Clinical trials in cardiac arrest and subarachnoid hemorrhage: Lessons from the past and ideas for the future

Stroke Research and Treatment

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages

  Frontera, Jennifer A ^a  

^a LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ADRENALIN; ALBUMIN; ALTEPLASE; AMINOCAPROIC ACID; CALCITONIN GENE RELATED PEPTIDE; CILOSTAZOL; CLAZOSENTAN; DIPYRIDAMOLE; ERYTHROPOIETIN; FASUDIL; FLUDROCORTISONE; HYDROCORTISONE; ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; LIDOFLAZINE; MAGNESIUM SULFATE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; NIMODIPINE; NIZOFENONE; NORPHENAZONE; PHENTOLAMINE; PRAVASTATIN; PROPRANOLOL; SIMVASTATIN; TENECTEPLASE; TIRILAZAD; TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR; TRANEXAMIC ACID; UBIDECARENONE; UNINDEXED DRUG;

BLOOD CLOT LYSIS; BRAIN INJURY; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; BRAIN VASOSPASM; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; ERYTHROCYTE CONCENTRATE; FLUID THERAPY; HEART ARREST; HEMOFILTRATION; HUMAN; HYPONATREMIA; INDUCED HYPOTHERMIA; INSULIN INFUSION; LOADING DRUG DOSE; LOW DRUG DOSE; NEUROPROTECTION; PERCUTANEOUS TRANSLUMINAL ANGIOPLASTY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE;

EID: 84875515397     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20420056     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2013/263974     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. Frontera J. A., Fernandez A., Schmidt J. M., Claassen J., Wartenberg K. E., Badjatia N., Connolly E. S., Mayer S. A., Defining vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: what is the most clinically relevant definition? Stroke 2009 40 6 1963 1968 2-s2.0-66849135274 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.544700
2. Wartenberg K. E., Schmidt J. M., Claassen J., Temes R. E., Frontera J. A., Ostapkovich N., Parra A., Connolly E. S., Mayer S. A., Impact of medical complications on outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Critical Care Medicine 2006 34 3 617 623 2-s2.0-33644610186 10.1097/01.CCM.0000201903.46435.35
3. Allen G. S., Ahn H. S., Preziosi T. J., Battye R., Boone S. C., Chou S. N., Kelly D. L., Cerebral arterial spasm-a controlled trial of nimodipine in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. The New England Journal of Medicine 1983 308 11 619 624 10.1056/NEJM198303173081103 (Pubitemid 13152325)
4. Petruk K. C., West M., Mohr G., Weir B. K. A., Benoit B. G., Gentili F., Disney L. B., Khan M. I., Grace M., Holness R. O., Karwon M. S., Ford R. M., Cameron G. S., Tucker W. S., Purves G. B., Miller J. D. R., Hunter K. M., Richard M. T., Durity F. A., Chan R., Nimodipine treatment in poor-grade aneurysm patients. Results of a multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Neurosurgery 1988 68 4 505 517 2-s2.0-0023927693
5. Mee E., Dorrance D., Lowe D., Neil-Dwyer G., Controlled study of nimodipine in aneurysm patients treated early after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 1988 22 3 484 491 2-s2.0-0023894372 (Pubitemid 18095950)
6. Pickard J. D., Murray G. D., Illingworth R., Shaw M. D. M., Teasdale G. M., Foy P. M., Humphreys P. R. D., Lang D. A., Nelson R., Richards P., Sinar J., Bailey S., Skene A., Effect of oral nimodipine on cerebral infarction and outcome after subarachnoid haemorrhage: British aneurysm nimodipine trial. British Medical Journal 1989 298 6674 636 642 2-s2.0-0024515530 (Pubitemid 19088521)
7. Gilsbach J. M., Reulen H. J., Ljunggren B., Brandt L., von Holst H., Mokry M., Van Essen C., Conzen M. A., Early aneurysm surgery and preventive therapy with intravenously administered nimodipine: a multicenter, double-blind, dose-comparison study. Neurosurgery 1990 26 3 458 464 2-s2.0-0025308413 (Pubitemid 20092860)
8. Ohman J., Servo A., Heiskanen O., Long-term effects of nimodipine on cerebral infarcts and outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and surgery. Journal of Neurosurgery 1991 74 1 8 13 2-s2.0-0026098394
9. Soppi V., Karamanakos P. N., Koivisto T., Kurki M. I., Vanninen R., Jaaskelainen J. E., Rinne J., A randomized outcome study of enteral versus intravenous nimodipine in 171 patients after acute aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. World Neurosurgery 2012 78 1-2 101 109 10.1016/j.wneu.2011.09.030
10. Haley E. C. Jr., Kassell N. F., Torner J. C., A randomized trial of nicardipine in subarachnoid hemorrhage: angiographic and transcranial Doppler ultrasound results. A report of the cooperative aneurysm study. Journal of Neurosurgery 1993 78 4 548 553 2-s2.0-0027502966 (Pubitemid 23099462)
11. Haley E. C. Jr., Kassell N. F., Torner J. C., A randomized controlled trial of high-dose intravenous nicardipine in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. A report of the cooperative aneurysm study. Journal of Neurosurgery 1993 78 4 537 547 2-s2.0-0027417278 (Pubitemid 23099461)
12. Haley E. C. Jr., Kassell N. F., Torner J. C., Truskowski L. L., Germanson T. P., A randomized trial of two doses of nicardipine in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a report of the cooperative aneurysm study. Journal of Neurosurgery 1994 80 5 788 796 2-s2.0-0028301843 (Pubitemid 24129672)
13. Barth M., Capelle H. H., Weidauer S., Weiss C., Münch E., Thomé C., Luecke T., Schmiedek P., Kasuya H., Vajkoczy P., Effect of nicardipine prolonged-release implants on cerebral vasospasm and clinical outcome after severe aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a prospective, randomized, double-blind phase IIa study. Stroke 2007 38 2 330 336 2-s2.0-33846697939 10.1161/01.STR.0000254601.74596.0f (Pubitemid 46188258)
14. Fodstad H., Forssell A., Liliequist B., Schannong M., Antifibrinolysis with tranexamic acid in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a consecutive controlled clinical trial. Neurosurgery 1981 8 2 158 165 2-s2.0-0019500844 (Pubitemid 11142228)
15. Chowdhary U. M., Sayed K., Comparative clinical trial of epsilon amino-caproic acid and tranexamic acid in the prevention of early recurrence of subarachnoid haemorrhage. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1981 44 9 810 813 10.1136/jnnp.44.9.810
16. Vermeulen M., Lindsay K. W., Murray G. D., Cheah F., Hijdra A., Muizelaar J. P., Schannong M., Antifibrinolytic treatment in subarachnoid hemorrhage. The New England Journal of Medicine 1984 311 7 432 437 10.1056/NEJM198408163110703 (Pubitemid 14058254)
17. Roos Y., Antifibrinolytic treatment in subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. STAR Study Group. Neurology 2000 54 1 77 82 (Pubitemid 30038741)
18. Hillman J., Fridriksson S., Nilsson O., Yu Z., Säveland H., Jakobsson K. E., Immediate administration of tranexamic acid and reduced incidence of early rebleeding after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a prospective randomized study. Journal of Neurosurgery 2002 97 4 771 778 2-s2.0-0036801577 (Pubitemid 35222396)
19. Saito I., Asano T., Ochiai C., A double-blind clinical evaluation of the effect of nizofenone (Y-9179) on delayed ischemic neurological deficits following aneurysmal rupture. Neurological Research 1983 5 4 29 47 2-s2.0-0020898338 (Pubitemid 14039151)
20. Ohta T., Kikuchi H., Hashi K., Kudo Y., Nizofenone administration in the acute stage following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Results of a multi-center controlled double-blind clinical study. Journal of Neurosurgery 1986 64 3 420 426 2-s2.0-0022486958 (Pubitemid 16035064)
21. Munakata A., Ohkuma H., Nakano T., Shimamura N., Asano K., Naraoka M., Effect of a free radical scavenger, edaravone, in the treatment of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 2009 64 3 423 428 2-s2.0-62849108201 10.1227/01.NEU.0000338067.83059.EB
22. Yoneda H., Shirao S., Nakagawara J., Ogasawara K., Tominaga T., Suzuki M., A prospective, multicenter, randomized study of the efficacy of eicosapentaenoic acid for cerebral vasospasm: the EVAS study. World Neurosurgery 2012 10.1016/j.wneu.2012.09.020
23. Hill M. D., Martin R. H., Mikulis D., Wong J. H., Silver F. L., Terbrugge K. G., Milot G., Safety and efficacy of NA-1 in patients with iatrogenic stroke after endovascular aneurysm repair (ENACT): a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet Neurology 2012 11 11 942 950 10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70225-9
24. Lynch J. R., Wang H., McGirt M. J., Floyd J., Friedman A. H., Coon A. L., Blessing R., Alexander M. J., Graffagnino C., Warner D. S., Laskowitz D. T., Simvastatin reduces vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: results of a pilot randomized clinical trial. Stroke 2005 36 9 2024 2026 2-s2.0-24644488726 10.1161/01.STR.0000177879.11607.10 (Pubitemid 41266547)
25. Tseng M. Y., Czosnyka M., Richards H., Pickard J. D., Kirkpatrick P. J., Effects of acute treatment with pravastatin on cerebral vasospasm, autoregulation, and delayed ischemic deficits after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a phase II randomized placebo-controlled trial. Stroke 2005 36 8 1627 1632 2-s2.0-23244432198 10.1161/01.STR.0000176743.67564.5d (Pubitemid 41098752)
26. Chou S. H. Y., Smith E. E., Badjatia N., Nogueira R. G., Sims J. R. II, Ogilvy C. S., Rordorf G. A., Ayata C., A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of simvastatin in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2008 39 10 2891 2893 2-s2.0-54049100378 10.1161/STROKEAHA. 107.505875
27. Vergouwen M. D., Meijers J. C., Geskus R. B., Coert B. A., Horn J., Stroes E. S., van der Poll T., Vermeulen M., Roos Y. B., Biologic effects of simvastatin in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 2009 29 8 1444 1453 2-s2.0-68249116977 10.1038/jcbfm.2009.59
28. Ohman J., Heiskanen O., Timing of operation for ruptured supratentorial aneurysms: a prospective randomized study. Journal of Neurosurgery 1989 70 1 55 60 2-s2.0-0024483664
29. Molyneux A., Kerr R., Stratton I., Sandercock P., Clarke M., Shrimpton J., Holman R., International subarachnoid aneurysm trial (ISAT) of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling in 2143 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a randomised trial. The Lancet 2002 360 9342 1267 1274 2-s2.0-0037180253 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11314-6 (Pubitemid 35284616)
30. Molyneux A. J., Kerr R. S., Yu L. M., Clarke M., Sneade M., Yarnold J. A., Sandercock P., International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling in 2143 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a randomised comparison of effects on survival, dependency, seizures, rebleeding, subgroups, and aneurysm occlusion. The Lancet 2005 366 9488 809 817 2-s2.0-26944466840 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67214-5 (Pubitemid 41557380)
31. McDougall C. G., Spetzler R. F., Zabramski J. M., Partovi S., Hills N. K., Nakaji P., Albuquerque F. C., The barrow ruptured aneurysm trial. Journal of Neurosurgery 2012 116 1 135 144 10.3171/2011.8.JNS101767
32. Kassell N. F., Haley E. C. Jr., Apperson-Hansen C., Alves W. M., Randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled trial of tirilazad mesylate in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a cooperative study in Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. Journal of Neurosurgery 1996 84 2 221 228 2-s2.0-13344261979 (Pubitemid 26039472)
33. Haley E. C. Jr., Kassell N. F., Apperson-Hansen C., Maile M. H., Alves W. M., A randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled trial of tirilazad mesylate in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a cooperative study in North America. Journal of Neurosurgery 1997 86 3 467 474 2-s2.0-0031028302 (Pubitemid 27097093)
34. Lanzino G., Kassell N. F., Dorsch N. W. C., Pasqualin A., Brandt L., Schmiedek P., Truskowski L. L., Alves W. M., Double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled study of high-dose tirilazad mesylate in women with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage-part I: a cooperative study in Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. Journal of Neurosurgery 1999 90 6 1011 1017 2-s2.0-0033046595 (Pubitemid 29241166)
35. Lanzino G., Kassell N. F., Double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled study of high-dose tirilazad mesylate in women with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage-part II: a cooperative study in North America. Journal of Neurosurgery 1999 90 6 1018 1024 2-s2.0-0032971520 (Pubitemid 29241167)
36. Seifert V., Stolke D., Zimmermann M., Feldges A., Prevention of delayed ischaemic deficits after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage by intrathecal bolus injection of tissue plasminogen activator (rTPA). A prospective study. Acta Neurochirurgica 1994 128 1-4 137 143 2-s2.0-0028343024 10.1007/BF01400664 (Pubitemid 24208554)
37. Findlay J. M., A randomized trial of intraoperative, intracisternal tissue plasminogen activator for the prevention of vasospasm. Neurosurgery 1995 37 5 1026 1027 2-s2.0-0028850377 10.1097/00006123-199511000-00030
38. Yamamoto T., Esaki T., Nakao Y., Mori K., Efficacy of low-dose tissue-plasminogen activator intracisternal administration for the prevention of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. World Neurosurgery 2010 73 6 675 682 2-s2.0-77957792028 10.1016/j.wneu.2010.04.002
39. Shaw M. D., Foy P. M., Conway M., Pickard J. D., Maloney P., Spillane J. A., Chadwick D. W., Dipyridamole and postoperative ischemic deficits in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Journal of Neurosurgery 1985 63 5 699 703 10.3171/jns.1985.63.5.0699 (Pubitemid 16198956)
40. van den Bergh W. M., Algra A., Mees S. M. D., van Kooten F., Dirven C. M., van Gijn J., Randomized controlled trial of acetylsalicylic acid in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: the MASH study. Stroke 2006 37 9 2326 2330 10.1161/01.STR.0000236841.16055.0f (Pubitemid 44337178)
41. Suzuki S., Sayama T., Nakamura T., Nishimura H., Ohta M., Inoue T., Mannoji H., Takeshita I., Cilostazol improves outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a preliminary report. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2011 32 1 89 93 2-s2.0-79958771843 10.1159/000327040
42. Hasan D., Lindsay K. W., Wijdicks E. F. M., Murray G. D., Brouwers P. J. A. M., Bakker W. H., van Gijn J., Vermeulen M., Effect of fludrocortisone acetate in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 1989 20 9 1156 1161 2-s2.0-0024452177 (Pubitemid 19226908)
43. Katayama Y., Haraoka J., Hirabayashi H., Kawamata T., Kawamoto K., Kitahara T., Kojima J., Kuroiwa T., Mori T., Moro N., Nagata I., Ogawa A., Ohno K., Seiki Y., Shiokawa Y., Teramoto A., Tominaga T., Yoshimine T., A randomized controlled trial of hydrocortisone against hyponatremia in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2007 38 8 2373 2375 2-s2.0-34548202216 10.1161/STROKEAHA.106.480038 (Pubitemid 47457586)
44. Gomis P., Graftieaux J. P., Sercombe R., Hettler D., Scherpereel B., Rousseaux P., Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot trial of high-dose methylprednisolone in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Journal of Neurosurgery 2010 112 3 681 688 2-s2.0-77749254703 10.3171/2009.4.JNS081377
45. Tseng M. Y., Hutchinson P. J., Richards H. K., Czosnyka M., Pickard J. D., Erber W. N., Brown S., Kirkpatrick P. J., Acute systemic erythropoietin therapy to reduce delayed ischemic deficits following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a phase II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial: clinical article. Journal of Neurosurgery 2009 111 1 171 180 2-s2.0-67650851481 10.3171/2009.3.JNS081332
46. Naidech A. M., Shaibani A., Garg R. K., Duran I. M., Liebling S. M., Bassin S. L., Bendok B. R., Bernstein R. A., Batjer H. H., Alberts M. J., Prospective, randomized trial of higher goal hemoglobin after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocritical Care 2010 13 3 313 320 2-s2.0-78649691747 10.1007/s12028-010-9424-4
47. Suarez J. I., Martin R. H., Calvillo E., Dillon C., Bershad E. M., Macdonald R. L., Wong J., The albumin in subarachnoid hemorrhage (ALISAH) multicenter pilot clinical trial: safety and neurologic outcomes. Stroke 2012 43 3 683 690 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.633958
48. Bell B. A., Effect of calcitonin-gene-related peptide in patients with delayed postoperative cerebral ischaemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. The Lancet 1992 339 8797 831 834 2-s2.0-0026583341
49. Macdonald R. L., Higashida R. T., Keller E., Mayer S. A., Molyneux A., Raabe A., Vajkoczy P., Wanke I., Bach D., Frey A., Marr A., Roux S., Kassell N., Clazosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage undergoing surgical clipping: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial (CONSCIOUS-2). The Lancet Neurology 2011 10 7 618 625 2-s2.0-79958803259 10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70108-9
50. Macdonald R. L., Higashida R. T., Keller E., Mayer S. A., Molyneux A., Raabe A., Vajkoczy P., Randomized trial of clazosentan in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage undergoing endovascular coiling. Stroke 2012 43 6 1463 1469 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.648980
51. Lennihan L., Mayer S. A., Fink M. E., Beckford A., Paik M. C., Zhang H., Wu Y. C., Klebanoff L. M., Raps E. C., Solomon R. A., Effect of hypervolemic therapy on cerebral blood flow after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke 2000 31 2 383 391 2-s2.0-0033965709 (Pubitemid 30078170)
52. Egge A., Waterloo K., Sjøholm H., Solberg T., Ingebrigtsen T., Romner B., Prophylactic hyperdynamic postoperative fluid therapy after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a clinical, prospective, randomized, controlled study. Neurosurgery 2001 49 3 593 606 2-s2.0-0034882492 (Pubitemid 32769748)
53. Wong G. K. C., Poon W. S., Chan M. T. V., Boet R., Gin T., Ng S. C. P., Zee B. C. Y., Intravenous magnesium sulphate for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (IMASH): a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter phase III trial. Stroke 2010 41 5 921 926 2-s2.0-77951766835 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.571125
54. Mees S. M. D., Algra A., Vandertop W. P., van Kooten F., Kuijsten H. A., Boiten J., van Oostenbrugge R. J., Magnesium for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (MASH-2): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet 2012 380 9836 44 49
55. Walter P., Neil-Dwyer G., Cruickshank J. M., Beneficial effects of adrenergic blockade in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage. The British Medical Journal 1982 284 6330 1661 1664 10.1136/bmj.284.6330.1661 (Pubitemid 12109265)
56. Zwienenberg-Lee M., Hartman J., Rudisill N., Madden L. K., Smith K., Eskridge J., Newell D., Verweij B., Bullock M. R., Baker A., Coplin W., Mericle R., Dai J., Rocke D., Muizelaar J. P., Effect of prophylactic transluminal balloon angioplasty on cerebral vasospasm and outcome in patients with fisher grade IIi subarachnoid hemorrhage: results of a phase II multicenter, randomized, clinical trial. Stroke 2008 39 6 1759 1765 2-s2.0-46249086026 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.502666
57. Shibuya M., Suzuki Y., Sugita K., Saito I., Sasaki T., Takakura K., Nagata I., Kikuchi H., Takemae T., Hidaka H., Nakashima M., Effect of AT877 on cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: results of a prospective placebo-controlled double-blind trial. Journal of Neurosurgery 1992 76 4 571 577 2-s2.0-0026534605
58. Zhao J., Zhou D., Guo J., Ren Z., Zhou L., Wang S., Zhang Y., Efficacy and safety of fasudil in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: final results of a randomized trial of fasudil versus nimodipine. Neurologia Medico-Chirurgica 2011 51 10 679 683 10.2176/nmc.51.679
59. Bilotta F., Spinelli A., Giovannini F., Doronzio A., Delfini R., Rosa G., The effect of intensive insulin therapy on infection rate, vasospasm, neurologic outcome, and mortality in neurointensive care unit after intracranial aneurysm clipping in patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized prospective pilot trial. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology 2007 19 3 156 160 2-s2.0-34347339524 10.1097/ANA.0b013e3180338e69 (Pubitemid 47012351)
60. Todd M. M., Hindman B. J., Clarke W. R., Torner J. C., Mild intraoperative hypothermia during surgery for intracranial aneurysm. The New England Journal of Medicine 2005 352 2 135 145 2-s2.0-11844268070 10.1056/NEJMoa040975 (Pubitemid 40096610)
61. Grote E., Hassler W., The critical first minutes after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 1988 22 4 654 661 2-s2.0-0023925799
62. Sehba F. A., Mostafa G., Friedrich V. Jr., Bederson J. B., Acute microvascular platelet aggregation after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Journal of Neurosurgery 2005 102 6 1094 1100 2-s2.0-23144449916 10.3171/jns.2005.102.6.1094 (Pubitemid 43193979)
63. Sehba F. A., Bederson J. B., Mechanisms of acute brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurological Research 2006 28 4 381 398 2-s2.0-33745643550 10.1179/016164106X114991 (Pubitemid 43967786)
64. Forsman M., Aarseth H. P., Nordby H. K., Skulberg A., Steen P. A., Effects of nimodipine on cerebral blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid pressure after cardiac arrest: correlation with neurologic outcome. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1989 68 4 436 443 2-s2.0-0024567016 (Pubitemid 19102655)
65. Roine R. O., Kajaste S., Kaste M., Neuropsychological sequelae of cardiac arrest. The Journal of the American Medical Association 1992 269 2 237 242 2-s2.0-0027062718 10.1001/jama.269.2.237 (Pubitemid 23013938)
66. Brain Resuscitation Clinical Trial II Study Group, A randomized clinical study of a calcium-entry blocker (lidoflazine) in the treatment of comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. The New England Journal of Medicine 1991 324 18 1225 1231
67. Roine R. O., Kaste M., Kinnunen A., Nikki P., Sarna S., Kajaste S., Nimodipine after resuscitation from out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial. The Journal of the American Medical Association 1990 264 24 3171 3177 2-s2.0-0025603119 10.1001/jama.264.24. 3171
68. Damian M. S., Ellenberg D., Gildemeister R., Lauermann J., Simonis G., Sauter W., Georgi C., Coenzyme Q10 combined with mild hypothermia after cardiac arrest: a preliminary study. Circulation 2004 110 19 3011 3016 2-s2.0-8544253235 10.1161/01.CIR.0000146894.45533.C2 (Pubitemid 39491991)
69. Fatovich D. M., Dobb G. J., Clugston R. A., A pilot randomised trial of thrombolysis in cardiac arrest (the TICA trial). Resuscitation 2004 61 3 309 313 2-s2.0-2542440648 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2004.01.016 (Pubitemid 38686888)
70. Böttiger B. W., Arntz H. R., Chamberlain D. A., Bluhmki E., Belmans A., Danays T., Carli P. A., Adgey J. A., Bode C., Wenzel V., Thrombolysis during resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. The New England Journal of Medicine 2008 359 25 2651 2662 2-s2.0-58049193944 10.1056/NEJMoa070570
71. Mentzelopoulos S. D., Zakynthinos S. G., Tzoufi M., Katsios N., Papastylianou A., Gkisioti S., Stathopoulos A., Kollintza A., Stamataki E., Roussos C., Vasopressin, epinephrine, and corticosteroids for in-hospital cardiac arrest. Archives of Internal Medicine 2009 169 1 15 24 2-s2.0-58349101089 10.1001/archinternmed.2008.509
72. Brown C. G., Martin D. R., Pepe P. E., Stueven H., Cummins R. O., Gonzalez E., Jastremski M., A comparison of standard-dose and high-dose epinephrine in cardiac arrest outside the hospital. The multicenter high-dose epinephrine study group. The New England Journal of Medicine 1992 327 15 1051 1055 10.1056/NEJM199210083271503
73. Choux C., Gueugniaud P. Y., Barbieux A., Pham E., Lae C., Dubien P. Y., Petit P., Standard doses versus repeated high doses of epinephrine in cardiac arrest outside the hospital. Resuscitation 1995 29 1 3 9 2-s2.0-0028961531 10.1016/0300-9572(94)00810-3
74. Patrick W. D., Freedman J., McEwen T., Light R. B., Ludwig L., Roberts D., A randomized, double-blind comparison of methoxamine and epinephrine in human cardiopulmonary arrest. The American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1995 152 2 519 523 2-s2.0-0029120685
75. Lindner K. H., Dirks B., Strohmenger H. U., Prengel A. W., Lindner I. M., Lurie K. G., Randomised comparison of epinephrine and vasopressin in patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. The Lancet 1997 349 9051 535 537 2-s2.0-0031043968 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)80087-6 (Pubitemid 27092793)
76. Sherman B. W., Munger M. A., Foulke G. E., Rutherford W. F., Panacek E. A., High-dose versus standard-dose epinephrine treatment of cardiac arrest after failure of standard therapy. Pharmacotherapy 1997 17 2 242 247 2-s2.0-0030984229 (Pubitemid 27133348)
77. Gueugniaud P. Y., Mols P., Goldstein P., Pham E., Dubien P. Y., Deweerdt C., Vergnion M., Petit P., Carli P., A comparison of repeated high doses and repeated standard doses of epinephrine for cardiac arrest outside the hospital. The New England Journal of Medicine 1998 339 22 1595 1601 2-s2.0-0032569890 10.1056/NEJM199811263392204 (Pubitemid 28536134)
78. Stiell I. G., Hébert P. C., Wells G. A., Vandemheen K. L., Tang A. S. L., Higginson L. A. J., Dreyer J. F., Clement C., Battram E., Watpool I., Mason S., Klassen T., Weitzman B. N., Vasopressin versus epinephrine for inhospital cardiac arrest: a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet 2001 358 9276 105 109 2-s2.0-0035859487 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05328-4 (Pubitemid 32709848)
79. Wenzel V., Krismer A. C., Arntz H. R., Sitter H., Stadlbauer K. H., Lindner K. H., A comparison of vasopressin and epinephrine for out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The New England Journal of Medicine 2004 350 2 105 113 2-s2.0-0347086145 10.1056/NEJMoa025431 (Pubitemid 38056221)
80. Gueugniaud P. Y., David J. S., Chanzy E., Hubert H., Dubien P. Y., Mauriaucourt P., Bragança C., Vasopressin and epinephrine vs. epinephrine alone in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The New England Journal of Medicine 2008 359 1 21 30 10.1056/NEJMoa0706873 (Pubitemid 351931093)
81. Thel M. C., Armstrong A. L., McNulty S. E., Califf R. M., O'Connor C. M., Randomised trial of magnesium in in-hospital cardiac arrest. The Lancet 1997 350 9087 1272 1276 2-s2.0-0031560173 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)05048-4 (Pubitemid 28036635)
82. Fatovich D. M., Prentice D. A., Dobb G. J., Magnesium in cardiac arrest (the magic trial). Resuscitation 1997 35 3 237 241 2-s2.0-0031440223 10.1016/S0300-9572(97)00062-2 (Pubitemid 28014666)
83. Allegra J., Lavery R., Cody R., Birnbaum G., Brennan J., Hartman A., Horowitz M., Nashed A., Yablonski M., Magnesium sulfate in the treatment of refractory ventricular fibrillation in the prehospital setting. Resuscitation 2001 49 3 245 249 2-s2.0-0034961450 10.1016/S0300-9572(00)00375-0 (Pubitemid 32588700)
84. Hassan T. B., Jagger C., Barnett D. B., A randomised trial to investigate the efficacy of magnesium sulphate for refractory ventricular fibrillation. Emergency Medicine Journal 2002 19 1 57 62 2-s2.0-0036149517 (Pubitemid 34092547)
85. Longstreth W. T. Jr., Fahrenbruch C. E., Olsufka M., Walsh T. R., Copass M. K., Cobb L. A., Randomized clinical trial of magnesium, diazepam, or both after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Neurology 2002 59 4 506 514 2-s2.0-0037183529 (Pubitemid 34919982)
86. Longstreth W. T. Jr., Copass M. K., Dennis L. K., Rauch-Matthews M. E., Stark M. S., Cobb L. A., Intravenous glucose after out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest: a community-based randomized trial. Neurology 1993 43 12 I 2534 2541 2-s2.0-0027768609 (Pubitemid 24004541)
87. Oksanen T., Skrifvars M. B., Varpula T., Kuitunen A., Pettilä V., Nurmi J., Castrén M., Strict versus moderate glucose control after resuscitation from ventricular fibrillation. Intensive Care Medicine 2007 33 12 2093 2100 2-s2.0-36448978263 10.1007/s00134-007-0876-8 (Pubitemid 350164573)
88. Bernard S. A., Gray T. W., Buist M. D., Jones B. M., Silvester W., Gutteridge G., Smith K., Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. The New England Journal of Medicine 2002 346 8 557 563 2-s2.0-0037148929 10.1056/NEJMoa003289 (Pubitemid 34438816)
89. The Hypothermia after Cardiac Arrest Study Group, Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improvethe neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. The New England Journal of Medicine 2002 346 8 549 556 10.1056/NEJMoa012689 (Pubitemid 34438815)
90. Kim F., Olsufka M., Longstreth W. T. Jr., Maynard C., Carlbom D., Deem S., Kudenchuk P., Copass M. K., Cobb L. A., Pilot randomized clinical trial of prehospital induction of mild hypothermia in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients with a rapid infusion of 4 °C normal saline. Circulation 2007 115 24 3064 3070 2-s2.0-34250699452 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.655480 (Pubitemid 46956495)
91. KÄmÄrÄinen A., Virkkunen I., Tenhunen J., Yli-Hankala A., Silfvast T., Prehospital therapeutic hypothermia for comatose survivors of cardiac arrest: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2009 53 7 900 907 2-s2.0-67749145465 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2009. 02015.x
92. Castrén M., Nordberg P., Svensson L., Taccone F., Vincent J. L., Desruelles D., Eichwede F., Mols P., Schwab T., Vergnion M., Storm C., Pesenti A., Pachl J., Guérisse F., Elste T., Roessler M., Fritz H., Durnez P., Busch H. J., Inderbitzen B., Barbut D., Intra-arrest transnasal evaporative cooling: a randomized, prehospital, multicenter study (PRINCE: pre-ROSCintraNasal cooling effectiveness). Circulation 2010 122 7 729 736 2-s2.0-77955985501 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.931691
93. Cohen T. J., Goldner B. G., Maccaro P. C., Ardito A. P., Trazzera S., Cohen M. B., Dibs S. R., A comparison of active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation with standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation for cardiac arrests occurring in the hospital. The New England Journal of Medicine 1993 329 26 1918 1921 2-s2.0-0027131416 10.1056/NEJM199312233292603 (Pubitemid 24003118)
94. Stiell I. G., Hébert P. C., Wells G. A., Laupacis A., Vandemheen K., Dreyer J. F., Eisenhauer M. A., Gibson J., Higginson L. A. J., Kirby A. S., Mahon J. L., Maloney J. P., Weitzman B. N., The Ontario trial of active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation for in-hospital and prehospital cardiac arrest. The Journal of the American Medical Association 1996 275 18 1417 1423 2-s2.0-9344246909 10.1001/jama.275.18.1417 (Pubitemid 26155917)
95. Hallstrom A., Cobb L., Johnson E., Copass M., Cardiopulmonary resuscitation by chest compression alone or with mouth-to-mouth ventilation. The New England Journal of Medicine 2000 342 21 1546 1553 2-s2.0-0034713353 10.1056/NEJM200005253422101 (Pubitemid 30340499)
96. Bertrand C., Hemery F., Carli P., Goldstein P., Espesson C., Rüttimann M., Macher J. M., Raffy B., Fuster P., Dolveck F., Rozenberg A., Lecarpentier E., Duvaldestin P., Saissy J. M., Boussignac G., Brochard L., Constant flow insufflation of oxygen as the sole mode of ventilation during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Medicine 2006 32 6 843 851 2-s2.0-33646862593 10.1007/s00134-006-0137-2 (Pubitemid 43781365)
97. Svensson L., Bohm K., Castrèn M., Pettersson H., Engerström L., Herlitz J., Rosenqvist M., Compression-only CPR or standard CPR in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. The New England Journal of Medicine 2010 363 5 434 442 2-s2.0-77955078131 10.1056/NEJMoa0908991
98. Rea T. D., Fahrenbruch C., Culley L., Donohoe R. T., Hambly C., Innes J., Bloomingdale M., Subido C., Romines S., Eisenberg M. S., CPR with chest compression alone or with rescue breathing. The New England Journal of Medicine 2010 363 5 423 433 2-s2.0-77955069236 10.1056/NEJMoa0908993
99. Aufderheide T. P., Nichol G., Rea T. D., Brown S. P., Leroux B. G., Pepe P. E., Kudenchuk P. J., A trial of an impedance threshold device in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. The New England Journal of Medicine 2011 365 9 798 806 10.1056/NEJMoa1010821
100. Abu-Laban R. B., McIntyre C. M., Christenson J. M., van Beek C. A., Innes G. D., O'Brien R. K., Wanger K. P., McKnight R. D., Gin K. G., Zed P. J., Watts J., Puskaric J., MacPhail I. A., Berringer R. G., Milner R. A., Aminophylline in bradyasystolic cardiac arrest: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet 2006 367 9522 1577 1584 2-s2.0-33646374923 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68694-7 (Pubitemid 43674225)
101. Heradstveit B. E., Guttormsen A. B., Langorgen J., Hammersborg S. M., Wentzel-Larsen T., Fanebust R., Larsson E. M., Capillary leakage in post-cardiac arrest survivors during therapeutic hypothermia-a prospective, randomised study. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2010 18 article 29 10.1186/1757-7241-18-29
102. Brain Resuscitation Clinical Trial I Study Group, Randomized clinical study of thiopental loading in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. The New England Journal of Medicine 1986 314 7 397 403
103. Stueven H. A., Thompson B. M., Aprahamian C., Tonsfeldt D. J., Calcium chloride: reassessment of use in asystole. Annals of Emergency Medicine 1984 13 9 820 822 2-s2.0-0021228101 (Pubitemid 14029841)
104. Stueven H. A., Thompson B., Aprahamian C., Tonsfeldt D. J., Kastenson E. H., The effectiveness of calcium chloride in refractory electromechanical dissociation. Annals of Emergency Medicine 1985 14 7 626 629 2-s2.0-0021854376 (Pubitemid 15071766)
105. Stueven H. A., Thompson B., Aprahamian C., Tonsfeldt D. J., Kastenson E. H., Lack of effectiveness of calcium chloride in refractory asystole. Annals of Emergency Medicine 1985 14 7 630 632 2-s2.0-0021880311 (Pubitemid 15071767)
106. Dybvik T., Strand T., Steen P. A., Buffer therapy during out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 1995 29 2 89 95 2-s2.0-0029002120 10.1016/0300-9572(95)00850-S
107. Vukmir R. B., Katz L., Sodium bicarbonate improves outcome in prolonged prehospital cardiac arrest. American Journal of Emergency Medicine 2006 24 2 156 161 2-s2.0-33144471681 10.1016/j.ajem.2005.08.016 (Pubitemid 43265877)
108. Laurent I., Adrie C., Vinsonneau C., Cariou A., Chiche J. D., Ohanessian A., Spaulding C., Carli P., Dhainaut J. F., Monchi M., High-volume hemofiltration after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2005 46 3 432 437 2-s2.0-22844435058 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.04.039 (Pubitemid 41040282)
109. Stiell I. G., Nichol G., Leroux B. G., Rea T. D., Ornato J. P., Powell J., Christenson J., Early versus later rhythm analysis in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. The New England Journal of Medicine 2011 365 9 787 797 10.1056/NEJMoa1010076
110. Allen G. S., Ahn H. S., Preziosi T. J., Battye R., Boone S. C., Boone S. C., Chou S. N., Cerebral arterial spasm: a controlled trial of nimodipine in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. The New England Journal of Medicine 1983 308 11 619 624 2-s2.0-0020660955 (Pubitemid 13152325)
111. Mees S. M. D., Rinkel G. J. E., Feigin V. L., Algra A., van den Bergh W. M., Vermeulen M., van Gijn J., Calcium antagonists for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2008 39 2 514 515 2-s2.0-42949170396 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107. 496802 (Pubitemid 351619485)
112. Roos Y. B. W. E. M., Levi M., Carroll T. A., Beenen L. F. M., Vermeulen M., Nimodipine increases fibrinolytic activity in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2001 32 8 1860 1862 2-s2.0-0034889549 (Pubitemid 32772220)
113. + is increased in the subarachnoid space. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 1998 18 9 978 990 2-s2.0-0031723199 (Pubitemid 28427865)
114. Vergouwen M. D., Algra A., Rinkel G. J., Endothelin receptor antagonists for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis update. Stroke 2012 43 10 2671 2676 10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.666693
115. Wang X., Li Y. M., Li W. Q., Huang C. G., Lu Y. C., Hou L. J., Effect of clazosentan in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PloS ONE 2012 7 10 e47778
116. Crowley R. W., Medel R., Dumont A. S., Ilodigwe D., Kassell N. F., Mayer S. A., Ruefenacht D., Angiographic vasospasm is strongly correlated with cerebral infarction after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2011 42 4 919 923 10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.597005
117. Mocco J., Ransom E. R., Komotar R. J., Schmidt J. M., Sciacca R. R., Mayer S. A., Connolly E. S., Preoperative prediction of long-term outcome in poor-grade aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 2006 59 3 529 538 2-s2.0-33748563978 10.1227/01.NEU.0000228680.22550.A2