Perceived islamophobia: Scale development and validation

International Journal of Intercultural Relations

Volumn 37, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 225-237

  Kunst, Jonas R ^a   Sam, David L ^b   Ulleberg, Pål ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

Author keywords

Discrimination; Identity; Islamization; Islamophobia; Muslims; Perceived islamophobia; Psychological health; Well being

Indexed keywords

EID: 84875371253     PISSN: 01471767     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2012.11.001     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Allen, C. (2001, September). Islamophobia in the media since September 11th. Paper presented at the Exploring Islamophobia: Deepening our understanding of Islam and Muslims, London, UK. Retrieved from http://www.nt5918.vs.speednames.com/docs/Islamophobia-in-the-Media-since-911-ChristopherAllen.pdf.
2. Allen, C., & Nielsen, J. S. (2002). Summary report on Islamophobia in the EU after 11 September 2001. Report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia. Retrieved from http://www.fra.europa.eu/fraWebsite/attachments/Synthesis-report_en.pdf.
3. Armenta B.E., Hunt J.S. Responding to societal devaluation: Effects of perceived personal and group discrimination on the ethnic group identification and personal self-esteem of Latino/Latina adolescents. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 2009, 12(1):23-39. 10.1177/1368430208098775.
4. Azzaoui, M. (2008, March). Muslims and the government of Germany. Paper presented at the Governments and Muslim communities in the West Conference, Washington, DC-US. Retrieved from http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/govtsmuslimcommun.pdf.
5. Bourguignon D., Seron E., Yzerbyt V., Herman G. Perceived group and personal discrimination: Differential effects on personal self-esteem. European Journal of Social Psychology 2006, 36(5):773-789. 10.1002/ejsp.326.
6. Branscombe N.R., Schmitt M.T., Harvey R.D. Perceiving pervasive discrimination among African Americans: Implications for group identification and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1999, 77(1):135-149. 10.1037/0022-3514.77.1.135.
7. Casanova, J. (2005). Immigration and the new religious pluralism: A EU/US comparison. Paper presented at the The new religious pluralism and democracy conference, Georgetown, US. Retrieved from: http://www.ipri.pt/eventos/pdf/Paper_Casanova.pdf.
8. Cohen S., Kamarck T., Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 1983, 24(4):385-396. 10.2307/2136404.
9. Contrada R.J., Ashmore R.D., Gary M.L., Coups E., Egeth J.D., Sewell A., et al. Measures of ethnicity-related stress: Psychometric properties, ethnic group differences, and associations with well-being. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 2001, 31(9):1775-1820. 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb00205.x.
10. EUMC. (2005). Majorities' attitudes towards minorities - Key findings from the Eurobarometer and the European Social Survey. Report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia. Retrieved from http://fra.europa.eu/fraWebsite/attachments/EB2005-summary.pdf.
11. EUMC. (2006). Muslims in the European Union: Discrimination and Islamophobia. Report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia. Retrieved from http://www.fra.europa.eu/fraWebsite/attachments/Manifestations_EN.pdf.
12. Flores E., Tschann J.M., Dimas J.M., Bachen E.A., Pasch L.A., de Groat C.L. Perceived discrimination, perceived stress, and mental and physical health among Mexican-origin adults. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 2008, 30(4):401-424. 10.1177/0739986308323056.
13. González K.V., Verkuyten M., Weesie J., Poppe E. Prejudice towards Muslims in the Netherlands: Testing integrated threat theory. The British Journal of Social Psychology 2008, 47(4):667-685. 10.1348/014466608X28444.
14. Gordijn E.H. When thinking that you are fat makes you feel worthless: Activation and application of meta-stereotypes when appearance matters. Social Cognition 2010, 28(1):20-39. 10.1521/soco.2010.28.1.20.
15. Gottschalk P., Greenberg G. Islamophobia: Making Muslims the enemy 2008, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Lanham, US-MD.
16. Halliday F. 'Islamophobia' reconsidered. Ethnic and Racial Studies 1999, 22(5):892-902. 10.1080/014198799329305.
17. Hu L., Bentler P.M. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 1999, 6(1):1-55. 10.1080/10705519909540118.
18. Jetten J., Branscombe N.R., Schmitt M.T., Spears R. Rebels with a cause: Group identification as a response to perceived discrimination from the mainstream. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2001, 27(9):1204-1213. 10.1177/0146167201279012.
19. Johnston D., Lordan G. Discrimination makes me sick! An examination of the discrimination-health relationship. Journal of Health Economics 2011, 31(1):99-111. 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.12.002.
20. Jung E., Hecht M.L., Wadsworth B.C. The role of identity in international students' psychological well-being in the United States: A model of depression level, identity gaps, discrimination, and acculturation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 2007, 31(5):605-624. 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2007.04.001.
21. Kessler R.C., Andrews G., Colpe L.J., Hiripi E., Mroczek D.K., Normand S.L.T., et al. Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine 2002, 32(6):959-976. 10.1017/S0033291702006074.
22. Kunst J.R., Tajamal H., Sam D.L., Ulleberg P. Coping with islamophobia: The effects of religious stigma on Muslim minorities' identity formation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 2012, 36(4):518-532. 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.12.014.
23. Leach C.W., Mosquera P.M.R., Vliek M.L.W., Hirt E. Group devaluation and group identification. Journal of Social Issues 2010, 66(3):535-552. 10.1111/j.1540-4560.2010.01661.x.
24. Lee S.A., Gibbons J.A., Thompson J.M., Timani H.S. The islamophobia scale: Instrument development and initial validation. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 2009, 19(2):92-105. 10.1080/10508610802711137.
25. McNeilly M.D., Anderson N.B., Armstead C.A., Clark R., Corbett M., Robinson E.L., et al. The perceived racism scale: A multidimensional assessment of the experience of white racism among African Americans. Ethnicity & Disease 1996, 6(1-2):154-166.
26. Pascoe E.A., Smart Richman L. Perceived discrimination and health: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin 2009, 135(4):531-554. 10.1037/a0016059.
27. Phinney J.S., Ong A.D. Conceptualization and measurement of ethnic identity: Current status and future directions. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2007, 54(3):271-281. 10.1037/0022-0167.54.3.271.
28. Runnymede Trust Commission Islamophobia: A challenge for us all 1997, The Runnymede Trust, London, England.
29. Saeed A. Media, racism and islamophobia: The representation of Islam and Muslims in the media. Sociology Compass 2007, 1(2):443-462. 10.1111/j.1751-9020.2007.00039.x.
30. Soper J.C., Fetzer J.S. The practice of their faith: Muslims and the state in Britain, France, and Germany. Muslims in Western politics 2009, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN-US. A.H. Sinno (Ed.).
31. Stephan W.G., Ybarra O., Bachman G. Prejudice toward immigrants. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 1999, 29(11):2221-2237. 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb00107.x.
32. Strabac Z., Listhaug O. Anti-Muslim prejudice in Europe: A multilevel analysis of survey data from 30 countries. Social Science Research 2008, 37(1):268-286. 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2007.02.004.
33. Todorova I.L.G., Falcón L.M., Lincoln A.K., Price L.L. Perceived discrimination, psychological distress and health. Sociology of Health & Illness 2010, 32(6):843-861. 10.1111/j.1467-9566.2010.01257.x.
34. Van de Vijver F.J.R., Leung K. Methods and data analysis for cross-cultural research 1997, Sage Publications, London, United Kingdom.
35. Verkuyten M., Yildiz A.A. National (Dis) identification and ethnic and religious identity: A study among Turkish-Dutch Muslims. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2007, 33(10):1448-1462. 10.1177/0146167207304276.
36. Vorauer J.D., Main K.J., O'Connell G.B. How do individuals expect to be viewed by members of lower status groups? Content and implications of meta-stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1998, 75(4):917-937. 10.1037/0022-3514.75.4.917.
37. Walsh S., Shulman S., Maurer O. Immigration distress, mental health status and coping among young immigrants: A 1-year follow-up study. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 2008, 32(5):371-384. 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2008.06.007.
38. Williams D.R., Yu Y., Jackson J.S., Anderson N.B. Racial differences in physical and mental health. Journal of Health Psychology 1997, 2(3):335-351. 10.1177/135910539700200305.
39. Yip T., Gee G.C., Takeuchi D.T. Racial discrimination and psychological distress: The impact of ethnic identity and age among immigrant and United States-born Asian adults. Developmental Psychology 2008, 44(3):787-800. 10.1037/0012-1649.44.3.787.