Structure and transport properties of solution-cast Nafion® membranes subjected to hygrothermal aging

Journal of Membrane Science

Volumn 435, Issue , 2013, Pages 242-252

  Collette, Floraine M ^a   Thominette, Francette ^a   Mendil Jakani, Hakima ^b   Gebel, Gérard ^b  

^a CNRS   (France)

^b CEA GRENOBLE   (France)

Author keywords

Aging; Conductivity; Nafion ; Perfluorinated ionomer; Structure; Water sorption

Indexed keywords

HIGH WATER CONTENT; ION EXCHANGE CAPACITY; PERFLUORINATED IONOMER; PERFLUOROSULFONATED IONOMERS; PHYSICAL STRUCTURES; PROTON CONDUCTING MEMBRANES; SOLUTION-CAST MEMBRANES; WATER SORPTION;

AGING OF MATERIALS; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY; MECHANICAL PROPERTIES; STRUCTURE (COMPOSITION); TRANSPORT PROPERTIES;

MEMBRANES;

ACID ANHYDRIDE; CUPRIC ION; DIVALENT CATION; NAFION; PERFLUOROSULFONATED IONOMER; POLYMER; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AGING; ARTICLE; CRYSTALLIZATION; HUMIDITY; INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY; ION EXCHANGE; MEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE; MEMBRANE STRUCTURE; MEMBRANE TRANSPORT; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SMALL ANGLE SCATTERING; WATER CONTENT;

EID: 84875292313     PISSN: 03767388     EISSN: 18733123     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2013.02.002     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Borup R., Meyers J., Pivovar B., Kim Y.S., Mukundan R., Garland N., Myers D., Wilson M., Garzon F., Wood D., Zelenay P., More K., Stroh K., Zawodzinski T., Boncella J., McGrath J.E., Inaba M., Miyatake K., Hori M., Ota K., Ogumi Z., Miyata S., Nishikata A., Siroma Z., Uchimoto Y., Yasuda K., Kimijima K.I., Iwashita N. Scientific aspects of polymer electrolyte fuel cell durability and degradation. Chem. Rev. 2007, 107:3904-3951.
2. de Bruijn F.A., Dam V.A.T., Janssen G.J.M. Durability and degradation issues of PEM fuel cell components. Fuel Cells 2008, 8:3-22.
3. Kundu S., Fowler M., Simon L.C., Abouatallah R. Reversible and irreversible degradation in fuel cells during open circuit voltage durability testing. J. Power Sources 2008, 182:254-258.
4. A. Eisenberg, H.L. Yeager, Eds., Perfluorinated Ionomer Membranes, vol. 180, American Chemical Society, Washington, 1982.
5. 2004, John Wiley. W. Vielstich, A. Lamm, H. Gasteiger (Eds.).
6. 1980, Ellis Horwood, Chichester England. M.O. Coulter (Ed.).
7. Hubner G., Roduner E. EPR investigation of HO radical initiated degradation reactions of sulfonated aromatics as model compounds for fuel cell proton conducting membranes. J. Mater. Chem. 1999, 9:409-418.
8. Kinumoto T., Inaba M., Nakayama Y., Ogata K., Umebayashi R., Tasaka A., Iriyama Y., Abe T., Ogumi Z. Durability of perfluorinated ionomer membrane against hydrogen peroxide. J. Power Sources 2006, 158:1222-1228.
9. Huang X.Y., Solasi R., Zou Y., Feshler M., Reifsnider K., Condit D., Burlatsky S., Madden T. Mechanical endurance of polymer electrolyte membrane and PEM fuel cell durability. J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 2006, 44:2346-2357.
10. Merlo L., Ghielmi A., Cirillo L., Gebert M., Arcella V. Resistance to peroxide degradation of Hyflono (R) ion membranes. J. Power Sources 2007, 171:140-147.
11. 2. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2006, 153:A967-A974.
12. Zhou C., Guerra M.A., Qiu Z.M., Zawodzinski T.A., Schiraldi D.A. Chemical durability studies of perfluorinated sulfonic acid polymers and model compounds under mimic fuel cell conditions. Macromolecules 2007, 40:8695-8707.
13. ®. J. Memb. Sci. 2009, 330:21-29.
14. Collette F.M., Thominette F., Escribano S., Ravachol A., Morin A., Gebel G. Fuel cell rejuvenation of hygrothermally aged Nafion. J. Power Sources 2012, 202:126-133.
15. Curtin D.E., Lousenberg R.D., Henry T.J., Tangeman P.C., Tisack M.E. Advanced materials for improved PEMFC performance and life. J. Power Sources 2004, 131:41-48.
16. Gebel G., Diat O. Neutrons and X-rays: suitable tools for studying ionomer membranes. Fuel Cells 2005, 5:261-276.
17. Mauritz K.A., Moore R.B. State of understanding of Nafion. Chem. Rev. 2004, 104:4535-4585.
18. Gierke T.D., Munn G.E., Wilson F.C. The morphology in nafion perfluorinated membrane products, as determined by wide - and small-angle X-ray studies. J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. Ed. 1981, 19:1687-1704.
19. Fujimura M., Hashimoto T., Kawai H. Small-angle X-ray scattering study of perfluorinated ionomer membranes. 2. Models for ionic scattering maximum. Macromolecules 1982, 15:136.
20. Kreuer K.D., Paddison S.J., Spohr E., Schuster M. Transport in proton conductors for fuel-cell applications: simulations, elementary reactions, and phenomenology. Chem. Rev. 2004, 104:4637-4678.
21. Kreuer K.D. On the development of proton conducting polymer membranes for hydrogen and methanol fuel cells. J. Memb. Sci. 2001, 185:29-39.
22. Schmidt-Rohr K., Chen Q. Parallel cylindrical water nanochannels in Nafion fuel-cell membranes. Nat. Mater. 2008, 7:75-83.
23. Perrin J.C., Lyonnard S., Guillermo A., Levitz P. Water dynamics in ionomer membranes by field-cycling NMR relaxometry. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110:5439-5444.
24. Perrin J.C., Lyonnard S., Volino F. Quasielastic neutron scattering study of water dynamics in hydrated nafion membranes. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111:3393-3404.
25. Rubatat L., Diat O. Stretching effect on Nafion fibrillar nanostructure. Macromolecules 2007, 40:9455-9462.
26. Park J.K., Li J., Divoux G.M., Madsen L.A., Moore R.B. Oriented morphology and anisotropic transport in uniaxially stretched perfluorosulfonate ionomer membranes. Macromolecules 2011, 44:5701-5710.
27. Rubatat L., Rollet A.-L., Gebel G., Diat O. Evidence of elongated polymeric aggregates in Nafion. Macromolecules 2002, 35:4050-4055.
28. Rubatat L., Gebel G., Diat O. Fibrillar structure of Nafion: correspondance between Fourier and real space studies of Nafion film and solutions. Macromolecules 2004, 37:7772-7783.
29. http://www2.dupont.com/Fuel_Cells/en_US/products/nafion.html.
30. Burnett D.J., Garcia A.R., Thielmann F. Measuring moisture sorption and diffusion kinetics on proton exchange membranes using a gravimetric vapor sorption apparatus. J. Power Sources 2006, 160:426-430.
31. Cotton J.P. Initial data treatment. Neutron, X-rays and light scattering: introduction to an investigate tool for colloidal and polymeric systems 1991, 19. North Holland-Elsevier, Amsterdam. P. Lindner, T. Zemb (Eds.).
32. Duplessix R., Escoubes M., Rodmacq B., Volino F., Roche E., Eisenberg A., Pinéri M. Water absorption in acid Nafion membranes. Water in polymers 1980, vol. ACS Symp. Series 127:469-486. American Chemical Society, Washington.
33. Legras M., Hirata Y., Nguyen Q.T., Langevin D., Metayer M. Sorption and diffusion behaviors of water in Nafion 117 membranes with different counter ions. Desalination 2002, 147:351-357.
34. Kreuer K.D., Schuster M., Obliers B., Diat O., Traub U., Fuchs A., Klock U., Paddison S.J., Maier J. Short-side-chain proton conducting perfluorosulfonic acid ionomers: Why they perform better in PEM fuel cells?. J. Power Sources 2008, 178:499-509.
35. Zawodzinski T.A., Derouin C., Radzinski S., Sherman R.J., Smith V.T., Springer T.E., Gottesfeld S. Water uptake by and transport through Nafion 117 membranes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1993, 140:1041-1047.
36. Maréchal Y. The Hydrogen Bond and the Water Molecule: The Physics and Chemistry of Water, Aqueous and Bio Media 2007, Elsevier.
37. 19F NMR spectroscopy of acid Nafion membranes and solutions. Macromolecules 1991, 24:3517.
38. Chen Q., Schmidt-Rohr K. F-19 and C-13 NMR signal assignment and analysis in a perfluorinated ionomer (Nafion) by two-dimensional solid-state NMR. Macromolecules 2004, 37:5995-6003.
39. Ghassemadeh L., Marrony M., Barrera R., Kreuer K.D., Maier J., Muller K. Chemical degradation of proton conducting perflurosulfonic acid ionomer membranes studied by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J. Power Sources 2009, 186:334-338.
40. Fujimura M., Hashimoto T., Kawai H. Small-angle X-ray scattering study of perfluorinated ionomer membranes. 1. Origin of the two scattering maxima. Macromolecules 1981, 14:1309.
41. Gebel G., Aldebert P., Pineri M. Structure and related properties of solution-cast perfluorosulfonated ionomer films. Macromolecules 1987, 20:1425-1428.
42. Moore R.B., Martin C.R. Morphology and chemical properties of the DOW perfluorosulfonate ionomers. Macromolecules 1989, 22:3594-3599.
43. Moore R.B., Martin C.R. Chemical and morphological properties of solution-cast perfluorosulfonate ionomers. Macromolecules 1988, 21:1334.
44. Liu F.Q., Wang C.Y. Variations in interfacial properties during cell conditioning and influence of heat-treatment of ionomer on the characteristics of direct methanol fuel cells. Electrochim. Acta 2005, 50:1413-1422.
45. Su L.J., Li L., Li H., Zhang Y.M., Yu W., Zhou C.X. Perfluorosulfonic acid membranes treated by supercritical carbon dioxide method for direct methanol fuel cell application. J. Memb. Sci. 2009, 335:118-125.
46. Starkweather H.W. Crystallinity in perfluorosulfonic acid ionomers and related polymers. Macromolecules 1982, 15:320-323.
47. Gebel G. Structural evolution of water swollen perfluorosulfonated ionomer from dry membrane to solution. Polymer 2000, 41:5829-5838.
48. Xu F., Diat O., Gebel G., Morin A. Determination of transverse water concentration profile through MEA in a fuel cell using neutron scattering. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2007, 154:B1389-B1398.
49. Iwase H., Koizumi S., Iikura H., Matsubayashi M., Yamaguchi D., Maekawa Y., Hashimoto T.A. combined method of small-angle neutron scattering and neutron radiography to visualize water in an operating fuel cell over a wide length scale from nano to millimeter. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A Accelerators Spectr. Detectors Assoc. Equip. 2009, 605:95-98.
50. Pineri M., Gebel G., Davies R.J., Diat O. Water sorption-desorption in Nafion (R) membranes at low temperature, probed by micro X-ray diffraction. J. Power Sources 2007, 172:587-596.
51. Gebel G., Lyonnard S., Mendil-Jakani H., Morin A. The kinetics of water sorption in Nafion membranes: a small-angle neutron scattering study. J. Phys. Conds. Matter 2011, 23.
52. Kusoglu A., Modestino M.A., Hexemer A., Segalman R.A., Weber A.Z. Subsecond morphological changes in Nafion during water uptake detected by small-angle X-ray scattering. ACS Macro Lett. 2012, 1:33-46.
53. Li Y.J., Peiffer D.G., Chu B. Long-range inhomogeneities in sulfonated polystyrene ionomers. Macromolecules 1993, 26:4006-4012.
54. Kim J.S., Eisenberg A. Effect of sample preparation conditions and degree of neutralization on the dynamic-mechanical properties of poly(styrene-co-sodium methacrylate) ionomers. J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 1995, 33:197-209.
55. Freger V. Hydration of ionomers and Schroeder's paradox in Nafion. J. Phys. Chem. B 2009, 113:24-36.
56. Pintauro P.N., Tandon R., Chao L., Xu W., Evilia R. Equilibrium partioning of mono/divalent cation-salt mixtures in Nafion cation-exchange membranes. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99:12915-12924.
57. Truffier-Boutry D., De Geyer A., Guetaz L., Diat O., Gebel G. Structural study of zirconium phosphate-nafion hybrid membranes for high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell applications. Macromolecules 2007, 40:8259-8264.
58. Chou J., McFarland E.W., Metiu H. Electrolithographic investigations of the hydrophilic channels in Nafion membranes. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109:3252-3256.
59. Bussian D.A., O'Dea J.R., Metiu H., Buratto S.K. Nanoscale current imaging of the conducting channels in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Nano Lett. 2007, 7:227-232.
60. Aleksandrova E., Hiesgen R., Friedrich K.A., Roduner E. Electrochemical atomic force microscopy study of proton conductivity in a Nafion membrane. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2007, 9:2735-2743.
61. Sutor A.K., Huguet P., Morin A., Gebel G., Le T.S., Deabate S. Influence of compressive stress on the water content of perfluorosulphonated membranes: a μ-Raman study. Fuel Cells 2012, 12:162-168.
62. Perrot C., Gonon L., Marestin C., Gebel G. Hydrolytic degradation of sulfonated polyimide membranes for fuel cells. J. Memb. Sci. 2011, 379:207-214.