A review of vapor intrusion models

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 47, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 2457-2470

  Yao, Yijun ^a,b   Shen, Rui ^a   Pennell, Kelly G ^a,c   Suuberg, Eric M ^a  

^a Brown University   (United States)

^b ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY   (China)

^c University of Massachusetts Dartmouth   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADVECTION AND DIFFUSIONS; BUILDING CONSTRUCTION; BUILDING FOUNDATIONS; CONTAMINANT BUILDINGS; CONTAMINATED SITES; INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS; VAPOR INTRUSION MODELS; VOLATILE ORGANIC CHEMICALS;

BIODEGRADATION; BUILDINGS; GEOLOGIC MODELS; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS;

VAPORS;

VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND;

BIODEGRADATION; LITERATURE REVIEW; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND;

ABSORPTION; ADVECTION; AMBIENT AIR; ARTICLE; BIODEGRADATION; CALCULATION; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); DIFFUSION; FLOW RATE; GEOLOGY; HYDRODYNAMICS; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; OXYGEN TRANSPORT; SIMULATION; SOIL; STEADY STATE; VAPOR; VAPOR INTRUSION;

AIR POLLUTION, INDOOR; BIODEGRADATION, ENVIRONMENTAL; COMPUTER SIMULATION; DIFFUSION; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; MODELS, CHEMICAL; SOIL; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; VOLATILIZATION;

EID: 84875354199     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: 15205851     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/es302714g     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Tillman, F. D.; Weaver, J. W. Review of Recent Research on Vapor Intrusion; EPA/600/R-05/106; U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development: Washington, DC 20460, 2005.
2. Turczynowicz, L.; Robinson, N. I. Exposure assessment modelling for volatiles-Towards an Australian indoor vapour intrusion model J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A. 2007, 70, 1619-1634
3. Provoost, J.; Tillman, F. D.; Weaver, J. W.; Reijnders, L.; Bronders, J.; Van Keer, I.; Swartjes, F. Vapour intrusion into buildings-a literature review. In Advances in Environmental Research, Vol. 5; Daniels, J. A., Ed.; Nova Science Publishers: New York, 2010; pp 1-43.
4. Jury, W. A.; Spencer, W. F.; Farmer, W. J. Behavior assessment model for trace organics in soil: I. Model description J. Environ. Qual. 1983, 12 (4) 558-564
5. Jury, W. A.; Farmer, W. J.; Spencer, W. F. Behavior assessment model for trace organics in soil: II. Chemical classification and parameter sensitivity J. Environ. Qual. 1984, 13 (4) 567-572
6. Jury, W. A.; Spencer, W. F.; Farmer, W. J. Behavior assessment model for trace organics in soil. III. Application of screening model J. Environ. Qual. 1984, 13 (4) 573-579
7. Jury, W. A.; Spencer, W. F.; Farmer, W. J. Behavior assessment model for trace organics in soil. IV. Review of experimental evidence J. Environ. Qual. 1984, 13 (4) 580-586
8. Loureiro, C. O. Simulation of the steady-state transport of radon from soil into houses with basements under constant negative pressure. LBL-24378. Ph.D. Dissertation, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 1987.
9. Loureiro, C. O.; Abriola, L. M.; Martin, J. E.; Sextro, R. G. Three dimensional simulation of radon transport into houses with basements under constant negative pressure Environ. Sci. Technol. 1990, 24 (9) 1338-1348
10. Mowris, R. J.; Fisk, W. J. Modeling the effects of exhaust ventilation on 222Rn entry rates and indoor 222Rn concentrations Health Phys. 1988, 54 (5) 491-501
11. Nazaroff, W. W.; Feustel, H.; Nero, A. V.; Revzan, K. L.; Grimsrud, D. T. Radon transport into a detached one-story house with a basement Atmos. Environ. 1985, 19 (1) 31-46
12. Lindstrom, F. T.; Boersma, L.; Gardiner, H. 2,4-D diffusion in saturated soils. A mathematical theory Soil Sci. 1968, 106 (2) 107-113
13. Oddson, J. K.; Letey, J.; Weeks, L. V. Predicted distribution of organic chemicals in solution and adsorbed as a function of position and time for various chemicals and soil properties Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 1970, 34 (3) 412-417
14. US EPA. DDT-A Brief History and Status. 2012. http://www.epa.gov/ pesticides/factsheets/chemicals/ddt-brief-history-status.htm.
15. Clements, W. E.; Wilkening, M. H. Atmospheric pressure effects on 222Rn transport across the earth-air interface J. Geophys. Res. 1974, 79, 5025-5029
16. Schery, S. D.; Gaeddert, D. H.; Wilkening, M. H. Factors affecting exhalation of radon from a gravelly sandy loam J. Geophys. Res. 1984, 89, 7299-7309
17. Robinson, A. L.; Sextro, R. G. The influence of a subslab gravel layer and open area on soil-gas and radon entry into two experimental basements Health Phys. 1995, 69, 367-377
18. Garbesi, K.; Sextro, R. G.; Robinson, A. L.; Wooley, J. D.; Owens, J. A.; Nazaroff, W. W. Scale dependence of soil permeability to air: Measurement method and field investigation Water Resour. Res. 1996, 32 (3) 547-560
19. Garbesi, K.; Robinson, A. L.; Sextro, R. G.; Nazaroff, W. W. Radon entry into the houses: The importance of scale -dependent permeability Health Phys. 1999, 77, 183-191
20. Johnson, P. C.; Kemblowski, M. W.; Johnson, R. L. Assessing the significance of subsurface contaminant vapor migration to enclosed spaces: site-specific alternatives to generic estimates J. Soil Contam. 1999, 8 (3) 389-421
21. Abreu, L. D. V.; Johnson, P. C. Effect of vapor source-building separation and building construction on soil vapor intrusion as studied with a three-dimensional numerical model Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39 (12) 4550-4561
22. Yao, Y.; Pennell, K. G.; Suuberg, E. M. Estimation of contaminant subslab concentration in vapor intrusion J. Hazard. Mater. 2012, 231-232, 10-17
23. Nazaroff, W. W. Radon transport from soil to air Rev. Geophys. 1992, 30 (2) 137-160
24. Gadgil, A. J. Models of radon entry Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 1992, 45, 373-380
25. Robinson, A. L.; Sextro, R. G. Radon Entry into Buildings Driven by Atmospheric Pressure Fluctuations Environ. Sci. Technol. 1997, 31 (6) 1742-1748
26. Andersen, C. E. Numerical modelling of radon-222 entry into houses: An outline of techniques and results Sci. Total Environ. 2001, 272, 33-42
27. Nazaroff, W. W. Predicting the rate of 222Rn Entry from soil into basement of a dwelling due to pressure-driven air flow Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 1988, 24, 199-202
28. Johnson, P. C.; Ettinger, R. A. Heuristic model for predicting the intrusion rate of contaminant vapors into buildings Environ. Sci. Technol. 1991, 25 (8) 1445-1452
29. U.S. EPA. Draft of the Guidance for Evaluating the Vapor Intrusion to Indoor Air Pathway from Groundwater Soils (Subsurface Vapor Intrusion Guidance); Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER), November 29, 2002.
30. U.S. EPA. U.S. EPA's Vapor Intrusion Database: Preliminary Evaluation of Attenuation Factors; Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER), March 4, 2008.
31. Johnson, P. C. Identification of application-specific critical inputs for the 1991 Johnson and Ettinger vapor intrusion algorithm Ground Water Monit. Rem. 2005, 25 (winter: 1) 63-78
32. Millington, R. J.; Quirk, J. M. Permeability of porous solids Trans. Faraday Soc. 1961, 57, 1200-1207
33. Atteia, O.; Hohener, P. Semianalytical model predicting transfer of volatile pollutant from groundwater to the soil surface Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44 (16) 6228-6232
34. Little, J. C.; Daisy, J. M.; Nazaroff, W. W. Transport of subsurface contaminants into buildings: An exposure pathway for volatile organics Environ. Sci. Technol. 1992, 26 (11) 2058-2066
35. Daugherty, S. J. Regulatory approaches to hydrocarbon contamination from underground storage tanks. In Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soils and Groundwater, Vol. 1; Kostecki, P. T.; Calabrese, E. J., Eds.; Lewis Publishers: Chelsea, MI, 1991; pp 23-63.
36. Park, H. S. A method for assessing soil vapour intrusion from petroleum release sites: Multi-phase/multi-fraction partitioning Global Nest: Int. J. 1999, 1, 195-204
37. Van den Berg, R. Human Exposure to Soil Contamination: A Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis Towards Proposals for Human Toxicological Intervention Values; Report 725201011; RIVM: Bilthoven, The Netherlands, 1994.
38. Yao, Y.; Suuberg, E. M. Estimation of contaminant subslab concentration in vapor intrusion including lateral source-building separation. In preparation.
39. Wright, J.; Howell, M. Evaluation of vapour migration modelling in quantifying exposure. In Proceedings Enviro04, Sydney, March 2004; paper No. e4194.
40. Lowell, P. S.; Eklund, B. VOC emission fluxes as a function of lateral distance from the source Environ. Prog. 2004, 23 (1) 52-58
41. McHugh, T. E.; Connor, J. A.; Ahmad, F.;; Newell, C. J. A groundwater mass flux model for groundwater-to-indoor-air vapor intrusion. In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation-2003. In Proceedings of the Seventh International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium; Orlando, FL., 2003.
42. Symms, K. G.; Modelling VOC migration and vapour intrusion into building indoor air from subsurface soil sources. In Contaminated Soil; Van den Brink, W. J.; Bosman, B. R.; Arendt, F., Eds.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Netherlands, 1995; pp 551-556.
43. Murphy, B. L.; Chan, W. R. A multi-compartment mass transfer model applied to building vapor intrusion Atmos. Environ. 2011, 45 (37) 6650-6657
44. Waitz, M. F. W.; Freijer, J. I.; Kreule, P.; Swartjes, F. A. The VOLASOIL Risk Assessment Model Based on CSOIL for Soils Contaminated with Volatile Compounds; Report 715810014; RIVM: Bilthoven, The Netherlands, 1996.
45. Bakker, J.; Lijzen, J. P. A.; van Wijnen, H. J. Site-Specific Human Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination with Volatile Compounds; Report 711701049; RIVM: Bilthoven, The Netherlands, 2008.
46. Brand, E.; Otte, P. F.; Lijzen, J. P. A. CSOIL 2000: An Exposure Model for Human Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination; Report 711701054; RIVM: Bilthoven, The Netherlands, 2007.
47. Bozkurt, O. Investigation of vapor intrusion scenarios using a 3D numerical model. Ph.D. Dissertation, Brown University, Providence, RI, 2009.
48. Bozkurt, O.; Pennell, K. G.; Suuberg, E. M. Simulation of the vapor intrusion process for nonhomogenous soils using a three-dimensional numerical model Ground Water Monit. Rem. 2009, 29 (1) 92-104
49. Pennell, K. G.; Bozkurt, O.; Suuberg, E. M. Development and application of a three-dimensional finite element vapor intrusion model J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 2009, 59 (4) 447-460
50. Yao, Y.; Shen, R.; Pennell, K. G.; Suuberg, E. M. A comparison of the Johnson-Ettinger vapor intrusion screening model predictions with full three-dimensional model results Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45 (12) 2227-2235
51. Abreu, L. D. V. A transient three-dimensional numerical model to simulate vapor intrusion into buildings. Ph.D. Dissertation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 2005.
52. Yao, Y.; Pennell, K. G.; Suuberg, E. M. The influence of transient processes on vapor intrusion processes Air Waste Manage. Assoc. Vapor Intrusion 2010, 1, 186-210
53. BP. Risc v4.03-Risk Assessment Model for Soil and Groundwater Applications, User's Manual; BP Oil International: Sunbury, U.K. 2001.
54. Carslaw, H. M.; Jaeger, J. C. Conduction of Heat in Solids; Clarendon: Oxford, U.K., 1959.
55. Yao, Y.; Pennell, K. G.; Suuberg, E. M. Vapor intrusion in urban settings: effect of foundation features and source location Procedia Environ. Sci. 2011, 4, 245-250
56. Hers, I.; Zapf-Gilje, R. Canadian consortium research project-field validation of soil gas transport to indoor air pathway. In Proceedings of the 1998 Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Groundwater; National Groundwater Association: Houston, Texas, 1998; pp 251-266.
57. Lahvis, M. A.; Baehr, A. L.; Baker, R. J. Quantification of aerobic biodegradation and volatilization rates of gasoline hydrocarbons near the water table under natural attenuation conditions Water Resour. Res. 1999, 35 (3) 753-765
58. Roggemans, S. Natural attenuation of hydrocarbon vapors in the vadose zone. M.S. Thesis. Arizona State University. 1998.
59. Ficher, M. L.; Bentley, A. J.; Dunkin, K. A.; Hodgson, A. T.; Nazaroff, W. W.; Sextro, R. G.; Daisey, J. M. Factors affecting indoor air concentrations of volatile organic compounds at a site of subsurface gasoline contamination Environ. Sci. Technol. 1996, 30 (10) 2948-2957
60. Fitzpatrick, N. A.; Fitzgerald, J. J. An evaluation of vapor intrusion into buildings through a study of field data. Presented at the 11th Annual Conference on Contaminated Soils, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, October, 1996. http://www.state.ma.us/dep/bwsc/miscpubs.htm.
61. Ostendorf, D. W.; Kampbell, D. H. Biodegradation of hydrocarbon vapors in the unsaturated zone Water Resour. Res. 1991, 27 (4) 453-462
62. Luo, H.; Dahlen, P.; Johnson, P. C.; Peargin, T.; Creamer, T. Spatial variability of soil-gas concentrations near and beneath a building overlying shallow petroleum hydrocarbon-impacted soils Ground Water Monit. Rem. 2009, 29 (1) 81-91
63. Patterson, B. M.; Davis, G. B. Quantification of vapor intrusion pathways into a slab-on-ground building under varying environmental conditions Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43 (3) 650-656
64. Ellis, D. E. Remediation technology forum intrinsic remediation project at Dover Air Force Base, Delaware. In Symposium on Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Organics in Ground Water, Dallas, TX, September 11-13. USEPA; EPA/540/R-96/509; 1996.
65. Ririe, G. T.; Sweeney, R. E. Fate and transport of volatile hydrocarbons in the vadose zone: In Proceedings NGWA/API Conference on Petroleum Hydrocarbons Organic Chemicals in Groundwater: Prevention, Detection, and Restoration, Houston, TX, 1996; pp 529-542.
66. Lahvis, M. A.; Baehr, A. L. Documentation of R-UNSAT, A Computer Model for the Simulation of Reactive, Multispecies Transport in the Unsaturated Zone; U.S. Geological Open-File Report 97-630; U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.
67. Davis, G. B.; Rayner, J. L.; Trefry, M. G.; Fisher, S. J.; Patterson, B. M. Measurement and modeling of temporal variations in hydrocarbon vapor behavior in a layered soil profile Vadose Zone J. 2005, 4, 225-239
68. Jeng, C. Y.; Kremesec, V. J.; Primack, H. S. Models of hydrocarbon vapor diffusion through soil and transport into buildings. In Proceedings of 1996 Petroleum Hydrocarbon and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water; API/NGWA: Houston, TX, 1996; pp 319-338.
69. Mills, W. B.; Liu, S.; Rigby, M. C.; Brenner, D. Time-variable simulation of soil vapor intrusion into a building with a combined crawl space and basement Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41 (14) 4993-5001
70. Sanders, P. A.; Stern, A. H. Calculation of soil cleanup criteria for carcinogenic volatile organic chemicals as controlled by the soil-to-indoor air exposure pathway Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1994, 13 (8) 1367-1373
71. Ünlü, K.; Kemblowski, M. W.; Parker, J. C.; Stevens, D.; Chong, P. K.; Kamil, I. A screening model for effects of land-disposed wastes on groundwater quality J. Contam. Hydrol. 1992, 11, 27-49
72. Van Cenuchten, M. Th.; Davidson, J. M.; Wierenga, P. J. An evaluation of kinetic and equilibrium equations for the prediction of pesticide movement through porous media Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 1974, 38, 29-34
73. Van Genuchten, M. Th.; Wierenga, P. J. Mass transfer in sorbing porous media. I. Analytical solutions Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1976, 40, 473-480
74. Van Genuchten, M. Th.; Wierenga, P. J. Mass transfer in sorbing porous media. II. Experimental evaluation with tritium Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1977, 41, 272-278
75. Van Cenuchten, M. Th.; Wierenga, P. J.; O'Connor', G. A. Mass transfer in sorbing porous media. III. Experimental evaluation with 2.4,5-T Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1977, 41, 278-285
76. Anderssen, F. R.; de Hoog, F. R.; Markey, B. R. Modelling the volatilization of organic soil contaminants: Extension of the Jury, Spencer and Farmer behaviour assessment model and solution Appl. Math. Lett. 1997, 10 (1) 31-34
77. Turczyowicz, L.; Robinson, N. A model to derive soil criteria for benzene migrating from soil to dwelling interior in homes with crawl spaces Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 2001, 7 (2) 387-415
78. Lin, J. S.; Hildemann, L. M. Nonsteady-state analytical model to predict gaseous emissions of volatile organic compounds from landfills J. Hazard. Mater. 1995, 40 (3) 271-295
79. Roggemans, S.; Bruce, C. L.; Johnson, P. C. Vadose Zone Natural Attenuation of Hydrocarbon Vapors: An Empirical Assessment of Soil Gas Vertical Profile Data; API Technical Bulletin No. 15; American Petroleum Institute: Washington, DC, 2002.
80. Devaull, G. E. Indoor vapor intrusion with oxygen-limited biodegradation for a subsurface gasoline source Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41 (9) 3241-3248
81. Parker, J. C. Modeling volatile chemical transport, biodecay, and emission to indoor air Ground Water Monit. Rem. 2003, 23 (1) 107-120
82. Verginelli, I.; Baciocchi, R. Modeling of vapor intrusion from hydrocarbon-contaminated sources accounting for aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation J. Contam. Hydrol. 2011, 126, 167-180
83. Hers, J.; Atwater, J. W.; Zapf-Gilje, R.; Li, L. Evaluation of vadose zone biodegradation of BTX vapours J. Contam. Hydrogeol. 2000, 46 (3-4) 230-264
84. Talimcioglu, N. M. A model for evaluation of the impact of contaminated soil on groundwater. Ph.D. thesis. Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 1991
85. Korfiatis, G. P.; Talimcioglu, N. M. Model for Evaluation of the Impact of Contaminated Soil on Groundwater; Final report; Stevens Institute of Technology: Hoboken, NJ, 1991.
86. Korfiatis, G. P.; Talimcioglu, N. M. IMPACT: a model for calculation of soil cleanup levels Remediation 1994, Spring) 175-188
87. Yao, Y. Modeling vapor intrusion-the influence of biodegradation and useful approximation techniques. Ph.D. Dissertation, Brown University, Providence, RI, 2012.
88. Abreu, L. D. V.; Johnson, P. C. Modeling the effect of aerobic biodegradation on soil vapor intrusion into buildings-Influence of degradation rate, source concentration, and depth Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40 (7) 2304-2315
89. Abreu, L. D. V.; Ettinger, R.; McAlary, T. Simulated soil vapor intrusion attenuation factors including biodegradation for petroleum hydrocarbons Ground Water Monit. Rem. 2009, 29 (1) 105-117
90. Yu, S.; Unger, A. J. A.; Parker, B. Simulating the fate and transport of TCE from groundwater to indoor air J. Contam. Hydrol. 2009, 107 (3-4) 140-161
91. Van Cenuchten, M. Th.; Alves, A. J. Analytical Solutions of the One-Dimensional Convective-Dispersive Solute Transport Equation; Technical Bulletin 1661; United States Department of Agriculture, 1982.
92. Ribbons, D. W.; Eaton, R. W. Chemical transformations of aromatic hydrocarbons that support the growth of microorganisms. In Environmental Microbiology; Mitchell, R., Ed.; Wiley-Liss Publishers: New York, NY, 1992.
93. Wiedemeier, T.; Wilson, J. T.; Kampbell, D. H.; Miller, R. N.; Hansen, J. E. Technical Protocol for Implementing Intrinsic Remediation with Long-Term Monitoring for Natural Attenuation of Fuel Contamination Dissolved in Groundwater; Vol. 1; Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence, Technology Transfer Division, Brooks AFB: San Antonio, TX, 1995.
94. Borden, R. C.; Bedient, P. B. Transport of dissolved hydrocarbons influenced by oxygen-limited biodegradation: 1. Theoretical development Water Resour. Res. 1986, 22 (13) 1973-1982
95. Sanders, P. F.; Talimcioglu, N. M. Soil-to-indoor air exposure models for volatile organic compounds: The effect of soil moisture Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1997, 16 (12) 2597-2604
96. Andersen, C. E. Entry of Soil Gas and Radon into Houses; RisøR-623 ŽEN; Risø National Laboratory: DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark, 1992.
97. Ferguson, C. C.; Krylov, V. V.; McGrath, P. T. Contamination of indoor air by toxic soil vapors: A screening risk assessment model Building Environ. 1995, 30 (3) 375-383
98. Nazaroff, W. W.; Lewls, S. R.; Doyle, S. M.; Moed, B. A.; Nero, A. V. Experiments on pollutant transport from soil into residential basements by pressure-driven airflow Environ. Sci. Technol. 1987, 21 (5) 459-466
99. Krylov, V. V.; Ferguson, C. C. Contamination of indoor air by toxic soil vapors: The effects of subfloor ventilation and other protective measures Building Environ. 1998, 33 (6) 331-347
100. U.S. EPA. EPA's Vapor Intrusion Database: Evaluation and Characterization of Attenuation Factors for Chlorinated Volatile Organic Compounds and Residential Buildings; Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER), March 16, 2012.
101. Naturvadsverket. Development of Generic Guideline Values. Model and Data Used for Generic Guideline Values for Contaminated Soils in Sweden; Report No. 4639; Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, NV: Stockholm, Sweden, 1996.
102. SFT. Management for Contaminated Land: Preliminary Guidelines for Executive Procedures; Report 97:01; Norwegian Pollution Control Authority: Oslo, 1995; ISBN 82-7655-030-4.
103. SFT. Management of Contaminated Land; report 99:06; Norwegian Pollution Control Authority: Oslo, 1999; ISBN 82-7655-192-0.
104. Olson, D.; Corsi, R. L. Characterizing exposure to chemicals from soil vapor intrusion using a two-compartment model Atmos. Environ. 2001, 35 (24) 4201-4209
105. Olson, D.; Corsi, R. L. Fate and Transport of Contaminants in Indoor Air J. Soil Sed. Contam. 2002, 11 (4) 583-601
106. Hulot, C.; Hazebrouck, B.; Gay, G.; Malherbe, L.; Pokryszka, Z. Vapor emissions from contaminated soils into buildings: Comparison between predictions from transport models and field measurements. In Conference CONSOIL, Ghent, Belgium, 2003; pp 1-9.
107. Hers, I.; Zapf-Gilje, R.; Evans, D.; Li, L. Comparison, Validation, and Use of Models for Predicting Indoor Air Quality from Soil and Groundwater contamination J. Soil Sed. Contam. 2002, 11 (4) 491-527
108. Provoost, J.; Reijnders, L.; Swartjes, F.; Bronders, J.; Seuntjens, P.; Lijzen, J. Accuracy of seven vapour intrusion algorithms for VOC in groundwater J. Soils Sed. 2009, 9 (1) 62-73
109. Provoost, J.; Bosman, A.; Reijinder, L.; Bronders, J.; Touchant, K.; Swartjes, F. Vapour intrusion from the vadose zone-Seven algorithms compared J. Soils Sed. 2010, 10, 473-483