Polarimetric signatures above the melting layer in winter storms: An observational and modeling study

Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology

Volumn 52, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 682-700

  Andrić, Jelena ^a,c   Kumjian, Matthew R ^b,c   Zrnić, DušSan S ^c   Straka, Jerry M ^a   Melnikov, Valery M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA   (United States)

^b University of Oklahoma   (United States)

^c NATIONAL SEVERE STORMS LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cloud microphysics; Radars Radar observations

Indexed keywords

CLOUD MICROPHYSICS; DIFFERENTIAL REFLECTIVITY; ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING; POLARIMETRIC RADAR OBSERVATION; POLARIMETRIC VARIABLE; RADARS/RADAR OBSERVATIONS; SPECIFIC DIFFERENTIAL PHASE; WEATHER SURVEILLANCE RADAR-1988 DOPPLER;

MELTING; POLARIMETERS; RAIN; REFLECTION;

STORMS;

AIR TEMPERATURE; CLOUD MICROPHYSICS; DOPPLER RADAR; STORM; VERTICAL PROFILE; WINTER;

NORMAN; OKLAHOMA [UNITED STATES]; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84875392926     PISSN: 15588424     EISSN: 15588432     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JAMC-D-12-028.1     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Bader, M. J., S. A. Clough, and G. P. Cox, 1987: Aircraft and dual polarization radar observations of hydrometeors in light stratiform precipitation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113, 491-515.
2. Bailey, M. P., and J. Hallett, 2009: A comprehensive habit diagram for atmospheric ice crystals: Conformation from the laboratory, AIRS II, and other field studies. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 2888-2899.
3. Bechini, R., L. Baldini, V. Chandrasekar, R. Cremonini, and E. Gorgucci, 2011: Observations of Kdp in the ice region of precipitating clouds at X-band and C-band radar frequencies. Preprints, 35th Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Pittsburgh, PA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 7A.4. [Available online at https://ams.confex.com/ams/35Radar/webprogram/Paper191528.html.]
4. Bringi, V. N., and V. Chandrasekar, 2001: Polarimetric Doppler Weather Radar: Principles and Applications. Cambridge University Press, 636 pp.
5. Doviak, R. J., and D. S. Zrnić 1993: Doppler Radar and Weather Observations. Academic Press, 242 pp.
6. Gilmore, M. S., J. M. Straka, and E. N. Rasmussen, 2004: Precipitation and evolution sensitivity in simulated deep convective storms: Comparisons between liquid-only and simple ice and liquid phase microphysics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 1897-1916.
7. Hallett, J., and S. C. Mossop, 1974: Production of secondary ice particles during the riming process. Nature, 249, 26-28.
8. Hogan, R., P. Field, A. Illingworth, R. Cotton, and T. Choularton, 2002: Properties of embedded convection in warm-frontal mixed-phase cloud from aircraft and polarimetric radar. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 451-476.
9. Kennedy, P. C., and S. A. Rutledge, 2011: S-band dual-polarization radar observations of winter storms. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 50, 844-858.
10. Lo, K. K., and R. E. Passarelli Jr., 1982: The growth of snow in winter storms: An airborne observational study. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 697-706.
11. Magono, C., and C. W. Lee, 1966: Meteorological classification of natural snow crystals. J. Fac. Sci., Hokkaido Univ. Ser. VII, 2, 321-335.
12. Matrosov, S. Y., R. F. Reinking, R. A. Kropfli, and B. W. Bartram, 1996: Estimation of ice hydrometeor types and shapes from radar polarization measurements. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 13, 85-96.
13. Matrosov, S. Y., R. F. Reinking, and I. V. Djalalova, 2004: Inferring fall attitudes of pristine dendritic crystals from polarimetric radar data. J.Atmos. Sci., 62, 241-250.
14. Maxwell Garnett, J. C., 1904: Colour in metal glasses and in metallic films. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, 203A, 385-420.
15. Melnikov, V. M., and D. S. Zrnić 2006: One-lag estimators for cross-polarization measurements. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 23, 915-926.
16. Meyers, M. P., P. J. DeMott, and W. R. Cotton, 1992: New primary ice-nucleation parameterizations in an explicit cloud model. J. Appl. Meteor., 31, 708-721.
17. Moisseev, D., E. Saltikoff, and M. Leskinen, 2009: Dual-polarization weather radar observations of snow growth processes. Preprints, 34th Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Williamsburg, VA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 13B.2. [Available online at http://ams. confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/156123.pdf.]
18. Murakami, M., 1990: Numerical modeling of dynamical and microphysical evolution of an isolated convective cloud. The 19 July 1981 CCOPE cloud. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 68, 107-128.
19. Passarelli, R. E., and R. C. Srivastava, 1979: A new aspect of snowflake aggregation theory. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 484-493.
20. Plummer, D. M., S.Gö ke, R. M. Rauber, and L. Di Girolamo, 2010: Discrimination of mixed- versus ice-phase clouds using dualpolarization radar with application to detection of aircraft icing regions. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 49, 920-936.
21. Pruppacher, H. R., and J. D. Klett, 1997: Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation. 2nd ed. Kluwer Academic, 954 pp.
22. Ryzhkov, A. V., 2001: Interpretation of polarimetric radar covariance matrix for meteorological scatterers: Theoretical analysis. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 18, 315-328.
23. Ryzhkov, A. V., and D. S. Zrnić 1998: Discrimination between rain and snow with a polarimetric radar. J. Appl. Meteor., 37, 1228-1240.
24. Ryzhkov, A. V., and D. S. Zrnić and B. A. Gordon, 1998: Polarimetric method for ice water content determination. J. Appl. Meteor., 37, 125-134.
25. Ryzhkov, A. V., T. J. Schuur, D.W.Burgess, P. L. Heinselman, S.E.Giangrande, and D. S. Zrnić, 2005: The Joint Polarization Experiment. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 86, 809-824.
26. Ryzhkov, A. V., M. Pinsky, A. Pokrovsky, and A. Khain, 2011: Polarimetric radar observation operator for a cloud model with spectral microphysics. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 50, 873-894.
27. Straka, J. M., 2009: Cloud and Precipitation Microphysics. Cambridge University Press, 392 pp.
28. Straka, J. M., D. S. Zrnić, and A. V. Ryzhkov, 2000: Bulk hydrometeor classification and quantification using polarimetric radar data: Synthesis of relations. J. Appl. Meteor., 39, 1341-1372.
29. Westbrook, C. D., and A. J. Illingworth, 2011: Evidence that ice forms primarily in supercooled liquid clouds at temperatures. 2278C. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L14808, doi:10.1029/2011GL048021.
30. Williams, E. R., and Coauthors, 2011: Dual-polarization winter storm studies supporting development of NEXRAD-based aviation hazard products. Preprints, 35th Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Pittsburgh, PA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., P13.202. [Available online at https://ams.confex.com/ams/35Radar/webprogram/Paper191770.html.]
31. Wolde, M., and G. Vali, 2001: Polarimetric signatures from ice crystals observed at 95 GHz in winter clouds. Part II: Frequencies of occurrence. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 842-849.
32. Zrnić, D. S., and A. V. Ryzhkov, 1999: Polarimetry for weather surveillance radars. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80, 389-406.