Quantifying past and present connectivity illuminates a rapidly changing landscape for the African elephant

Molecular Ecology

Volumn 22, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 1574-1588

  Epps, Clinton W ^a   Wasser, Samuel K ^b   Keim, Jonah L ^c   Mutayoba, Benezeth M ^d   Brashares, Justin S ^e  

^a OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^c Matrix Solutions Inc   (Canada)

^d SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE   (Tanzania)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

African elephant; corridor; gene flow; resistance surface; resource selection probability function

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; DNA SEQUENCE; ECOLOGY; ECOSYSTEM; ELEPHANT; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; GENE FLOW; GENETICS; GEOGRAPHY; METHODOLOGY; POPULATION DYNAMICS; POPULATION GENETICS; TANZANIA;

ANIMALS; CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; ECOLOGY; ECOSYSTEM; ELEPHANTS; GENE FLOW; GENETICS, POPULATION; GEOGRAPHY; MODELS, GENETIC; POPULATION DYNAMICS; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, DNA; TANZANIA;

ANIMALIA; LOXODONTA; LOXODONTA AFRICANA;

EID: 84875213336     PISSN: 09621083     EISSN: 1365294X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/mec.12198     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Adriaensen F, Chardon JP, De Blust G, et al,. (2003) The application of 'least-cost' modelling as a functional landscape model. Landscape and Urban Planning, 64, 233-247.
2. Anonymous (1931) Population Census, African Population. Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
3. Anonymous (2007) Savanna Elephant. Tanzania Mammal Atlas Project. Available from http://www.tanzaniamammals.org/content/mammal.php?id=EL1. May 15, 2012.
4. Anonymous (2011) Population of Tanzania. World Bank, World Development Indicators. Avilable from http://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds= d5bncppjof8f9-&met-y=sp-pop-totl&idim=country:TZA&dl=en&hl= en&q=current+population+of+tanzania. Accessed January 21, 2012.
5. Astrup R, Coates KD, Hall E, (2008) Finding the appropriate level of complexity for a simulation model: an example with a forest growth model. Forest Ecology and Management, 256, 1659-1665.
6. Balkenhol N, Gugerli F, Cushman SA, et al,. (2009a) Identifying future research needs in landscape genetics: where to from here? Landscape Ecology, 24, 455-463.
7. Balkenhol N, Waits LP, Dezzani RJ, (2009b) Statistical approaches in landscape genetics: an evaluation of methods for linking landscape and genetic data. Ecography, 32, 818-830.
8. Beerli P, Felsenstein J, (2001) Maximum likelihood estimation of a migration matrix and effective population sizes in n subpopulations by using a coalescent approach. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98, 4563-4568.
9. Beier P, Majka DR, Spencer WD, (2008) Forks in the road: choices in procedures for designing wildland linkages. Conservation Biology, 22, 836-851.
10. Blake S, Deem SL, Strindberg S, et al,. (2008) Roadless wilderness area determines forest elephant movements in the Congo Basin. PLoS One, 3, e3546.
11. Blanc J, (2008) Loxodonta africana. In: IUCN 2010: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. Available from www.iucnredlist.org.
12. Blom A, van Zalinge R, Heitkonig IMA, Prins HHT, (2005) Factors influencing the distribution of large mammals within a protected central African forest. Oryx, 39, 381-388.
13. Chetkiewicz CLB, Boyce MS, (2009) Use of resource selection functions to identify conservation corridors. Journal of Applied Ecology, 46, 1036-1047.
14. Chiucchi JE, Gibbs HL, (2010) Similarity of contemporary and historical gene flow among highly fragmented populations of an endangered rattlesnake. Molecular Ecology, 19, 5345-5358.
15. Crawford NG, (2010) Smogd: software for the measurement of genetic diversity. Molecular Ecology Resources, 10, 556-557.
16. Cushman SA, Lewis JS, (2010) Movement behavior explains genetic differentiation in American black bears. Landscape Ecology, 25, 1613-1625.
17. Cushman SA, McKelvey KS, Hayden J, Schwartz MK, (2006) Gene flow in complex landscapes: testing multiple hypotheses with causal modeling. American Naturalist, 168, 486-499.
18. Cushman SA, Chase M, Griffin C, (2010) Mapping landscape resistance to identify corridors and barriers for elephant movement in Southern Africa. In: Spatial Complexity, Informatics, and Wildlife Conservation (eds, Cushman SA, Huettmann F,), pp. 349-367. Springer, Tokyo.
19. Douglas-Hamilton I, Krink T, Vollrath F, (2005) Movements and corridors of African elephants in relation to protected areas. Naturwissenschaften, 92, 158-163.
20. Driezen K, Adriaensen F, Rondinini C, Doncaster CP, Matthysen E, (2007) Evaluating least-cost model predictions with empirical dispersal data: a case-study using radiotracking data of hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus). Ecological Modelling, 209, 314-322.
21. Epps CW, Wehausen JD, Bleich VC, Torres SG, Brashares JS, (2007) Optimizing dispersal and corridor models using landscape genetics. Journal of Applied Ecology, 44, 714-724.
22. Epps CW, Mutayoba BM, Gwin L, Brashares JS, (2011) An empirical evaluation of the African elephant as a focal species for connectivity planning in East Africa. Diversity and Distributions, 17, 603-612.
23. FAO (2005) Multipurpose Africover Databases On Environmental Resources. Available from http://www.africover.org/index.htm. Accessed October 8, 2005.
24. Faubet P, (2007) Documentation of BIMr (Version 1.1): Bayesian Inference of Migration Rates. Available from http://www-leca.ujf-grenoble.fr/logiciels/ BIMr/manual.html#x1-300003.5. Accessed June 10, 2011.
25. Faubet P, Gaggiotti OE, (2008) A new Bayesian method to identify the environmental factors that influence recent migration. Genetics, 178, 1491-1504.
26. Galanti V, Preatoni D, Martinoti A, Wauters LA, Tosi G, (2006) Space and habitat use of the African elephant in the Tarangire-Manyara ecosystem, Tanzania: implications for conservation. Mammalian Biology, 71, 99-114.
27. Gardner TA, Barlow J, Chazdon R, et al,. (2009) Prospects for tropical forest biodiversity in a human-modified world. Ecology Letters, 12, 561-582.
28. Goudet J, (1995) FSTAT (Version 1.2): a computer program to calculate F-statistics. Journal of Heredity, 86, 485-486.
29. Guillot G, Rousset F, (2012) Dismantling the Mantel tests. In: arXiv, 1112.065v1 [q-bio.PE].
30. Hedrick PW, (2005) A standardized genetic differentiation measure. Evolution, 59, 1633-1638.
31. Jelinski DE, Wu JG, (1996) The modifiable areal unit problem and implications for landscape ecology. Landscape Ecology, 11, 129-140.
32. Jones T, Caro T, Davenport TRB, (2009) Wildlife Corridors in Tanzania, pp. 60. TAWIRI, Arusha, Tanzania.
33. Keim JL, DeWitt PD, Lele SR, (2011) Predators choose prey over prey habitats: evidence from a lynx-hare system. Ecological Applications, 21, 1011-1016.
34. Kjekshus H, (1977) Ecology Control and Economic Development in East African History: The Case of Tanganyika 1850-1950. University of California Press, Berkeley.
35. de Knegt HJ, van Langevelde F, Skidmore AK, et al,. (2011) The spatial scaling of habitat selection by African elephants. Journal of Animal Ecology, 80, 270-281.
36. Landguth EL, Cushman SA, Schwartz MK, McKelvey KS, Murphy M, Luikart G, (2010) Quantifying the lag time to detect barriers in landscape genetics. Molecular Ecology, 19, 4179-4191.
37. Legendre P, Fortin MJ, (2010) Comparison of the Mantel test and alternative approaches for detecting complex multivariate relationships in the spatial analysis of genetic data. Molecular Ecology Resources, 10, 831-844.
38. Legendre P, Lapointe FJ, Casgrain P, (1994) Modeling brain evoluation from behavior-a permutational regression approach. Evolution, 48, 1487-1499.
39. Lele SR, Keim JL, (2006) Weighted distributions and estimation of resource selection probability functions. Ecology, 87, 3021-3028.
40. Lichstein JW, (2007) Multiple regression on distance matrices: a multivariate spatial analysis tool. Plant Ecology, 188, 117-131.
41. Lowe WH, Allendorf FW, (2010) What can genetics tell us about population connectivity? Molecular Ecology, 19, 3038-3051.
42. McRae BH, Dickson BG, Keitt TH, Shah VB, (2008) Using circuit theory to model connectivity in ecology, evolution, and conservation. Ecology, 89, 2712-2724.
43. Newmark WD, (1995) Extinction of mammal populations in Western North-American National-Parks. Conservation Biology, 9, 512-526.
44. Newmark WD, (1996) Insularization of Tanzanian parks and the local extinction of large mammals. Conservation Biology, 10, 1549-1556.
45. Newmark WD, (2008) Isolation of African protected areas. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 6, 321-328.
46. Okello JBA, Masembe C, Rasmussen HB, et al,. (2008) Population genetic structure of savannah elephants in Kenya: conservation and management implications. Journal of Heredity, 99, 443-452.
47. Paetkau D, Calvert W, Stirling I, Strobeck C, (1995) Microsatellite analysis of population structure in Canadian polar bears. Molecular Ecology, 4, 347-354.
48. Pittiglio C, Skidmore AK, Van Gils HAMJ, Prins HHT, (2011) Identifying transit corridors for elephant using a long time-series. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 14, 61-72.
49. Pradhan NMB, Wegge P, (2007) Dry season habitat selection by a recolonizing population of Asian elephants Elephas maximus in lowland Nepal. Acta Theriologica, 52, 205-214.
50. Raffalovich LE, Deane GD, Armstrong D, Tsao HS, (2008) Model selection procedures in social research: Monte-Carlo simulation results. Journal of Applied Statistics, 35, 1093-1114.
51. Rosner B, (1995) Fundamentals of Biostatistics. Duxbury Press, Belmont, California.
52. Rousset F, (2008) GENEPOP '007: a complete re-implementation of the GENEPOP software for Windows and Linux. Molecular Ecology Resources, 8, 103-106.
53. Sawyer SC, Epps CW, Brashares JS, (2011) Placing linkages among fragmented habitats: do least-cost models reflect how animals use landscapes? Journal of Applied Ecology, 48, 668-678.
54. Schwarz G, (1978) Estimating the dimension of a model. The Annals of Statistics, 6, 461-464.
55. Shah VB, McRae BH, (2008) Circuitscape: a tool for landscape ecology. Proceedings of the 7th Python in Science Conference, 7, 62-66.
56. Shirk AJ, Wallin DO, Cushman SA, Rice CG, Warheit KI, (2010) Inferring landscape effects on gene flow: a new model selection framework. Molecular Ecology, 19, 3603-3619.
57. Slatkin M, (1995) A measure of population subdivision based on microsatellite allele frequencies. Genetics, 139, 457-462.
58. Smouse PE, Long J, Sokal R, (1986) Multiple regression and correlation extensions of the Mantel test of matrix correspondence. Systematic Zoology, 35, 627-632.
59. Soule ME, Wilcox BA, Holtby C, (1979) Benign neglect: a model of faunal collapse in the game reserves of East Africa. Biological Conservation, 15, 259-272.
60. Spear SF, Balkenhol N, Fortin MJ, McRae BH, Scribner K, (2010) Use of resistance surfaces for landscape genetic studies: considerations for parameterization and analysis. Molecular Ecology, 19, 3576-3591.
61. Stoner C, Caro T, Mduma S, et al,. (2007) Changes in large herbivore populations across large areas of Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology, 45, 202-215.
62. Wall J, Douglas-Hamilton I, Vollrath F, (2006) Elephants avoid costly mountaineering. Current Biology, 16, R527-R529.
63. Walsh PD, White LJT, (1999) What it will take to monitor forest elephant populations? Conservation Biology, 13, 1194-1202.
64. Waltert M, Meyer B, Shanyangi MW, et al,. (2008) Foot surveys of large mammals in woodlands of western Tanzania. Journal of Wildlife Management, 72, 603-610.
65. Wasser SK, Mailand C, Booth R, et al,. (2007) Using DNA to track the origin of the largest ivory seizure since the 1989 trade ban. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 4228-4233.
66. Wasser SK, Clark WJ, Drori O, et al,. (2008) Combating the illegal trade in African elephant ivory with DNA forensics. Conservation Biology, 22, 1065-1071.
67. Wasser SK, Clark W, Laurie C, (2009) The ivory trail. Scientific American, 301, 68-76.
68. Whitlock MC, (2011) G '(ST) and D do not replace F-ST. Molecular Ecology, 20, 1083-1091.
69. Wilcox BA, Murphy DD, (1985) Conservation strategy- the effects of fragmentation on extinction. American Naturalist, 125, 879-887.
70. Wilson GA, Rannala B, (2003) Bayesian inference of recent migration rates using multilocus genotypes. Genetics, 163, 1177-1191.
71. Wittemyer G, Getz WM, Vollrath F, Douglas-Hamilton I, (2007) Social dominance, seasonal movements, and spatial segregation in African elephants: a contribution to conservation behavior. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 61, 1919-1931.
72. Zeller KA, McGarigal K, Whiteley AR, (2012) Estimating landscape resistance to movement: a review. Landscape Ecology, 27, 777-797.
73. Zellmer AJ, Knowles LL, (2009) Disentangling the effects of historic vs. contemporary landscape structure on population genetic divergence. Molecular Ecology, 18, 3593-3602.