Global environmentalism and the greening of international society

International Affairs

Volumn 88, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 503-522

  Falkner, Robert ^a,b  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS   (United Kingdom)

^b ROYAL INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84858844426     PISSN: 00205850     EISSN: 14682346     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01086.x     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Paul Sarasin, Swiss naturalist and founder of national parks in Switzerland, speaking at the 8th International Zoological Congress, Graz, 1910.
2. Remarks by US President Barack Obama at the UN climate conference, Copenhagen, 18 December 2009.
3. On the early efforts to create an international environmental body, see John McCormick, Reclaiming paradise: the global environmental movement (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989), pp. 22-3.
4. On COP-15, see Daniel Bodansky, 'The Copenhagen Conference: a post-mortem', American Journal of International Law 104: 2, 2010, pp. 230-40.
5. In their classic book Only one Earth: the care and maintenance of a small planet (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972), Barbara Ward and René Dubos spoke of 'a new sense of partnership and sharing in our "sovereign" economics and politics' and 'a wider loyalty which transcends the traditional limited allegiance of tribes and peoples' as the pointers to the 'new necessities' of the ecological age (p. 290).
6. Daniel Deudney, 'Global environmental rescue and the emergence of world domestic politics', in Ronnie D. Lipschutz and Ken Conca, eds, The state and social power in global environmental politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), pp. 280-305.
7. Deudney, 'Global environmental rescue', pp. 293-4.
8. John W. Meyer, David John Frank, Ann Hironaka, Evan Schofer and Nancy Brandon Tuma, 'The structuring of a world environmental regime, 1870-1990', International Organization 51: 4, 1997, pp. 623-51.
9. Hedley Bull, The anarchical society: a study of order in world politics (London: Macmillan, 1977); Richard Little, 'The English School and world history', in Alex J. Bellamy, ed., International society and its critics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), pp. 45-63.
10. Andrew Hurrell, 'International society and the study of regimes: a reflective approach', in Volker Rittberger, ed., Regime theory and international relations (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), pp. 49-72.
11. Barry Buzan, From international to world society? English School theory and the social structure of globalisation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
12. Ian Clark, International legitimacy and world society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).
13. John Williams, 'Pluralism, solidarism and the emergence of world society in English School theory', International Relations 19: 1, 2005, pp. 19-38.
14. Buzan, From international to world society?, p. 150.
15. Andrew Hurrell, On global order: power, values, and the constitution of international society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), pp. 224-8.
16. Over the last two decades, Andrew Hurrell has developed the most systematic body of work on global environmental politics from an English School perspective.
17. Matthew Paterson speaks for many environmental scholars when he dismisses English School theory as a starting point for the study of global environmental politics ('Global environmental governance', in Bellamy, ed., International society and its critics, pp. 163-77).
18. Bull, The anarchical society, pp. 293-5.
19. But see Bull's later interest in questions of justice and solidarism, as evident in his Justice in international relations: the 1983 Hagey Lectures (Waterloo, Ont.: University of Waterloo, 1984).
20. Kai Alderson and Andrew Hurrell, 'International society and the academic study of international relations', in Kai Alderson and Andrew Hurrell, eds, Hedley Bull on international society (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000), pp. 20-53.
21. Buzan, From international to world society?, pp. 161-2.
22. Buzan, From international to world society?, p. 167.
23. Hurrell, On global order, p. 59.
24. Kal J. Holsti, Taming the sovereigns: institutional change in international politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 24-5.
25. Christian Reus-Smit, 'The constitutional structure of international society and the nature of fundamental institutions', International Organization 51: 4, 1997, pp. 555-89.
26. Buzan, From international to world society?, pp. 181-2.
27. Holsti, Taming the sovereigns, p. 18.
28. Robert Jackson, The global covenant: human conduct in a world of states (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 175-8.
29. Jackson, The global covenant, p. 176.
30. Buzan, From international to world society?, p. 187.
31. Buzan, From international to world society?, pp. 262, 247-8.
32. Christian Reus-Smit, 'The normative structure of international society', in F. O. Hampson and J. Reppy, eds, Earthly goods: environmental change and social justice (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996), p. 119.
33. Owing to space constraints, I am concentrating on the three primary institutions on which environmentalism has left its most notable mark.
34. For a history of ecological thinking, see Donald Worster, Nature's economy: a history of ecological ideas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994). On varieties of green political thinking.
35. Andrew Dobson and Robyn Eckersley, eds, Political theory and the ecological challenge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
36. R. J. Vincent, Human rights and international relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
37. Tim Dunne and Nicholas J. Wheeler, eds, Human rights in global politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
38. On the expansion of state responsibility, see Jackson, The global covenant, pp. 169-78.
39. In 'The problem of harm in world politics: implications for the sociology of states-systems', International Affairs 78: 2, April 2002, pp. 319-38.
40. Andrew Linklater combines English School and cosmopolitan thinking in pointing to a growing international obligation to prevent unnecessary harm. On the ethical revolution brought about by environmentalism, see Roderick Frazier Nash, The rights of nature: a history of environmental ethics (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989).
41. McCormick, Reclaiming paradise, ch. 1.
42. Robert Boardman, International organization and the conservation of nature (London: Macmillan, 1981), pp. 27-8.
43. Anna-Katharina Wöbse, 'Oil on troubled waters? Environmental diplomacy in the League of Nations', Diplomatic History 32: 4, 2008, pp. 519-37.
44. The creation of transnationally organized environmental campaign groups (e.g. Friends of the Earth, Greenpeace) played an important role in this discursive shift; see Paul Wapner, Environmental activism and world civic politics (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1996).
45. Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Enviroment, 16 June 1972, http://www.unep. org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.Print.asp?documentid=97andarticleid=1503, accessed 24 Feb. 2012.
46. Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, June 1992, http://www.unep.org/Documents. Multilingual/Default.Print.asp?documentid=78andarticleid=1163, accessed 24 Feb. 2012.
47. For an example of a quantitative analysis of the growing density of global environmental governance, see Meyer et al., 'The structuring of a world environmental regime'.
48. Clark, International legitimacy, p. 13.
49. Karen T. Litfin, 'The greening of sovereignty: an introduction', in Karen T. Litfin, ed., The greening of sovereignty in world politics (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998), pp. 1-27.
50. Frank Biermann and Philipp Pattberg, 'Global environmental governance: taking stock, moving forward', Annual Review of Environment and Resources 33, 2008, pp. 277-94.
51. See principle 21 of the 1972 Stockholm Declaration and principle 2 of the 1992 Rio Declaration.
52. Robert Falkner, 'Private environmental governance and international relations: exploring the links', Global Environmental Politics 3: 2, 2003, pp. 72-87.
53. Robyn Eckersley, The green state: rethinking democracy and sovereignty (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004), p. 209.
54. McCormick, Reclaiming paradise, ch. 7.
55. Buzan, From international to world society?, pp. 170-1.
56. Daniel Bodansky, The art and craft of international environmental law (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), pp. 18-22.
57. Peter H. Sand, 'The evolution of international environmental law', in Daniel Bodansky, Jutta Brunnée and Ellen Hey, eds, The Oxford handbook of international environmental law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 34.
58. Cesare P. R. Romano, 'International dispute settlement', in Bodansky et al., eds, The Oxford handbook of international environmental law, p. 1042.
59. Bodansky, The art and craft of international environmental law, ch. 9.
60. Patricia Birnie and Alan Boyle, International law and the environment (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 106.
61. Jonathan B. Wiener, 'Precaution', in Bodansky et al., eds, The Oxford handbook of international environmental law, pp. 597-612.
62. Frédéric Mégret, 'The problem of an international criminal law of the environment', Columbia Journal of Environmental Law 36: 2, 2011, pp. 195-257.
63. Edward Goldsmith and Jerry Mander, eds, The case against the global economy: and for a turn towards localization (London: Earthscan, 2001).
64. Nicholas Stern, The economics of climate change: the Stern Review (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
65. Arthur P. J. Mol and David A. Sonnenfeld, eds, Ecological modernisation around the world: perspectives and critical debates (London: Frank Cass, 2000).
66. Steven Bernstein, The compromise of liberal environmentalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), p. 213.
67. Steve Charnovitz, 'The WTO's environmental progress', Journal of International Economic Law 10: 3, 2007, pp. 685-706.
68. Susan Park, 'World Bank group: championing sustainable development?', Global Governance 13: 4, 2007, pp. 535-56.
69. Peter Newell and Matthew Paterson, Climate capitalism: global warming and the transformation of the global economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
70. Robert Falkner, Business power and conflict in international environmental politics (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), ch. 3.