메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 3, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 291-303

Benefits versus risks of latest therapies in multiple sclerosis: A perspective review

Author keywords

disease modifying agents; multiple sclerosis; risk benefit; safety; toxicity

Indexed keywords

ALEMTUZUMAB; BETA1A INTERFERON; FINGOLIMOD; FUMADERM; FUMARIC ACID DIMETHYL ESTER; GLATIRAMER; LAQUINIMOD; NATALIZUMAB; PLACEBO; TERIFLUNOMIDE;

EID: 84875489985     PISSN: 20420986     EISSN: 20420994     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/2042098612462599     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (3)

References (80)
  • 1
    • 33645324079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug Insight: interferon treatment in multiple sclerosis
    • Ann Marrie R. Rudick R. (2006) Drug Insight: interferon treatment in multiple sclerosis. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2: 34–44.
    • (2006) Nat Clin Pract Neurol , vol.2 , pp. 34-44
    • Ann Marrie, R.1    Rudick, R.2
  • 2
    • 84875541797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of alemtuzumab vs. rebif(R) on brain MRI measurements: results of CARE-MS I, a Phase 3 Study (S11.006)
    • (Meeting Abstracts 1): S11.006
    • Arnold D. Brinar V. Cohen J. Coles A. Confavreux C. Fisher E. (2012) Effect of alemtuzumab vs. rebif(R) on brain MRI measurements: results of CARE-MS I, a Phase 3 Study (S11.006). Neurology 78(Meeting Abstracts 1): S11.006.
    • (2012) Neurology , vol.78
    • Arnold, D.1    Brinar, V.2    Cohen, J.3    Coles, A.4    Confavreux, C.5    Fisher, E.6
  • 3
    • 84875493707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biogen Idec submits application to FDA for approval of oral BG-12 to treat multiple sclerosis
    • Biogen Idec (2012) Biogen Idec submits application to FDA for approval of oral BG-12 to treat multiple sclerosis.
    • (2012)
  • 5
    • 34250832664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors in health and disease: mechanistic insights from gene deletion studies and reverse pharmacology
    • Brinkmann V. (2007) Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors in health and disease: mechanistic insights from gene deletion studies and reverse pharmacology. Pharmacol Ther 115: 84–105.
    • (2007) Pharmacol Ther , vol.115 , pp. 84-105
    • Brinkmann, V.1
  • 6
    • 0037077308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The immune modulator FTY720 targets sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors
    • Brinkmann V. Davis M. Heise C. Albert R. Cottens S. Hof R. (2002) The immune modulator FTY720 targets sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors. J Biol Chem 277: 21453–21457.
    • (2002) J Biol Chem , vol.277 , pp. 21453-21457
    • Brinkmann, V.1    Davis, M.2    Heise, C.3    Albert, R.4    Cottens, S.5    Hof, R.6
  • 7
    • 34848816850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The incidence and significance of anti-natalizumab antibodies: results from AFFIRM and SENTINEL
    • Calabresi P. Giovannoni G. Confavreux C. Galetta S. Havrdova E. Hutchinson M. (2007) The incidence and significance of anti-natalizumab antibodies: results from AFFIRM and SENTINEL. Neurology 69: 1391–1403.
    • (2007) Neurology , vol.69 , pp. 1391-1403
    • Calabresi, P.1    Giovannoni, G.2    Confavreux, C.3    Galetta, S.4    Havrdova, E.5    Hutchinson, M.6
  • 8
    • 77951073508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of action of oral fingolimod (FTY720) in multiple sclerosis
    • Chun J. Hartung H. (2010) Mechanism of action of oral fingolimod (FTY720) in multiple sclerosis. Clin Neuropharmacol 33: 91–101.
    • (2010) Clin Neuropharmacol , vol.33 , pp. 91-101
    • Chun, J.1    Hartung, H.2
  • 9
    • 77949279537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with multiple sclerosis: lessons from 28 cases
    • Clifford D. De Luca A. Simpson D. Arendt G. Giovannoni G. Nath A. (2010) Natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with multiple sclerosis: lessons from 28 cases. Lancet Neurol 9: 438–446.
    • (2010) Lancet Neurol , vol.9 , pp. 438-446
    • Clifford, D.1    De Luca, A.2    Simpson, D.3    Arendt, G.4    Giovannoni, G.5    Nath, A.6
  • 10
    • 84875491864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of teriflunomide in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis and treated with interferon-beta
    • Available at
    • ClinicalTrials.gov (2012a) Efficacy and safety of teriflunomide in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis and treated with interferon-beta. Available at: ClinicalTrials.Gov.
    • (2012)
  • 11
    • 84875483494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phase III Study with teriflunomide versus placebo in patients with first clinical symptom of multiple sclerosis
    • Available at
    • ClinicalTrials.gov (2012b) Phase III Study with teriflunomide versus placebo in patients with first clinical symptom of multiple sclerosis. Available at: ClinicalTrials.Gov.
    • (2012)
  • 12
    • 76149140914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral fingolimod or intramuscular interferon for relapsing multiple sclerosis
    • Cohen J. Barkhof F. Comi G. Hartung H. Khatri B. Montalban X. (2010) Oral fingolimod or intramuscular interferon for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 362: 402–415.
    • (2010) N Engl J Med , vol.362 , pp. 402-415
    • Cohen, J.1    Barkhof, F.2    Comi, G.3    Hartung, H.4    Khatri, B.5    Montalban, X.6
  • 13
    • 79955455801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of fingolimod–s efficacy and adverse effects in multiple sclerosis
    • Cohen Chun (2011) Mechanisms of fingolimod–s efficacy and adverse effects in multiple sclerosis. Annals of Neurology 69: 759–777.
    • (2011) Annals of Neurology , vol.69 , pp. 759-777
    • Cohen1    Chun2
  • 14
    • 84872539760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety results from Comparison of Alemtuzumab and Rebif(R) Efficacy in Multiple Sclerosis II (CARE-MS II): a phase 3 study in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients who relapsed on prior therapy (S01.004)
    • (Meeting Abstracts 1): S01.004
    • Cohen J. Twyman C. Arnold D. Coles A. Confavreux C. Fox E. (2012) Efficacy and safety results from Comparison of Alemtuzumab and Rebif(R) Efficacy in Multiple Sclerosis II (CARE-MS II): a phase 3 study in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients who relapsed on prior therapy (S01.004). Neurology 78(Meeting Abstracts 1): S01.004.
    • (2012) Neurology , vol.78
    • Cohen, J.1    Twyman, C.2    Arnold, D.3    Coles, A.4    Confavreux, C.5    Fox, E.6
  • 15
    • 84885811208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and Safety Results from Comparison of Alemtuzumab and Rebif(R) Efficacy in Multiple Sclerosis I (CARE-MS I): a phase 3 study in relapsing–remitting treatment-naive patients (S01.006)
    • (Meeting Abstracts 1): S01.006
    • Coles A. Brinar V. Arnold D. Cohen J. Confavreux C. Fox E. (2012a) Efficacy and Safety Results from Comparison of Alemtuzumab and Rebif(R) Efficacy in Multiple Sclerosis I (CARE-MS I): a phase 3 study in relapsing–remitting treatment-naive patients (S01.006). Neurology 78(Meeting Abstracts 1): S01.006.
    • (2012) Neurology , vol.78
    • Coles, A.1    Brinar, V.2    Arnold, D.3    Cohen, J.4    Confavreux, C.5    Fox, E.6
  • 16
    • 54949143968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alemtuzumab vs. interferon beta-1a in early multiple sclerosis
    • Coles A. Compston D. Selmaj K. Lake S. Moran S. Margolin D. for the CAMMS223 Trial Investigators (2008) Alemtuzumab vs. interferon beta-1a in early multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 359: 1786–1801.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.359 , pp. 1786-1801
    • Coles, A.1    Compston, D.2    Selmaj, K.3    Lake, S.4    Moran, S.5    Margolin, D.6
  • 17
    • 31544467633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The window of therapeutic opportunity in multiple sclerosis: evidence from monoclonal antibody therapy
    • Coles A. Cox A. Le Page E. Jones J. Trip S. Deans J. (2006) The window of therapeutic opportunity in multiple sclerosis: evidence from monoclonal antibody therapy J Neurol 253: 98–108.
    • (2006) J Neurol , vol.253 , pp. 98-108
    • Coles, A.1    Cox, A.2    Le Page, E.3    Jones, J.4    Trip, S.5    Deans, J.6
  • 18
    • 84860780657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alemtuzumab more effective than interferon beta-1a at 5-year follow-up of CAMMS223 clinical trial
    • Coles A. Fox E. Vladic A. Gazda S. Brinar V. Selmaj K. (2012b) Alemtuzumab more effective than interferon beta-1a at 5-year follow-up of CAMMS223 clinical trial. Neurology 78: 1069–1078.
    • (2012) Neurology , vol.78 , pp. 1069-1078
    • Coles, A.1    Fox, E.2    Vladic, A.3    Gazda, S.4    Brinar, V.5    Selmaj, K.6
  • 19
    • 84875498123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term safety of oral fingolimod (fty720) in relapsing multiple sclerosis: integrated analyses of phase 2 and 3 studies (P845)
    • In:, 26th Congress of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS) & 15th Annual Conference of Rehabilitation in MS (RIMS), 25 October 2010
    • Collins W. Cohen J. O–Connor P. De Vera A. Zhang-Auberson L. Jin F.J. (2010) Long-term safety of oral fingolimod (fty720) in relapsing multiple sclerosis: integrated analyses of phase 2 and 3 studies (P845). In: 26th Congress of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS) & 15th Annual Conference of Rehabilitation in MS (RIMS), 25 October 2010.
    • (2010)
    • Collins, W.1    Cohen, J.2    O–Connor, P.3    De Vera, A.4    Zhang-Auberson, L.5    Jin, F.J.6
  • 21
    • 45249107267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of laquinimod on MRI-monitored disease activity in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIb study
    • Comi G. Pulizzi A. Rovaris M. Abramsky O. Arbizu T. Boiko A. (2008) Effect of laquinimod on MRI-monitored disease activity in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIb study. Lancet 371: 2085–2092.
    • (2008) Lancet , vol.371 , pp. 2085-2092
    • Comi, G.1    Pulizzi, A.2    Rovaris, M.3    Abramsky, O.4    Arbizu, T.5    Boiko, A.6
  • 22
    • 84860199056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term follow-up of a phase 2 study of oral teriflunomide in relapsing multiple sclerosis: safety and efficacy results up to 8.5 years
    • Confavreux C. Li D. Freedman M. Truffinet P. Benzerdjeb H. Wang D. (2012) Long-term follow-up of a phase 2 study of oral teriflunomide in relapsing multiple sclerosis: safety and efficacy results up to 8.5 years. Mult Scler 1: 1278–1289.
    • (2012) Mult Scler , vol.1 , pp. 1278-1289
    • Confavreux, C.1    Li, D.2    Freedman, M.3    Truffinet, P.4    Benzerdjeb, H.5    Wang, D.6
  • 23
    • 80053207130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autoimmune disease after alemtuzumab treatment for multiple sclerosis in a multicenter cohort
    • Cossburn M. Pace A. Jones J. Ali R. Ingram G. Baker K. (2011) Autoimmune disease after alemtuzumab treatment for multiple sclerosis in a multicenter cohort Neurology 77: 573–579.
    • (2011) Neurology , vol.77 , pp. 573-579
    • Cossburn, M.1    Pace, A.2    Jones, J.3    Ali, R.4    Ingram, G.5    Baker, K.6
  • 24
    • 84863396793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secondary autoimmune diseases following alemtuzumab therapy for multiple sclerosis
    • Costelloe L. Jones J. Coles A. (2012) Secondary autoimmune diseases following alemtuzumab therapy for multiple sclerosis. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 12: 335–341.
    • (2012) Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics , vol.12 , pp. 335-341
    • Costelloe, L.1    Jones, J.2    Coles, A.3
  • 25
    • 79955444937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • First-dose effect of fingolimod: pooled safety data from two phase 3 studies (TRANSFORMS and FREEDOMS) (P830)
    • (Suppl 10)
    • DiMarco J. O–Connor P. Cohen J. (2010) First-dose effect of fingolimod: pooled safety data from two phase 3 studies (TRANSFORMS and FREEDOMS) (P830). Mult Scler 16(Suppl 10): S290.
    • (2010) Mult Scler , vol.16 , pp. S290
    • DiMarco, J.1    O–Connor, P.2    Cohen, J.3
  • 26
    • 80655128161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delayed fingolimod-associated asystole
    • Espinosa P. Berger J. (2011) Delayed fingolimod-associated asystole. Mult Scler 17: 1387–1389.
    • (2011) Mult Scler , vol.17 , pp. 1387-1389
    • Espinosa, P.1    Berger, J.2
  • 27
    • 84860706754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Medicines agency starts review of Gilenya (fingolimod)
    • Press release, 20, January, 2012
    • European Medicines Agency (2012) European Medicines agency starts review of Gilenya (fingolimod), Press release, 20 January 2012.
    • (2012)
  • 28
    • 84862556665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FDA Drug Safety Communication: Revised recommendations for cardiovascular monitoring and use of multiple sclerosis drug Gilenya (fingolimod)
    • Food and Drug Administration (2012) FDA Drug Safety Communication: Revised recommendations for cardiovascular monitoring and use of multiple sclerosis drug Gilenya (fingolimod).
    • (2012)
  • 29
    • 84856057894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A single-arm, open-label study of alemtuzumab in treatment-refractory patients with multiple sclerosis
    • Fox E. Sullivan H. Gazda S. Mayer L. O–Donnell L. Melia K. (2012a) A single-arm, open-label study of alemtuzumab in treatment-refractory patients with multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 19: 307–311.
    • (2012) Eur J Neurol , vol.19 , pp. 307-311
    • Fox, E.1    Sullivan, H.2    Gazda, S.3    Mayer, L.4    O–Donnell, L.5    Melia, K.6
  • 30
    • 84875503281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical efficacy of BG-12 in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS): data from the phase 3 CONFIRM Study (S01.003)
    • (Meeting Abstracts 1): S01.003
    • Fox R. Miller D. Phillips J. Kita M. Hutchinson M. Havrdova E. (2012b) Clinical efficacy of BG-12 in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS): data from the phase 3 CONFIRM Study (S01.003). Neurology 78(Meeting Abstracts 1): S01.003.
    • (2012) Neurology , vol.78
    • Fox, R.1    Miller, D.2    Phillips, J.3    Kita, M.4    Hutchinson, M.5    Havrdova, E.6
  • 31
    • 84858147904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk stratification and patient counseling for natalizumab in multiple sclerosis
    • Fox R. Rudick R. (2012) Risk stratification and patient counseling for natalizumab in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 78: 436–437.
    • (2012) Neurology , vol.78 , pp. 436-437
    • Fox, R.1    Rudick, R.2
  • 32
    • 84875496048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genzyme Reports Top-Line Results for TENERE Study of Oral Teriflunomide in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
    • Genzyme Corporation (2011) Genzyme Reports Top-Line Results for TENERE Study of Oral Teriflunomide in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis.
    • (2011)
  • 33
    • 84867196443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genzyme Reports Positive Top-Line Results of TOWER, a Pivotal Phase III Trial for AUBAGIOTM* (Teriflunomide) in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
    • Genzyme Corporation (2012) Genzyme Reports Positive Top-Line Results of TOWER, a Pivotal Phase III Trial for AUBAGIOTM* (Teriflunomide) in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis.
    • (2012)
  • 34
    • 84858241530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical efficacy of BG-12, an oral therapy, in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: data from the phase 3 DEFINE trial
    • In:, Program and Abstracts of the 5th Joint Triennial Congress of the European and Americas Committees for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS/ACTRIMS), Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 19–22 October 2011
    • Gold R. Kappos L. Bar-Or A. (2011) Clinical efficacy of BG-12, an oral therapy, in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: data from the phase 3 DEFINE trial. In: Program and Abstracts of the 5th Joint Triennial Congress of the European and Americas Committees for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS/ACTRIMS), Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 19–22 October 2011.
    • (2011)
    • Gold, R.1    Kappos, L.2    Bar-Or, A.3
  • 35
    • 5644221510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disease-modifying therapy in MS: a critical review of the literature. Part II: assessing efficacy and dose-response
    • (Suppl 5)
    • Goodin D. (2004) Disease-modifying therapy in MS: a critical review of the literature. Part II: assessing efficacy and dose-response. J Neurol 251(Suppl 5): v50–v56.
    • (2004) J Neurol , vol.251 , pp. v50-v56
    • Goodin, D.1
  • 37
    • 0029050136 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase by the immunosuppressive agent leflunomide
    • Greene S. Watanabe K. Braatz-Trulson J. Lou L. (1995) Inhibition of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase by the immunosuppressive agent leflunomide. Biochem Pharmacol 50: 861–867.
    • (1995) Biochem Pharmacol , vol.50 , pp. 861-867
    • Greene, S.1    Watanabe, K.2    Braatz-Trulson, J.3    Lou, L.4
  • 38
    • 40149098173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Campath 1-H treatment in patients with aggressive relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis
    • Hirst C. Pace A. Pickersgill T. Jones R. McLean B. Zajicek J. (2008) Campath 1-H treatment in patients with aggressive relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis J Neurol 255: 231–238.
    • (2008) J Neurol , vol.255 , pp. 231-238
    • Hirst, C.1    Pace, A.2    Pickersgill, T.3    Jones, R.4    McLean, B.5    Zajicek, J.6
  • 39
    • 0037401876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Signaling and biological actions of sphingosine 1-phosphate
    • Hla T. (2003) Signaling and biological actions of sphingosine 1-phosphate. Pharmacol Res 47: 401–407.
    • (2003) Pharmacol Res , vol.47 , pp. 401-407
    • Hla, T.1
  • 40
    • 0042413498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term safety aspects of systemic therapy with fumaric acid esters in severe psoriasis
    • Hoefnagel J. Thio H. Willemze R. Bouwes Bavinck J. (2003) Long-term safety aspects of systemic therapy with fumaric acid esters in severe psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 149: 363–369.
    • (2003) Br J Dermatol , vol.149 , pp. 363-369
    • Hoefnagel, J.1    Thio, H.2    Willemze, R.3    Bouwes Bavinck, J.4
  • 41
    • 80155171844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FTY720 combined with tacrolimus in de novo renal transplantation: 1-year, multicenter, open-label randomized study
    • Hoitsma A. Woodle E. Abramowicz D. Proot P. Vanrenterghem Y. for the FTY720 Phase II Transplant Study Group (2011) FTY720 combined with tacrolimus in de novo renal transplantation: 1-year, multicenter, open-label randomized study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 26: 3802–3805.
    • (2011) Nephrol Dial Transplant , vol.26 , pp. 3802-3805
    • Hoitsma, A.1    Woodle, E.2    Abramowicz, D.3    Proot, P.4    Vanrenterghem, Y.5
  • 42
    • 2142851264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lysophospholipid receptors: signaling and biology
    • Ishii I. Fukushima N. Ye X. Chun J. (2004) Lysophospholipid receptors: signaling and biology. Annu Rev Biochem 73: 321–354.
    • (2004) Annu Rev Biochem , vol.73 , pp. 321-354
    • Ishii, I.1    Fukushima, N.2    Ye, X.3    Chun, J.4
  • 43
    • 77957044257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improvement in disability after alemtuzumab treatment of multiple sclerosis is associated with neuroprotective autoimmunity
    • Jones J. Anderson J. Phuah C. Fox E. Selmaj K. Margolin D. (2010) Improvement in disability after alemtuzumab treatment of multiple sclerosis is associated with neuroprotective autoimmunity Brain 133: 2232–2247.
    • (2010) Brain , vol.133 , pp. 2232-2247
    • Jones, J.1    Anderson, J.2    Phuah, C.3    Fox, E.4    Selmaj, K.5    Margolin, D.6
  • 44
    • 37149040149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Campath-1H treatment of multiple sclerosis
    • Jones J. Coles A. (2008) Campath-1H treatment of multiple sclerosis Neurodegener Dis 5: 27–31.
    • (2008) Neurodegener Dis , vol.5 , pp. 27-31
    • Jones, J.1    Coles, A.2
  • 45
    • 11144357311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synthesis and biological evaluation of new 1,2-dihydro-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxamides for treatment of autoimmune disorders: structure-activity relationship
    • Jonsson S. Andersson G. Fex T. Fristedt T. Hedlund G. Jansson K. (2004) Synthesis and biological evaluation of new 1,2-dihydro-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxamides for treatment of autoimmune disorders: structure-activity relationship. J Med Chem 47: 2075–2088.
    • (2004) J Med Chem , vol.47 , pp. 2075-2088
    • Jonsson, S.1    Andersson, G.2    Fex, T.3    Fristedt, T.4    Hedlund, G.5    Jansson, K.6
  • 46
    • 79958007082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent insights into the mechanism of action of glatiramer acetate
    • Kala M. Miravalle A. Vollmer T. (2011) Recent insights into the mechanism of action of glatiramer acetate. J Neuroimmunol 235: 9–17.
    • (2011) J Neuroimmunol , vol.235 , pp. 9-17
    • Kala, M.1    Miravalle, A.2    Vollmer, T.3
  • 48
    • 79958108785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mechanism of action of interferon-beta in relapsing multiple sclerosis
    • Kieseier B. (2011) The mechanism of action of interferon-beta in relapsing multiple sclerosis. CNS Drugs 25: 491–502.
    • (2011) CNS Drugs , vol.25 , pp. 491-502
    • Kieseier, B.1
  • 49
    • 22844439662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy complicating treatment with natalizumab and interferon beta-1a for multiple sclerosis
    • Kleinschmidt-DeMasters B. Tyler K. (2005) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy complicating treatment with natalizumab and interferon beta-1a for multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 353: 369–374.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.353 , pp. 369-374
    • Kleinschmidt-DeMasters, B.1    Tyler, K.2
  • 50
    • 84856252354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immune mechanisms of new therapeutic strategies in multiple sclerosis-A focus on alemtuzumab
    • Klotz L. Meuth S. Wiendl H. (2012) Immune mechanisms of new therapeutic strategies in multiple sclerosis-A focus on alemtuzumab. Clin Immunol 142: 25–30.
    • (2012) Clin Immunol , vol.142 , pp. 25-30
    • Klotz, L.1    Meuth, S.2    Wiendl, H.3
  • 51
    • 22844445230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient treated with natalizumab
    • Langer-Gould A. Atlas S. Green A. Bollen A. Pelletier D. (2005) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient treated with natalizumab. N Engl J Med 353: 375–381.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.353 , pp. 375-381
    • Langer-Gould, A.1    Atlas, S.2    Green, A.3    Bollen, A.4    Pelletier, D.5
  • 52
    • 79952136166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fumaric acid esters exert neuroprotective effects in neuroinflammation via activation of the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway
    • Linker R. Lee D. Ryan S. Van Dam A. Conrad R. Bista P. (2011) Fumaric acid esters exert neuroprotective effects in neuroinflammation via activation of the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway. Brain 134: 678–692.
    • (2011) Brain , vol.134 , pp. 678-692
    • Linker, R.1    Lee, D.2    Ryan, S.3    Van Dam, A.4    Conrad, R.5    Bista, P.6
  • 53
    • 43249103954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Getting specific: monoclonal antibodies in multiple sclerosis
    • Lutterotti A. Martin R. (2008) Getting specific: monoclonal antibodies in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 7: 538–547.
    • (2008) Lancet Neurol , vol.7 , pp. 538-547
    • Lutterotti, A.1    Martin, R.2
  • 54
    • 79952856754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Definitions of breakthrough disease and second-line agents
    • Marriott J. O–Connor P. (2011) Definitions of breakthrough disease and second-line agents. Neurol Clin 29: 411–422.
    • (2011) Neurol Clin , vol.29 , pp. 411-422
    • Marriott, J.1    O–Connor, P.2
  • 55
    • 74049140477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitoxantrone: benefits and risks in multiple sclerosis patients
    • (Suppl 2)
    • Martinelli V. Radaelli M. Straffi L. Rodegher M. Comi G. (2009) Mitoxantrone: benefits and risks in multiple sclerosis patients. Neurol Sci 30(Suppl 2): S167–S170.
    • (2009) Neurol Sci , vol.30 , pp. S167-S170
    • Martinelli, V.1    Radaelli, M.2    Straffi, L.3    Rodegher, M.4    Comi, G.5
  • 56
    • 46749113012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term (up to 22 years), open-label, compassionate-use study of glatiramer acetate in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis
    • Miller A. Spada V. Beerkircher D. Kreitman R. (2008) Long-term (up to 22 years), open-label, compassionate-use study of glatiramer acetate in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 14: 494–499.
    • (2008) Mult Scler , vol.14 , pp. 494-499
    • Miller, A.1    Spada, V.2    Beerkircher, D.3    Kreitman, R.4
  • 57
    • 83455212000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The link between VLA-4 and JC virus reactivation
    • Monaco M. Major E. (2012) The link between VLA-4 and JC virus reactivation. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 8: 63–72.
    • (2012) Expert Rev Clin Immunol , vol.8 , pp. 63-72
    • Monaco, M.1    Major, E.2
  • 58
    • 33645799680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Phase II study of the safety and efficacy of teriflunomide in multiple sclerosis with relapses
    • O–Connor P. Li D. Freedman M. Bar-Or A. Rice G. Confavreux C. (2006) A Phase II study of the safety and efficacy of teriflunomide in multiple sclerosis with relapses. Neurology 66: 894–900.
    • (2006) Neurology , vol.66 , pp. 894-900
    • O–Connor, P.1    Li, D.2    Freedman, M.3    Bar-Or, A.4    Rice, G.5    Confavreux, C.6
  • 60
    • 80052781117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential mechanisms of efficacy and adverse effects in the use of fingolimod (FTY720)
    • Ontaneda D. Cohen J. (2011) Potential mechanisms of efficacy and adverse effects in the use of fingolimod (FTY720). Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 4: 567–570.
    • (2011) Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol , vol.4 , pp. 567-570
    • Ontaneda, D.1    Cohen, J.2
  • 61
    • 84875502495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and tolerability of BG-12 in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS): analyses from the CONFIRM study (S41.005)
    • (Meeting Abstracts 1): S41.005
    • Phillips J.T. Fox R. Miller D. Kita M. Hutchinson M. Havrdova E. (2012) Safety and tolerability of BG-12 in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS): analyses from the CONFIRM study (S41.005). Neurology 78(Meeting Abstracts 1): S41.005.
    • (2012) Neurology , vol.78
    • Phillips, J.T.1    Fox, R.2    Miller, D.3    Kita, M.4    Hutchinson, M.5    Havrdova, E.6
  • 63
    • 33644584352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis
    • Polman C. O–Connor P. Havrdova E. Hutchinson M. Kappos L. Miller D. (2006) A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 354: 899–910.
    • (2006) N Engl J Med , vol.354 , pp. 899-910
    • Polman, C.1    O–Connor, P.2    Havrdova, E.3    Hutchinson, M.4    Kappos, L.5    Miller, D.6
  • 64
    • 65549108709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current approaches to the identification and management of breakthrough disease in patients with multiple sclerosis
    • Rudick R. Polman C. (2009) Current approaches to the identification and management of breakthrough disease in patients with multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurology 8: 545–559.
    • (2009) Lancet Neurology , vol.8 , pp. 545-559
    • Rudick, R.1    Polman, C.2
  • 65
    • 3042739652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natalizumab: alpha 4-integrin antagonist selective adhesion molecule inhibitors for MS
    • Rudick R. Sandrock A. (2004) Natalizumab: alpha 4-integrin antagonist selective adhesion molecule inhibitors for MS. Expert Rev Neurother 4: 571–580.
    • (2004) Expert Rev Neurother , vol.4 , pp. 571-580
    • Rudick, R.1    Sandrock, A.2
  • 67
    • 33751165437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FTY720 versus MMF with cyclosporine in de novo renal transplantation: a 1-year, randomized controlled trial in Europe and Australasia
    • Salvadori M. Budde K. Charpentier B. Klempnauer J. Nashan B. Pallardo L. (2006) FTY720 versus MMF with cyclosporine in de novo renal transplantation: a 1-year, randomized controlled trial in Europe and Australasia. Am J Transplant 6: 2912–2921.
    • (2006) Am J Transplant , vol.6 , pp. 2912-2921
    • Salvadori, M.1    Budde, K.2    Charpentier, B.3    Klempnauer, J.4    Nashan, B.5    Pallardo, L.6
  • 68
    • 84874622323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence of autoimmunity in a phase 3 trial: Comparison of Alemtuzumab and Rebif(R) in Multiple Sclerosis I (CARE-MS I) (S41.006)
    • (Meeting Abstracts 1): S41.006
    • Selmaj K. Arnold D. Brinar V. Cohen J. Coles A. Confavreux C. (2012) Incidence of autoimmunity in a phase 3 trial: Comparison of Alemtuzumab and Rebif(R) in Multiple Sclerosis I (CARE-MS I) (S41.006). Neurology 78(Meeting Abstracts 1): S41.006.
    • (2012) Neurology , vol.78
    • Selmaj, K.1    Arnold, D.2    Brinar, V.3    Cohen, J.4    Coles, A.5    Confavreux, C.6
  • 69
    • 84856724312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk stratification for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients treated with natalizumab
    • Sorensen P. Bertolotto A. Edan G. Giovannoni G. Gold R. Havrdova E. (2012) Risk stratification for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients treated with natalizumab. Mult Scler 18: 143–152.
    • (2012) Mult Scler , vol.18 , pp. 143-152
    • Sorensen, P.1    Bertolotto, A.2    Edan, G.3    Giovannoni, G.4    Gold, R.5    Havrdova, E.6
  • 70
    • 0034003613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linomide in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: MRI results from prematurely terminated phase-III trials
    • Tan I. Lycklama a Nijeholt G. Polman C. Ader H. Barkhof F. (2000) Linomide in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: MRI results from prematurely terminated phase-III trials Mult Scler 6: 99–104.
    • (2000) Mult Scler , vol.6 , pp. 99-104
    • Tan, I.1    Lycklama, A.2    Nijeholt, G.3    Polman, C.4    Ader, H.5    Barkhof, F.6
  • 71
    • 38449101346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FTY720 versus mycophenolate mofetil in de novo renal transplantation: six-month results of a double-blind study
    • Tedesco-Silva H. Szakaly P. Shoker A. Sommerer C. Yoshimura N. Schena F. (2007) FTY720 versus mycophenolate mofetil in de novo renal transplantation: six-month results of a double-blind study. Transplantation 84: 885–892.
    • (2007) Transplantation , vol.84 , pp. 885-892
    • Tedesco-Silva, H.1    Szakaly, P.2    Shoker, A.3    Sommerer, C.4    Yoshimura, N.5    Schena, F.6
  • 72
    • 84993794886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TEVA - Investor Relations (IR) - News Release
    • Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (2011) TEVA - Investor Relations (IR) - News Release.
    • (2011)
  • 73
    • 83555174399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modulation of autoimmune demyelination by laquinimod via induction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor
    • Thone J. Ellrichmann G. Seubert S. Peruga I. Lee D. Conrad R. (2012) Modulation of autoimmune demyelination by laquinimod via induction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Am J Pathol 180: 267–274.
    • (2012) Am J Pathol , vol.180 , pp. 267-274
    • Thone, J.1    Ellrichmann, G.2    Seubert, S.3    Peruga, I.4    Lee, D.5    Conrad, R.6
  • 74
    • 22844445587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after natalizumab therapy for Crohn–s disease
    • Van Assche G. Van Ranst M. Sciot R. Dubois B. Vermeire S. Noman M. (2005) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after natalizumab therapy for Crohn–s disease. N Engl J Med 353: 362–368.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.353 , pp. 362-368
    • Van Assche, G.1    Van Ranst, M.2    Sciot, R.3    Dubois, B.4    Vermeire, S.5    Noman, M.6
  • 75
    • 79957449040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical outcomes of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
    • Vermersch P. Kappos L. Gold R. Foley J. Olsson T. Cadavid D. (2011) Clinical outcomes of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Neurology 76: 1697–1704.
    • (2011) Neurology , vol.76 , pp. 1697-1704
    • Vermersch, P.1    Kappos, L.2    Gold, R.3    Foley, J.4    Olsson, T.5    Cadavid, D.6
  • 76
    • 84872534893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical efficacy of laquinimod for the treatment of multiple sclerosis; pooled analyses from the ALLEGRO and BRAVO phase III trials (S01.007)
    • (Meeting Abstracts 1): S01.007
    • Vollmer T. Comi G. Sorensen P. Arnold D. Filippi M. Statinova O. (2012) Clinical efficacy of laquinimod for the treatment of multiple sclerosis; pooled analyses from the ALLEGRO and BRAVO phase III trials (S01.007). Neurology 78(Meeting Abstracts 1): S01.007.
    • (2012) Neurology , vol.78
    • Vollmer, T.1    Comi, G.2    Sorensen, P.3    Arnold, D.4    Filippi, M.5    Statinova, O.6
  • 77
    • 0031180972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vivo mechanism by which leflunomide controls lymphoproliferative and autoimmune disease in MRL/MpJ-lpr/lpr mice
    • Xu X. Blinder L. Shen J. Gong H. Finnegan A. Williams J. (1997) In vivo mechanism by which leflunomide controls lymphoproliferative and autoimmune disease in MRL/MpJ-lpr/lpr mice. J Immunol 159: 167–174.
    • (1997) J Immunol , vol.159 , pp. 167-174
    • Xu, X.1    Blinder, L.2    Shen, J.3    Gong, H.4    Finnegan, A.5    Williams, J.6
  • 78
    • 4744340401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laquinimod (ABR-215062) suppresses the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, modulates the Th1/Th2 balance and induces the Th3 cytokine TGF-beta in Lewis rats
    • Yang J. Xu L. Xiao B. Hedlund G. Link H. (2004) Laquinimod (ABR-215062) suppresses the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, modulates the Th1/Th2 balance and induces the Th3 cytokine TGF-beta in Lewis rats. J Neuroimmunol 156: 3–9.
    • (2004) J Neuroimmunol , vol.156 , pp. 3-9
    • Yang, J.1    Xu, L.2    Xiao, B.3    Hedlund, G.4    Link, H.5
  • 79
    • 33644605483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of patients treated with natalizumab for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
    • Yousry T. Major E. Ryschkewitsch C. Fahle G. Fischer S. Hou J. (2006) Evaluation of patients treated with natalizumab for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. N Engl J Med 354: 924–933.
    • (2006) N Engl J Med , vol.354 , pp. 924-933
    • Yousry, T.1    Major, E.2    Ryschkewitsch, C.3    Fahle, G.4    Fischer, S.5    Hou, J.6
  • 80
    • 25444448197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disruption of the interaction of T cells with antigen-presenting cells by the active leflunomide metabolite teriflunomide: involvement of impaired integrin activation and immunologic synapse formation
    • Zeyda M. Poglitsch M. Geyeregger R. Smolen J. Zlabinger G. Hörl W. (2005) Disruption of the interaction of T cells with antigen-presenting cells by the active leflunomide metabolite teriflunomide: involvement of impaired integrin activation and immunologic synapse formation. Arthritis Rheum 52: 2730–2739.
    • (2005) Arthritis Rheum , vol.52 , pp. 2730-2739
    • Zeyda, M.1    Poglitsch, M.2    Geyeregger, R.3    Smolen, J.4    Zlabinger, G.5    Hörl, W.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.