Do judges vary in their treatment of race?

Journal of Legal Studies

Volumn 41, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 347-384

  Abrams, David S ^a   Bertrand, Marianne ^b   Mullainathan, Sendhil ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

^c HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84875552557     PISSN: 00472530     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/666006     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Abrams, David S., and Albert H. Yoon. 2007. The Luck of the Draw: Using Random Case Assignment to Investigate Attorney Ability. University of Chicago Law Review 74:1145-77.
2. Albonetti, Celesta A. 1997. Sentencing under the Federal Sentencing Guidelines: Effects of Defendant Characteristics, Guilty Pleas, and Departures on Sentence Outcomes for Drug Offenses, 1991-1992. Law and Society Review 31: 789-822.
3. American Bar Association. 1995-2001. The Directory of Minority Judges of the United States. Chicago: American Bar Association.
4. Anderson, James M., Jeffrey R. Kling, and Kate Stith. 1999. Measuring Interjudge Sentencing Disparity: Before and after the Federal Sentencing Guidelines. Journal of Law and Economics 42:271-307.
5. Ashenfelter, Orley, Theodore Eisenberg, and Stewart J. Schwab. 1995. Politics and the Judiciary: The Influence of Judicial Background on Case Outcomes. Journal of Legal Studies 24:257-81.
6. Ayres, Ian, and Joel Waldfogel. 1994. A Market Test for Race Discrimination in Bail Setting. Stanford Law Review 46:987-1047.
7. Bushway, Shawn D., and Anne M. Piehl. 2001. Judging Judicial Discretion: Legal Factors and Racial Discrimination in Sentencing. Law and Society Review 35:733-64.
8. Cheng, Edward K. 2008. The Myth of the Generalist Judge. Stanford Law Review 61:519-72.
9. Chicago Council of Lawyers. 1995-2001. A Directory of State and Federal Judges in Chicago. Chicago: Chicago Council of Lawyers.
10. Daly, Kathleen, and Michael Tonry. 1997. Gender, Race, and Sentencing. Crime and Justice 22:201-52.
11. Devine, Dennis J., Laura D. Clayton, Benjamin B. Dunford, Rasmy Seying, and Jennifer Pryce. 2001. Jury Decision Making: 45 Years of Empirical Research on Deliberating Groups. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 7:622-727.
12. Fischman, Joshua B. 2011. Estimating Preferences of Circuit Judges: A Model of Consensus Voting. Journal of Law and Economics 54:781-809.
13. Gaudet, Frederick J., George S. Harris, and Charles W. St. John. 1933. Individual Differences in the Sentencing Tendencies of Judges. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 23:811-18.
14. Humphrey, John A., and Timothy Fogarty. 1987. Race and Plea Bargained Outcomes: A Research Note. Social Forces 66:176-82.
15. Imbens, Guido W., and Paul R. Rosenbaum. 2005. Robust, Accurate Confidence Intervals with a Weak Instrument: Quarter of Birth and Education. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A: Statistics in Society 168:109-26.
16. Jones, Benjamin F., and Benjamin A. Olken. 2005. Do Leaders Matter? National Leadership and Growth since World War II. Quarterly Journal of Economics 120:835-64.
17. Kennedy, Peter. 1998. A Guide to Econometrics. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
18. Kleck, Gary. 1981. Racial Discrimination in Criminal Sentencing: A Critical Evaluation of the Evidence with Additional Evidence of the Death Penalty. American Sociological Review 46:783-805.
19. Klein, Stephen, Joan Petersilia, and Susan Turner. 1990. Race and Imprisonment Decisions in California. Science 247:812-16.
20. Klepper, Steven, Daniel Nagin, and Luke-Jon Tierney. 1983. Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System: A Critical Appraisal of the Literature. Pp. 55-128 in vol. 2 of Research on Sentencing: The Search for Reform, edited by Alfred Blumstein, Jacqueline Cohen, Susan E. Martin, and Michael H. Tonry. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
21. Kramer, John H., and Darrell Steffensmeier. 1993. Race and Imprisonment Decisions. Sociological Quarterly 342:357-76.
22. Law Bulletin Publishing Company. 1995-2001. Sullivan's Judicial Profiles. Chicago: Law Bulletin Publishing Company.
23. MacCoun, Robert J. 1989. Experimental Research on Jury Decision-Making. Science 244:1046-50.
24. Mustard, David B. 2001. Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Disparities in Sentencing: Evidence from the U.S. Federal Courts. Journal of Law and Economics 44: 285-314.
25. Payne, A. Abigail. 1997. Does Inter-judge Disparity Really Matter? An Analysis of the Effects of Sentencing Reforms in Three Federal District Courts. International Review of Law and Economics 17:337-66.
26. Pfaff, John F. 2006. Continued Vitality of Structured Sentencing following Blakely: The Effectiveness of Voluntary Guidelines. UCLA Law Review 54:235-308.
27. Price, Joseph, and Justin Wolfers. 2010. Racial Discrimination among NBA Referees. Quarterly Journal of Economics 125:1859-87.
28. Rachlinski, Jeffrey J., Sheri Lynn Johnson, Andrew J. Wistrich, and Chris Guthrie. 2009. Does Unconscious Racial Bias Affect Trial Judges? Notre Dame Law Review 84:1195-1246.
29. Sabol, William J., Heather C. West, and Matthew Cooper. 2010. Prisoners in 2008. Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin No. NCJ 228417. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. April. http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?typpbdetail&iidp1763.
30. Schanzenbach, Max. 2005. Racial and Sex Disparities in Prison Sentences: The Effect of District-Level Judicial Demographics. Journal of Legal Studies 34: 57-92.
31. Shayo, Moses, and Asaf Zussman. 2011. Judicial Ingroup Bias in the Shadow of Terrorism. Quarterly Journal of Economics 126:1447-84.
32. Sommers, Samuel R., and Phoebe C. Ellsworth. 2000. Race in the Courtroom: Perceptions of Guilt and Dispositional Attributions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 26:1367-79.
33. Spohn, Cassia C. 2000. Thirty Years of Sentencing Reform: The Quest for a Racially Neutral Sentencing Process. Pp. 427-501 in Policies, Processes, and Decisions of the Criminal Justice System, Vol. 3 of Criminal Justice 2000. Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice.
34. Steffensmeier, Darrell, and Stephen Demuth. 2000. Ethnicity and Sentencing Outcomes in U.S. Federal Courts: Who Is Punished More Harshly? American Sociological Review 65:705-29.
35. Steffensmeier, Darrell, and Stephen Demuth. 2001. Ethnicity and Judges' Sentencing Decisions: Hispanic-Black-White Comparisons. Criminology 39:154-78.
36. Thomson, Randall J., and Matthew T. Zingraff. 1981. Detecting Sentencing Disparity: Some Problems and Evidence. American Journal of Sociology 86:869-80.
37. U.S. Census Bureau. 2001. Census 2000. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
38. Waldfogel, Joel. 1991. Aggregate Inter-judge Disparity in Sentencing: Evidence from Three Districts. Federal Sentencing Reporter 4:151-54.
39. Waldfogel, Joel. 1998. Does Inter-judge Disparity Justify Empirically Based Sentencing Guidelines? International Review of Law and Economics 18:293-304.