Comparison, validation, and use of models for predicting indoor air quality from soil and groundwater contamination

Soil and Sediment Contamination

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 491-527

  Hers, Ian ^a,b   Zapf Gilje, Reidar ^a,b   Evans, Dyfed ^b   Li, Loretta ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b GOLDER ASSOCIATES LTD   (Canada)

Author keywords

Advection; Biodegradation; Intrusion; Models; Soil vapor building

Indexed keywords

ADVECTION; INTRUSION; SOIL VAPOR BUILDING; UNDERPRESSURIZATION;

ATTENUATION; CONTAMINATION; HEALTH RISKS; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SOILS; VAPORS;

AIR QUALITY;

EID: 0036024655     PISSN: 10588337     EISSN: 15497887     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/20025891107140     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers. (1985) ASHRAE Handbook - 1985 Fundamentals, Chap. 22, Atlanta, GA.
2. Bouchard, D.C., Enfield, C.G., and Piwoni, M.D. 1987. Transport processes involving organic chemicals. In: Soil Sci. Am. Special Pub. No. 22, Sawhney, B.L. and Brown, K., Eds.
3. Canadian General Standards Board (CSGB). 1986. Determination of the airtightness of building envelopes by the fan depressurization method. CAN/CSGB-149.10-M86.
4. Chiou, C.T. 1987. Theoretical considerations of the partition uptake of nonionic organic compounds by soil organic matter. In: Soil Sci. Am. Special Pub. No. 22. Sawhney, B.L. and Brown, K., Eds.
5. Daugherty, S. 1991. Regulatory approaches to hydrocarbon contamination from underground storage tanks. In: Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soils and Groundwater. Kostecki, P.T. and Calabrese, E., Eds. Lewis Publishers.
6. Daugherty, S. 1997. Use of subsurface vapor to indoor air exposure models by a local health agency: historical development and issues encountered. In: Proc. Petroleum Environ. Res. Forum (PERF) Symp., Brea, California, Feb. 6 and 7.
7. DeVaull, G., Ettinger, R.A., Salanitro, J.P., and Gustafson, J. 1997. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes degradation in vadose zone soils during vapor transport: first-order rate constants. In: Proc. 1997 Petrol. Hydrocarbons Org. Chem. in Ground Water. API/NGWA, Houston, TX, November, pp. 365-379.
8. Ferguson, C.C., Krylov, V.V., and McGrath, P.T. 1995. Contamination of indoor air by toxic soil vapors: a screening risk assessment model. Building Environ. 30(3), 375-383.
9. Figley, D.A. and Snodgrass, L.J. 1992. Comparative foundation air leakage performance of ten residential concrete basements. In: Proc. 85th Annu. Meet. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. June 21-26.
10. Figley, D.A. 1997. A Guide for Estimating Indoor Concentrations of Soil Gas Pollutants in Houses. Prepared for CMHC.
11. Fischer, M.L., Bentley, A.J., Dunkin, K.A., Hodgson, A.T., Nazaroff, W.W., Sextro, R.G., and Daisey, J.M. 1996. Factors affecting indoor air concentrations of volatile organic compounds at a site of subsurface gasoline contamination. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30(10), 2948-2957.
12. Fitzpatrick, N.A. and Fitzgerald, J.J. 1996. An Evaluation of Vapor Intrusion into Buildings through a Study of Field Data. Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection.
13. Garbesi, K. and Sextro, R.G. 1989. Modeling and field evidence of pressure-driven entry of soil gas into a house through permeable below-grade walls. Environ. Sci. Technol. 23(12), 1481-1487.
14. Garbesi, K., Sextro, R.G., Fisk, W.J., Modera, M.P., and Revzan, K.L. 1993. Soil-gas entry into an experimental basement: model measurement comparisons and seasonal effects. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27(3), 466-473.
15. Grimsrud, D.T., Sherman, M.H., and Sonderegger, R.C. 1982. Calculating infiltration: implications for a construction quality standard. In: Proc. Am. Soc. Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers and the U.S. Department of Energy Conference: Thermal Performance of the Exterior Envelopes of Buildings II. Las Vegas, NV, December.
16. Hers, I., Zapf-Gilje, R., Petrovic, R., Macfarlane, M., and McLenehan, R. 1997. Prediction of risk-based screening levels for infiltration of volatile subsurface contaminants into buildings. Environ. Tox. and Risk Assessment Vol. 6th, Dwyer, F. J., Doane, T., and Hinman, M. L., Eds., ASTM STP 1317.
17. Hers, I. and Zapf-Gilje, R. 1998. Canadian consortium research project - field validation of soil gas transport to indoor air pathway. In: Proc. 1998 Petrol. Hydrocarbons Org. Chem. in Ground Water. API/NGWA, Houston, TX, November 11-13, pp. 251-266.
18. Hers, I., Atwater, J., Li, L. and Zapf-Gilje, R. 2000. Evaluation of vadose zone BTX biodegradation. J. Contam. Hydrol., 46, 233-264.
19. Hers, I., Zapf-Gilje, R., Li, Loretta, and Atwater, J. 2000. Evaluation of soil vapor intrusion into building enclosures. Technical paper in preparation.
20. Holden, P.A., Halverson, L.J., and Firestone, M.K. 1997. Water stress effects on toluene biodegradation by Pseudomonas putida. Biodegradation. 8, 143-151.
21. Jeng, C.Y, Kremesec, Jr., V.J., and Primack, H.S., 1996. Models of hydrocarbon vapor diffusion through soil and transport into buildings. In: Proc. 1996 Petrol. Hydrocarbons Org. Chem. in Ground Water. API/NGWA, Houston, TX, November 13-15, pp. 319-338.
22. Johnson, P.C. and Ettinger, R. 1991. Heuristic model for predicting the intrusion rate of contaminant vapors into buildings. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25(8), 1445-1452.
23. Johnson, P.C., Kemblowski, W., and Johnson, R.L. 1998. Assessing the Significance of Subsurface Contaminant Vapor Migration to Enclosed Spaces - Site Specific Alternatives to Generic Estimates. API Publication 4674, December.
24. Jury, W.A., Russo, D., Streile, G. and El Abd, H. 1990. Evaluation of volatilization by organic chemicals residing below the soil surface, Water Resour. Res. 26(1), 13-20.
25. Krylov, V.V. and Ferguson, C.C., 1998. Contamination of indoor air by toxic soil vapors: the effects of subfloor ventilation and other protective measures. Building Environ. 33(6), 331-347.
26. Laubacher, R.C., Bartholomae, P., Velasco, P., and Reisinger, H.J. 1997. An evaluation of the vapor profile in the vadose zone above a gasoline plume. In: Proc. 1997 Petrol. Hydrocarbons Org. Chem. in Groundwater, API/NWGA, Houston, TX, pp. 396-409.
27. Mendoza, C.A. personal communication, adaptation of VaporT model described in Mendoza, C.A., Frind, E.O. March 1990. Advective-dispersive transport of dense organic vapors in the unsaturated zone 1. Model development, Water Resour. Res. 26(3), 379-387.
28. Millington, R.J. 1959. Gas diffusion in porous media. Science (Washington, D.C), 130, 100-102.
29. Millington, R.J. and Quirk, J.M. 1961. Permeability of porous solids. Trans. Faraday Soc. 1200-1207.
30. Mueller Associates, Syscon Co., and Brookhaven National Laboratory. 1988. Handbook of Radon in Buildings. New York, Hemisphere Publishing Co.
31. Nazaroff, W.W., Feustel, H., Nero, A.V., Revzan, K.L., Grimsrud, D.T., Essling, M.A., and Toohey, R.E. 1985. Radon transport into a detached one-story house with a basement. Atmos. Environ. 19(1), 31-46.
32. Nazaroff, W.W. 1992. Radon transport from soil to air. Rev. Geophysics. 30(2), 137-160.
33. Nielson, K.K., Rogers, V.C., Holt, R.B., Pugh, T.D., Grondzik, W.A., and de Meijer, R.J. 1997. Radon penetration of concrete slab cracks, joints, pipe penetrations, and sealants. Health Phys. 73(4), 668-678.
34. Ostendorf, D.W. and Kampbell, D.H. 1991. Biodegradation of hydrocarbon vapors in the unsaturated zone. Water Resour. Res. 27 (4), 453-462.
35. Renken, K.J. and Rosenberg, T. 1995. Laboratory Measurements of the transport of radon gas through concrete samples. Health Physics. 68(6), 800-808.
36. Revzan, K.L., Fisk, W.J., and Gadgil, A.J. 1991. Modeling radon entry into houses with basements: model description and verification. Indoor Air 2, 173-189.
37. Rogers, V.C., Neilson, K.K., Hold, R.B., and Snoddy, R. 1994. Radon diffusion coefficients for residential concrete. Health Physics. 67(3), 261-265.
38. Ririe, T. and Sweeney, R. 1995. Fate and Transport of volatile hydrocarbons in the vadose zone. In: Proc. 1995 Petrol. Hydrocarbons Org. Chem. in Ground water. API/NGWA, Houston, TX, Nov. 29 - Dec. 1, pp. 529-542.
39. Ririe, T. Sweeney, R., Daughery, S. and Peuron, P. 1998. A Vapor Transport Model That is Consistent with Field and Laboratory Data. In: Proc. 1998 Petrol. Hydrocarbons Org. Chem. in Ground water. API/NGWA, Houston, TX, Nov. 11 to 13, pp. 299-308.
40. Sanders, P.A. and Stern, A.H. 1994. Calculation of soil cleanup criteria for carcinogenic volatile organic chemicals as controlled by the soil-to-indoor air exposure pathway. Environ. Tox. Chem. 13(8), 1367-1373.
41. Scanada Consultants Limited. 1993. Field Testing of House Characteristics Report to CMHC, October.
42. Schwarzenbach, R.P., Gschwend, P.M. and Imboden, D.M. 1993. Environmental Organic Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 616.
43. U.S. EPA. 1992. Assessing potential indoor air impacts for superfund sites. Air/Superfund National Technical Guidance Study Series. EPA 451/R-92-002.
44. Waitz, M.F.W., Freijer, J.I., Keule, P., and Swartjes, F.A. 1996. The VOLASOIL risk assessment model based on CSOIL for soils contaminated with volatile compounds. National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
45. Zwick, T.C., Leeson, A., Hinchee, R.E., Hoeppel, R.E., and Bowling, L. 1995. Soil moisture effects during bioventing in fuel-contaminated arid soils. In: In Situ Aeration: Air Sparging, Bioventing and Related Remediation Processes. Batelle Press. Columbus, pp. 333-340