    Abea, M.6
  • 33
    • 49849098039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amino acid at position 95 of the matrix protein is a cytopathic determinant of rabies virus
    • PMid:18602710
    • Mita, T., Shimizu, K., Ito, N., Yamada, K., Ito, Y., Sugiyama, M. et al., 2008, 'Amino acid at position 95 of the matrix protein is a cytopathic determinant of rabies virus', Virus Research 137, 33-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2008.05.011, PMid:18602710
    • (2008) Virus Research , vol.137 , pp. 33-39
    • Mita, T.1    Shimizu, K.2    Ito, N.3    Yamada, K.4    Ito, Y.5    Sugiyama, M.6
  • 34
    • 33646148703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The in vitro real-time oscillation monitoring system identifies potential entrainment factors for circadian clocks
    • Nakahata, Y., Akashi, M., Trcka, D., Yasuda, A. & Takumi, T., 2006, 'The in vitro real-time oscillation monitoring system identifies potential entrainment factors for circadian clocks', BMC Molecular Biology 7.
    • (2006) BMC Molecular Biology , vol.7
    • Nakahata, Y.1    Akashi, M.2    Trcka, D.3    Yasuda, A.4    Takumi, T.5
  • 35
    • 14844329903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mongoose rabies in southern Africa: A re-evaluation based on molecular epidemiology
    • PMid:15763147
    • Nel, L.H., Sabeta, C.T., Von Teichman, B., Jaftha, J.B., Rupprecht, C.E. & Bingham, J., 2005, 'Mongoose rabies in southern Africa: A re-evaluation based on molecular epidemiology', Virus Research 109, 165-173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2004.12.003, PMid:15763147
    • (2005) Virus Research , vol.109 , pp. 165-173
    • Nel, L.H.1    Sabeta, C.T.2    von Teichman, B.3    Jaftha, J.B.4    Rupprecht, C.E.5    Bingham, J.6
  • 37
    • 0032247040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virus excretion in domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) inoculated with a raccoon rabies isolate
    • Niezgoda, M., Briggs, D.J., Shaddock, J. & Rupprecht, C.E., 1998, 'Virus excretion in domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) inoculated with a raccoon rabies isolate', American Journal of Veterinary Research 95, 1629-1632.
    • (1998) American Journal of Veterinary Research , vol.95 , pp. 1629-1632
    • Niezgoda, M.1    Briggs, D.J.2    Shaddock, J.3    Rupprecht, C.E.4
  • 38
    • 0034782383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular basis for the interaction between rabies virus phosphoprotein P and the dynein light chain LC8: Dissociation of dynein-binding properties and transcriptional functionality of P
    • PMid:11602781
    • Poisson, N., Real, E., Gaudin, Y., Vaney, M-C., King, S., Jacob, Y. et al., 2001, 'Molecular basis for the interaction between rabies virus phosphoprotein P and the dynein light chain LC8: Dissociation of dynein-binding properties and transcriptional functionality of P', Journal of General Virology 82, 2691-2696. PMid:11602781
    • (2001) Journal of General Virology , vol.82 , pp. 2691-2696
    • Poisson, N.1    Real, E.2    Gaudin, Y.3    Vaney, M.-C.4    King, S.5    Jacob, Y.6
  • 39
    • 33745158157 scopus 로고
    • A simple method of estimating fifty percent endpoints
    • Reed, L.J. & Muench, H., 1983, 'A simple method of estimating fifty percent endpoints', American Journal of Hygiene 27, 493-497.
    • (1983) American Journal of Hygiene , vol.27 , pp. 493-497
    • Reed, L.J.1    Muench, H.2
  • 40
    • 33846549050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Failure to open the blood-brain barrier and deliver immune effectors to central nervous system tissues leads to the lethal outcome of silver-haired bat rabies virus infection
    • PMid:17108029
    • Roy, A., Phares, T.W., Koprowski, H. & Hooper, D.G., 2007, 'Failure to open the blood-brain barrier and deliver immune effectors to central nervous system tissues leads to the lethal outcome of silver-haired bat rabies virus infection', Journal of Virology 81, 1110-1118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01964-06, PMid:17108029
    • (2007) Journal of Virology , vol.81 , pp. 1110-1118
    • Roy, A.1    Phares, T.W.2    Koprowski, H.3    Hooper, D.G.4
  • 42
    • 32344437580 scopus 로고
    • Studies on the pathogenesis of rabies
    • PMid:14498436
    • Schindler, R., 1961, 'Studies on the pathogenesis of rabies', Bulletin of the World Health Organization 25, 119-126. PMid:14498436
    • (1961) Bulletin of the World Health Organization , vol.25 , pp. 119-126
    • Schindler, R.1
  • 43
    • 0022006293 scopus 로고
    • Rabies virus virulence: Effect on pathogenicity and sequence characterization of mutations affecting antigenic site III of the glycoprotein
    • PMid:2579247
    • Seif, I., Coulon, P., Rollin, PE. & Flamand, A., 1985, 'Rabies virus virulence: Effect on pathogenicity and sequence characterization of mutations affecting antigenic site III of the glycoprotein', Journal of Virology 53, 926-935. PMid:2579247
    • (1985) Journal of Virology , vol.53 , pp. 926-935
    • Seif, I.1    Coulon, P.2    Rollin, P.E.3    Flamand, A.4
  • 45
    • 0029990970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New aspects of rabies with emphasis on epidemiology, diagnosis, and prevention of the disease in the United States
    • Smith, J.S., 1996, 'New aspects of rabies with emphasis on epidemiology, diagnosis, and prevention of the disease in the United States', Clinical Microbiology Reviews 9, 169-175.
    • (1996) Clinical Microbiology Reviews , vol.9 , pp. 169-175
    • Smith, J.S.1
  • 46
    • 30644463392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple amino acids in the glycoprotein of rabies virus are responsible for pathogenicity in adult mice
    • PMid:16188341
    • Takayama-Ito, M., Ito, N., Yamadaa, K., Sugiyama, M. & Minamoto, N., 2006, 'Multiple amino acids in the glycoprotein of rabies virus are responsible for pathogenicity in adult mice', Virus Research 115, 169-175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2005.08.004, PMid:16188341
    • (2006) Virus Research , vol.115 , pp. 169-175
    • Takayama-Ito, M.1    Ito, N.2    Yamadaa, K.3    Sugiyama, M.4    Minamoto, N.5
  • 49
    • 1642355140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rabies and other lyssavirus diseases
    • Warrell, MJ. & Warrell, DA., 2004, 'Rabies and other lyssavirus diseases', Lancet 363, 959-959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15792-9
    • (2004) Lancet , vol.363 , pp. 959
    • Warrell, M.J.1    Warrell, D.A.2
  • 50
    • 52649094943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PPEY motif within the rabies virus (RV) matrix protein is essential for efficient virion release and RV pathogenicity
    • PMid:18667490
    • Wirblich, C., Tan, G.S., Papaneri, A., Godlewski, P.J., Orenstein, J.M., Harty, R.N. et al., 2008, 'PPEY motif within the rabies virus (RV) matrix protein is essential for efficient virion release and RV pathogenicity', Journal of Virology 82, 9730-9738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00889-08, PMid:18667490
    • (2008) Journal of Virology , vol.82 , pp. 9730-9738
    • Wirblich, C.1    Tan, G.S.2    Papaneri, A.3    Godlewski, P.J.4    Orenstein, J.M.5    Harty, R.N.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.