Strengthening bottom-up and top-down climate governance

Climate Policy

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 363-383

  Dirix, J ^a   Peeters, Wouter ^a   Eyckmans, Johan ^b   Jones, Peter Tom ^c   Sterckx, Sigrid ^a,d  

^a VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT BRUSSEL   (Belgium)

^b HOGESCHOOL UNIVERSITEIT BRUSSEL   (Belgium)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^d GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

Author keywords

bottom up initiatives; climate policy; ethics; EU ETS; grandfathering; offsetting; top down approaches

Indexed keywords

CARBON EMISSION; CLIMATE CHANGE; EMISSIONS TRADING; ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; ETHICS; EUROPEAN UNION; GOVERNANCE APPROACH; KYOTO PROTOCOL; UNITED NATIONS;

EID: 84875379770     PISSN: 14693062     EISSN: 17527457     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14693062.2013.752664     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. Adelman, D. and Engel, K. 2008. Reorienting state climate change policies to induce technological change. Arizona Law Review, 50(3): 835-878. Retrieved fromhttp://www.arizonalawreview.org/pdf/50-3/50arizlrev835.pdf
2. Agarwal, A. 2002. "A southern perspective on curbing global climate change". In Climate change policy: A survey, Edited by: Schneider, S., Rosencranz, A. and Niles, J. O. Washington, DC: Island Press.
3. Agarwal, A. and Narain, S. 1998. "Kyoto Protocol in an unequal world: The imperative of equity in climate negotiations". Edited by: Hultcranz, K. Papers presented at a seminar during the Fourth Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (pp. 17-30). Stockholm: Stockholm Environmental Institute/Centre for Science and Environment. Retrieved fromhttp://sei-international.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/Climate/towards_equity_sustainability_kyoto.pdf
4. Anderson, B. and Di Maria, C. 2011. Abatement and allocation in the pilot phase of the EU ETS. Environmental and Resource Economics, 48: 83-103. (doi:10.1007/s10640-010-9399-9)
5. Andonova, L., Betsill, M. and Bulkeley, H. 2009. Transnational climate governance. Global Environmental Politics, 9(2): 52-73. (doi:10.1162/glep.2009.9.2.52)
6. Andreen, W., Glicksman, R., Menselson, N., Steinzor, R., & Jones, S. (2008). Cooperative federalism and climate change-why federal, state, and local governments must continue to partner (White Paper No. 803). Washington, DC: Center for Progressive Reform. Retrieved fromhttp://www.progressivereform.org/articles/federalismClimateChange.pdf
7. Au, B., Conrad, B., Deng, L., Hale, T., Leipprand, T., Liever, A. and Wang, J. 2011. Beyond a global deal: A UN+ approach to climate governance, Berlin: Global Public Policy Institute. Retrieved fromhttp://www.gg2020.net/fileadmin/media/gg2020/GG2020_2011_Climate_Beyond_Global_Deal.pdf
8. Bachram, H. 2004. Climate fraud and carbon colonialism: The new trade in greenhouse gases. Capitalism Nature Socialism, 15(4): 5-20. (doi:10.1080/1045575042000287299)
9. Barker, T., Bashmakov, I., Alharthi, A., Amann, M., Cifuentes, L., Drexhage, J., Yamaji, K. (2007). Mitigation from a cross-sectoral perspective. In: B. Metz, O. R. Davidson, P. R. Bosch, R. Dave, L. A. Meyer (Eds.), Climate change 2007: Mitigation of climate change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp. 619-690). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved fromhttp://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_ipcc_fourth_assessment_report_wg3_report_mitigation_of_climate_change.htm
10. Barret, S. and Toman, M. 2010. Contrasting future paths for an evolving global climate regime. Global Policy, 1(1): 64-74. (doi:10.1111/j.1758-5899.2009.00010.x)
11. Berghmans, N., & Stephan, N. (2012). The EU ETS and the economic downturn: Falling emissions and increasing use of credits. [Editorial]. Tendances Carbone, 70. Retrieved fromhttp://www.cdcclimat.com/IMG//pdf/cdc_climat_research_tendances_carbone_no70_eng.pdf
12. Betts, R., Collins, M., Hemming, D., Jones, C., Lowe, J. and Sanderson, M. 2011. When could global warming reach 4 °C?. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 369: 67-84. (doi:10.1098/rsta.2010.0292)
13. Biermann, F., Pattberg, P. and van Asselt, H. 2009. The fragmentation of global governance architectures: A framework for analysis. Global Environmental Politics, 9(4): 14-40. (doi:10.1162/glep.2009.9.4.14)
14. Bodansky, D., & Diringer, E. (2010). The evolution of multilateral regimes: Implications for climate change (Report). Arlington, VA: PEW Center on Global Climate Change. Retrieved fromhttp://www.c2es.org/docUploads/evolution-multilateral-regimes-implications-climate-change.pdf
15. Bode, S. 2004. Equal emissions per capita over time-a proposal to combine responsibility and equity of rights for post-2012 GHG emission entitlement allocation. European Environment, 14: 300-316. (doi:10.1002/eet.359)
16. Bührs, T. (2010). Sharing the atmosphere-A proposal for an equitable and sustainable global trading scheme for greenhouse gas emissions (Working Paper No. 264). Warwick: Centre for the Study of Globalisation and Regionalisation, University of Warwick. Retrieved fromhttp://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/csgr/research/workingpapers/2010/26410.pdf
17. Bulkeley, H. and Newell, P. 2010. Governing climate change, London: Routledge.
18. Bumpus, A. and Liverman, D. 2008. Accumulation by decarbonization and the governance of carbon offsets. Economic Geography, 84(2): 127-155. (doi:10.1111/j.1944-8287.2008.tb00401.x)
19. Burkett, M. (2007). Just solution to climate change: A climate justice proposal for a domestic clean development mechanism (Working Paper No. 07-26). Boulder, CO: University of Colorado Law School. Retrieved fromhttp://ssrn.com/abstract=1020818
20. Caney, S. 2009. Justice and the distribution of greenhouse gas emission. Journal of Global Ethics, 2: 125-146. (doi:10.1080/17449620903110300)
21. Caney, S. 2010a. Markets, morality and climate change: What, if anything, is wrong with emissions trading?. New Political Economy, 15(2): 197-224. (doi:10.1080/13563460903586202)
22. Caney, S. 2010b. "Climate change, human rights, and moral thresholds". In Climate ethics, essential readings, Edited by: Gardiner, S. M., Caney, S., Jamieson, D. and Shue, H. 163-177. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
23. Caney, S. and Hepburn, C. 2011. Carbon trading: unethical, unjust and ineffective?. Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement, 69: 201-234. (doi:10.1017/S1358246111000282)
24. CEC. 2006. Action plan for energy efficiency: Realising the potential, Brussels: Commission of the European Communities. Retrieved fromhttp://ec.europa.eu/energy/action_plan_energy_efficiency/doc/com_2006_0545_en.pdf
25. CoM. 2008. Covenant of mayors, Brussels: Covenant of Mayors Office. Retrieved fromhttp://www.covenantofmayors.eu/IMG/pdf/covenantofmayors_text_en.pdf
26. Conway, T. and Tans, P. 2012. Trends in atmospheric carbon dioxide, Boulder, CO: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Earth System Research Laboratory. Retrieved fromhttp://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/global.html
27. CTW. (2011). EU Emissions Trading System: Failing at the third attempt (Briefing). Barcelona: Carbon Trade Watch. Retrieved fromhttp://www.carbontradewatch.org/downloads/publications/ETS_briefing_april2011.pdf
28. C40. (2011). Climate action in megacities: C40 cities baseline and opportunities. Retrieved fromhttp://c40citieslive.squarespace.com/storage/ARUP%20C40%20Basline%20Report.pdf
29. Delarue, E., Voorspools, K. and D'haeseleer, W. 2008. Fuel switching in the electricity sector under the EU ETS: Review and prospective. Journal of Energy Engineering, 134(2): 40-46. (doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9402(2008)134:2(40))
30. Diringer, E. 2011. Letting go of Kyoto. Nature, 479: 291-292. (doi:10.1038/479291a)
31. EC. 2007. Combating climate change: The EU leads the way, Brussels: European Commission. Retrieved fromhttp://ec.europa.eu/publications/booklets/move/70/en.pdf
32. EC. 2009. EU action against climate change. The EU Emissions Trading Scheme, Brussels: European Commission. Retrieved fromhttp://ec.europa.eu/clima/publications/docs/ets_en.pdf
33. EC. 2010. Commission Decision of 22 October 2010 adjusting the Union-wide quantity of allowances to be issued under the Union Scheme for 2013 and repealing Decision 2010/384/EU (2010/634/EU). Official Journal of the European Union, L 274: 34-35.
34. EC. 2011. A roadmap for moving to a competitive low-carbon economy in 2050, Brussels: European Commission. Retrieved fromhttp://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/roadmap/
35. EC. (2012). Analysis of options beyond 20% GHG emission reductions: Member State results (Commission Staff Working Paper). Brussels: European Commission. Retrieved fromhttp://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/package/docs/swd_2012_5_en.pdf
36. Elliot, J., Foster, I., Kortum, S., Khun Jush, G., Minson, T., & Weisbach, D. (2012). Unilateral carbon taxes, border tax adjustments and carbon leakage (Working Paper No. 600). Chicago, IL: Chicago Institute for Law and Economics. Retrieved fromhttp://ssrn.com/abstract=2072696
37. Europa. (2009, May 15). Emissions Trading: EU ETS emissions fall 3% in 2008. Retrieved fromhttp://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/09/794
38. European Parliament and the Council of the EU. 2009a. Directive 2008/101/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to include aviation activities in the scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community. Official Journal of the European Union, L 8: 3-21.
39. European Parliament and the Council of the EU. 2009b. Directive 2009/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community. Official Journal of the European Union, L 140: 63-87.
40. Falkner, R. 2012. Global environmentalism and the greening of international society. International Affairs, 88: 503-522. (doi:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01086.x)
41. Falkner, R., Stephan, H. and Vogler, J. 2010. International climate policy after Copenhagen: Towards a 'building blocks' approach. Global Policy, 1(3): 252-262. (doi:10.1111/j.1758-5899.2010.00045.x)
42. FAO. 2006. Livestock's long shadow environmental issues and options, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved fromhttp://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a0701e/a0701e00.HTM
43. Farber, D. (2012a). Carbon leakage versus policy diffusion: The perils and promise of subglobal climate action (Research Paper No. 2102060). Berkeley, CA: University of California. Retrieved fromhttp://ssrn.com/abstract=2102060
44. Farber, D. 2012b. Pollution markets and social equity: Analyzing the fairness of cap and trade. Ecology Law Quarterly, 39(1): 1-56.
45. Foley, J.A., Ramankutty, N., Brauman, K.A., Cassidy, E.S., Gerber, J.S., Johnston, M. and Zaks, D. 2011. Solutions for a cultivated planet. Nature, 478: 337-342. (doi:10.1038/nature10452)
46. Gupta, S., Tirpak, D. A., Burger, N., Gupta, J., Höhne, N., Boncheva, A. I., Sari, A. (2007). Policies, instruments and co-operative arrangements. In B. Metz, O. Davidson, P. Bosch, R. Dave, & A. Meyer (Eds.), Climate change 2007: Mitigation of climate change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved fromhttp://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg3/ar4-wg3-chapter13.pdf
47. Han, G., Olsson, M., Hallding, K. and Lunsford, D. 2012. China's emission trading: An overview of current development, Stockholm: Fores/Stockholm Environmental Institute. Retrieved fromhttp://www.sei-international.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/china-cluster/SEI-FORES-2012-China-Carbon-Emissions.pdf
48. Hansen, J. 2009. The storms of my grandchildren. The truth about the coming climate catastrophe and our last chance to save humanity, London: Bloomsbury.
49. Hare, W., Stockwell, C., Flachsland, C. and Oberthür, S. 2010. The architecture of the global climate regime: a top-down perspective. Climate Policy, 10(6): 600-614. (doi:10.3763/cpol.2010.0161)
50. Haya, B. (2009). Measuring emissions against an alternative future: Fundamental flaws in the structure of the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism (Working Paper No. 09-001). Berkeley, CA: Energy and Resources Group, University of California. Retrieved fromhttp://erg.berkeley.edu/working_paper/2009/ERG09-001.pdf
51. Hepburn, C., Grubb, M., Neuhoff, K., Matthes, F. and Tse, M. 2006. Auctioning of the EU ETS Phase II allowances: How and why?. Climate Policy, 6: 135-158.
52. Hepburn, C. and Stern, N. 2008. A new global deal on climate change. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 24(2): 259-79. (doi:10.1093/oxrep/grn020)
53. ICLEI. 2011. Charter, Bonn: International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives World Secretariat. Retrieved fromhttp://www.iclei.org/fileadmin/user_upload/documents/Global/governance/Charter/Charter_approved_FINALforCOUNCIL20110912.pdf
54. ICLEI Canada. 2010. Changing climate, changing communities Toronto International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives Canada Office. Retrieved fromhttp://fcm.ca/Documents/tools/PCP/changing_climate_changing_communities_guide_for_municipal_climate_adaptation_EN.pdf
55. IEA. 2008. Issues behind competitiveness and carbon leakage, Paris: International Energy Agency. Retrieved fromhttp://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/name,3791,en.html
56. IEA. 2011. World energy outlook 2011: Executive summary, Paris: International Energy Agency. Retrieved fromhttp://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/executive_summary.pdf
57. Jamieson, D. 2010a. "Ethics, public policy, and global warming". In Climate ethics, essential readings, Edited by: Gardiner, S. M., Caney, S., Jamieson, D. and Shue, H. 77-86. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
58. Jamieson, D. 2010b. "Adaptation mitigation, and justice". In Climate ethics, essential readings, Edited by: Gardiner, S. M., Caney, S., Jamieson, D. and Shue, H. 263-283. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
59. Kaswan, A. 2004. Environmental justice and domestic climate change policy. Environmental Law Reporter, 38: 10287-10315.
60. Kaswan, A. 2011. "Reconciling justice and efficiency: Integrating environmental justice into domestic cap-and-trade programs for controlling greenhouse gases". In The ethics of global climate change, Edited by: Arnold, D. 232-254. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
61. King, E. (2012, September 2). Bangkok 2012-EU signals it will not adopt 30% emissions target. Responding to Climate Change. Retrieved fromhttp://www.rtcc.org/policy/bangkok-2012-eu-signals-it-will-not-adopt-30-emissons-target/
62. Lazarus, M., & Chandler, C. (2011). Coal power in the CDM: Issues and options (Executive Summary. Working Paper No. 2011-02). Seattle, WA: Stockholm Environmental Institute. Retrieved fromhttp://cdm.unfccc.int/stakeholder/submissions/2011/1104_cdmwatch_req3.pdf
63. Le Quéré, C., Raupach, M., Canadell, J. and Marland, G. 2009. Trends in the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide. Nature Geoscience, 2: 831-836. (doi:10.1038/ngeo689)
64. Levi, M., & Michonski, K. (2010). Harnessing international institutions to address climate change (Working Paper). New York, NY: Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved fromhttp://www.cfr.org/climate-change/harnessing-international-institutions-address-climate-change/p21609
65. Lohmann, L. 2008. Carbon trading, climate justice and the production of ignorance-ten examples. Development, 51: 359-365. (doi:10.1057/dev.2008.27)
66. Lohmann, L. and Sexton, S. 2010. Carbon markets: the policy reality. Global Social Policy, 10(1): 9-12. (doi:10.1177/14680181100100010103)
67. Mace, M. 2010. "International treaties". In Climate Change Science and Policy, Edited by: Schneider, S., Rosencranz, A., Mastrandea, M. and Kuntz-Duriseti, K. 221-234. Washington, DC: Island Press.
68. McAllister, L. 2009. The overallocation problem in cap-and-trade: moving toward stringency. Columbia Journal of Environmental Law, 39(2): 395-445.
69. Meyer, A. 2000. Contraction & convergence: The global solution to climate change, Devon: Green Books.
70. Moellendorf, D. 2009. Global inequality matters, Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan.
71. Moncel, R., Joffe, P., McCall, K., & Levin, K. (2011). Building the climate change regime: Survey and analysis of approaches (Working Paper). Washington, DC: World Resources Institute/United Nations Environment Programme. Retrieved fromhttp://www.wri.org/publication/building-the-climate-change-regime
72. Morris, D. 2011. Buckle Up! The 2011 environmental outlook for the EU ETS, London: Sandbag. Retrieved fromhttp://www.sandbag.org.uk/site_media/pdfs/reports/Sandbag_2011-07_buckleup.pdf
73. Morris, D. 2012. Losing the lead? The 2012 environmental outlook for the EU ETS, London: Sandbag. Retrieved fromhttp://www.sandbag.org.uk/site_media/pdfs/reports/losing_the_lead.pdf
74. Naughten, A. 2010. Designed to fail? The concepts, practices and controversies behind carbon trading, Brussels: FERN. Retrieved fromhttp://www.fern.org/sites/fern.org/files/FERN_designedtofail_internet_0.pdf
75. Nordhaus, W. 2007. To tax or not to tax: Alternative approaches to slowing global warming. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 1(1): 26-44. (doi:10.1093/reep/rem008)
76. Oberthür, S. and Roche Kelly, C. 2008. EU leadership in international climate policy: achievements and challenges. The International Spectator: Italian Journal of International Affairs, 43(3): 35-50.
77. OECD/IEA. 2005. Act locally, trade globally, Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development/International Energy Agency. Retrieved fromhttp://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/act_locally-1.pdf
78. OECD/IEA. 2010. 450 Scenario: Methodology and policy framework, Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development/International Energy Agency. Retrieved fromhttp://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/media/weowebsite/energymodel/documentation/Methodology_450Scenario.pdf
79. Oxfam. (2010, November 21). Crying wolf: Industry lobbying and climate change in Europe (Media Briefing). Retrieved fromhttp://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/crying-wolf-eu-lobbying-climate-change-media-briefing-231110.pdf
80. Peters, G., Minx, J., Weber, C. and Edenhofer, O. 2009. Growth in emissions transfers via international trade from 1990 to 2008. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 108(21): 8903-8908. (doi:10.1073/pnas.1006388108)
81. Posner, E. and Weisbach, D. 2010. Climate change justice, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
82. Prins, G. and Rayner, S. 2007. Time to ditch Kyoto. Nature, 449: 973-975. (doi:10.1038/449973a)
83. Reuters. 2012. EU capped emissions down 2.4 pct in 2011. Retrieved fromhttp://www.reuters.com/article/2012/04/02/eu-emissions-idUSL6E8F22GT20120402
84. Rockström, J., Steffen, W., Noone, K., Persson, Å., Stuart Chapin III, F., Lambin, E. F. and Foley, J. A. 2009. A safe operating space for humanity. Nature, 461: 472-475. (doi:10.1038/461472a)
85. Rourke, A. (2012, August 28). Australian and EU carbon markets to be linked. The Guardian. Retrieved fromhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2012/aug/28/australia-eu-carbon-markets
86. Schneider, L. (2007). Is the CDM fulfilling its environmental and sustainable development objectives? An evaluation of the CDM and options for improvement (Report prepared for WWF). Berlin: Öko Institute. Retrieved fromhttp://www.oeko.de/files/forschungsergebnisse/application/octet-stream/download.php?id=622
87. Shue, H. 1993. Subsistence emissions and luxury emissions. Law and Policy, 15(1): 39-59. (doi:10.1111/j.1467-9930.1993.tb00093.x)
88. 2 cost pass-through and windfall profits in the power sector. Climate Policy, 6: 49-72.
89. Singer, P. 2010. "One atmosphere". In Climate ethics, essential readings, Edited by: Gardiner, S. M., Caney, S., Jamieson, D. and Shue, H. 181-199. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
90. Smith, K. (2007, September 19) The limits of free-market logic. ChinaDialogue. Retrieved fromwww.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/1332-The-limits-of-free-market-logic
91. Stern, N. 2010. "The economics of climate change". In Climate ethics, essential readings, Edited by: Gardiner, S. M., Caney, S., Jamieson, D. and Shue, H. 39-76. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
92. Tickell, O. 2008. Kyoto2: How to manage the global greenhouse, London: Zed Books.
93. Tietenberg, T. (2002). The tradable permits approach to protecting the commons: What have we learned? (Working Paper No. 36). Milan: Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei. Retrieved fromhttp://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=315500
94. Tollefson, J. (2011a, December 2). Bridging the gap: political science in Durban. Nature News Blog. Retrieved fromhttp://blogs.nature.com/news/2011/12/bridging_the_gap_political_sci.html
95. Tollefson, J. 2011b. Durban maps path to climate treaty. Nature, 480: 299-300. (doi:10.1038/480299a)
96. UN. 1998. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations framework convention on climate change, New York, NY: United Nations. Retrieved fromhttp://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf
97. UNFCCC. (2009). Report of the Conference of the Parties on its fifteenth session, held in Copenhagen from 7 to 19 December 2009. Addendum. Part Two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its fifteenth session (FCCC/CP/2009/11/Add.1). Bonn: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Secretariat. Retrieved fromhttp://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/cop15/eng/11a01.pdf
98. UNFCCC. (2010). Report of the Conference of the Parties on its sixteenth session, held in Cancun from 29 November to 10 December 2010. Addendum. Part Two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its sixteenth session (FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1). Bonn: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Secretariat. Retrieved fromhttp://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2010/cop16/eng/07a01.pdf
99. UNFCCC. (2011). Report of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol on its seventh session, held in Durban from 28 November to 11 December 2011. Part One: Proceedings (FCCC/KP/CMP/2011/10). Bonn: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Secretariat. Retrieved fromhttp://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2011/cmp7/eng/10.pdf
100. UNFCCC. (2012). Outcome of the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol on its eight session, held in Qatar from 26 November to 8 December 2012 (FCCC/KP/CMP/2012/L.9). Bonn: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Secretariat. Retrieved fromhttp://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2012/cmp8/eng/l09.pdf
101. Vanderheiden, S. 2008. Atmospheric justice, New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
102. Victor, D. 2009. Plan B for Copenhagen. Nature, 461: 342-344. (doi:10.1038/461342a)
103. Vogler, J. and Stephan, H. R. 2007. The European Union in global environmental governance. Leadership in the making?. International Environmental Agreements, 7(4): 389-413. (doi:10.1007/s10784-007-9051-5)
104. van Vuuren, D., den Elzen, M., van Vliet, J., Kram, T., Lucas, P. and Isaac, M. 2009. Comparison of different climate regimes: The impact of broadening participation. Energy Policy, 37: 5351-5362. (doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2009.07.058)
105. Wara, M. 2008. Measuring the Clean Development Mechanism's performance and potential. UCLA Law Review, 55(6): 1759-1804.
106. Wiener, J. 2007. Think globally, act globally: the limits of local climate policies. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 155: 101-119. Retrieved fromhttp://scholarship.law.duke.edu/faculty_scholarship/1623
107. Winkler, H. and Beaumont, J. 2010. Fair and effective multilaterlism in the post-Copenhagen climate negotiations. Climate Policy, 10: 638-654. Retrieved fromhttp://www.erc.uct.ac.za/Research/publications/10Winkler-Beaumont-Fair_effective_multilateralism.pdfdoi:10.3763/cpol.2010.0130)