Fluconazole resistance in cryptococcal disease: Emerging or intrinsic?

Medical Mycology

Volumn 51, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 261-269

  Cheong, Jenny Wan Sai ^a   Mccormack, Joe ^a  

^a Mater Health Services   (Australia)

Author keywords

Cryptococcus gattii; Cryptococcus neoformans; Fluconazole failure; Fluconazole resistance; Relapse

Indexed keywords

FLUCONAZOLE;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ANTIFUNGAL SUSCEPTIBILITY; ARTICLE; CHILD; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CRYPTOCOCCOSIS; CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; NONHUMAN; SCHOOL CHILD; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT PLANNING;

EID: 84875185628     PISSN: 13693786     EISSN: 14602709     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2012.715763     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2010 ; 50: 291-322 .
2. Bicanic T, Wood R, Bekker LG, e t al. Antiretroviral roll-out, antifungal roll-back: Access to treatment for cryptococcal meningitis. Lancet Infect Dis 2005 ; 5: 530-531 .
3. Wertheimer AI, Santella TM, Lauver HJ. Successful public/private donation programs: A review of the Difl ucan Partnership Program in South Africa. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic) 2004; 3: 74-79, 84-85.
4. Mitchell TG, Perfect Jr. Cryptococcosis in the era of AIDSY100 years after the discovery of Cryptococcus neoformans. Clin Microbiol Rev 1995 ; 8: 515-548 .
5. Bii CC, Makimura K, Abe S, e t al. Antifungal drug susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans from clinical sources in Nairobi, Kenya. Mycoses 2007 ; 50: 25-30 .
6. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Gibbs DL, e t al. Results from the ARTEMIS DISK Global Antifungal Surveillance Study, 1997 to 2007: 10.5 -year analysis of susceptibilities of noncandidal yeast species to fl uconazole and voriconazole determined by CLSI standardized disk diffusion testing. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47: 117-123 .
7. Brandt ME, Pfaller MA, Hajjeh RA, e t al. Trends in antifungal drug susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates in the United States: 1992 to 1994 and 1996 to 1998. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45: 3065-3069 .
8. Govender NP, Patel J, van Wyk M, Chiller TM, Lockhart SR. Trends in antifungal drug susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates obtained through population-based surveillance in South Africa in 2002-2003 and C2007-2008. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011 ; 55: 2606-2611 .
9. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts, approved standard, M27-A3, 3rd ed. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2008 .
10. Subcommittee on Antifungal Susceptibility Testing (AFST) of the ESCMID European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibilty Testing (EUCAST). EUCAST defi nitive document EDef 7.1: Method for the determination of broth dilution MICs of antifungal agents for fermentative yeasts. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008 ; 14: 398-405 .
11. European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Consultation on EUCAST Defi nitive Document Edef 7. 2: Method for determination of broth dilution minimum inhibitory concentrations of antifungal agents for yeasts. European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2012 .
12. Zaragoza O, Mesa-Arango AC, Gomez-Lopez A, e t al. Process analysis of variables for standardization of antifungal susceptibility testing of nonfermentative yeasts. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011 ; 55: 1563-1570 .
13. Pfaller MA, Castanheira M, Diekema DJ, Messer SA, Jones RN. Wild-type MIC distributions and epidemiologic cutoff values for fl uconazole, posaconazole, and voriconazole when testing Cryptococcus neoformans as determined by the CLSI broth microdilution method. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011 ; 71: 252-259 .
14. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Method for Antifungal Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Testing in Yeasts. Approved guideline, M44-A, Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2002 .
15. Borghi E, Iatta R, Sciota R, e t al. Comparative evaluation of the Vitek 2 yeast susceptibility test and CLSI broth microdilution reference method for testing antifungal susceptibility of invasive fungal isolates in Italy: The GISIA3 study. J Clinical Microbiol 2010 ; 48: 3153-3157 .
16. Rex JH, Pfaller MA, Walsh TJ, et al. Antifungal susceptibility testing: Practical aspects and current challenges. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001 ; 14: 643-658 .
17. Chen SC, O ' Donnell ML, Gordon S, Gilbert GL. Antifungal susceptibility testing using the E test: Comparison with the broth macrodilution technique. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996 ; 37: 265-273 .
18. Arikan S, Gur D, Akova M. Comparison of Etest, microdilution and colorimetric dilution with reference broth macrodilution method for antifungal susceptibility testing of clinically signifi cant Candida species isolated from immunocompromised patients. Mycoses 1997 ; 40: 291-296 .
19. Barry AL, Pfaller MA, Brown SD, et al. Quality control limits for broth microdilution susceptibility tests of ten antifungal agents. J Clin Microbiol 2000 ; 38: 3457-3459 .
20. Davey KG, Johnson EM, Holmes AD, Szekely A, Warnock DW. In-vitro susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates to fl uconazole and itraconazole. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998 ; 42: 217-220 .
21. Sionov E, Chang YC, Garraffo HM, Kwon-Chung KJ. Heteroresistance to fl uconazole in Cryptococcus neoformans is intrinsic and associated with virulence. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009 ; 53: 2804-2815 .
22. Varma A, Kwon-Chung KJ. Heteroresistance of C ryptococcus gattii to fl uconazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010 ; 54: 2303-2311 .
23. Mondon P, Petter R, Amalfi tano G, et al. Heteroresistance to fl uconazole and voriconazole in Cryptococcus neoformans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999 ; 43: 1856-1861 .
24. Coker RJ, Harris Jr. Failure of fl uconazole treatment in cryptococcal meningitis despite adequate CSF levels. J Infect 1991 ; 23: 101-103 .
25. Peetermans W, Bobbaers H, Verhaegen J, Vandepitte J. Fluconazoleresistant Cryptococcus neoformans var gattii in an AIDS patient. Acta Clin Belg 1993 ; 48: 405-409 .
26. Orni-Wasserlauf R, Izkhakov E, Siegman-Igra Y, et al. Fluconazoleresistant Cryptococcus neoformans isolated from an immunocompetent patient without prior exposure to fl uconazole. Clin Infect Dis 1999 ; 29: 1592-1593 .
27. Soares BM, Santos DA, Kohler LM, et al. Cerebral infection caused by Cryptococcus gattii: A case report and antifungal susceptibility testing. Rev Iberoam Micol 2008; 31; 25: 242-245 .
28. Viard JP, Hennequin C, Fortineau N, et al. Fulminant cryptococcal infections in HIV-infected patients on oral fl uconazole. Lancet 1995; 346: 118 .
29. Berg J, Clancy CJ, Nguyen MH. The hidden danger of primary fl uconazole prophylaxis for patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1998 ; 26: 186-187 .
30. Paugam A, Dupouy-Camet J, Blanche P, e t a l. I ncreased fl uconazole resistance of Cryptococcus neoformans isolated from a patient with AIDS and recurrent meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 1994 ; 19: 975-976 .
31. Birley HD, Johnson EM, McDonald P, et al. Azole drug resistance as a cause of clinical relapse in AIDS patients with cryptococcal meningitis. Int J STD AIDS 1995 ; 6: 353-355 .
32. Armengou A, Porcar C, Mascaro J, Garcia-Bragado F. Possible development of resistance to fl uconazole during suppressive therapy for AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 1996 ; 23: 1337-1338 .
33. Friese G, Discher T, Fussle R, Schmalreck A, Lohmeyer J. Development of azole resistance during fl uconazole maintenance therapy for AIDS-associated cryptococcal disease. AIDS 2001 ; 15: 2344-2345 .
34. Rodero L, Mellado E, Rodriguez AC, et al. G 484S amino acid substitution in lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase (ERG11) is related to fl uconazole resistance in a recurrent Cryptococcus neoformans clinical isolate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003 ; 47: 3653-3656 .
35. Assing K, Birgens H, Arendrup M. C ryptococcus neoformans var neoformans resistant to fl uconazole in an HIV-negative patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Clin Microbiol Infect 2003 ; 9: 441-444 .
36. Momoff N, Parrish A. Fluconazole-resistant cryptococcal meningitis. South African Med J [ Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Geneeskunde ] 2003 ; 93: 444 .
37. Chang HH, Lee NY, Ko WC, et al. Voriconazole inhibition of tacrolimus metabolism in a kidney transplant recipient with fl uconazoleresistant cryptococcal meningitis. Int J Infect Dis 2010 ; 14: 348-350 .
38. Aller AI, Martin-Mazuelos E, Lozano F, et al. Correlation of fl uconazole MICs with clinical outcome in cryptococcal infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000 ; 44: 1544-1548 .
39. Dannaoui E, Abdul M, Arpin M, e t al. Results obtained with various antifungal susceptibility testing methods do not predict early clinical outcome in patients with cryptococcosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006 ; 50: 2464-2470 .
40. Jessup CJ, Pfaller MA, Messer SA, e t al. Fluconazole susceptibility testing of Cryptococcus neoformans: Comparison of two broth microdilution methods and clinical correlates among isolates from Ugandan AIDS patients. J Clin Microbiol 1998 ; 36: 2874-2876 .
41. Witt MD, Lewis RJ, Larsen RA, et al. Identifi cation of patients with acute AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis who can be effectively treated with fl uconazole: The role of antifungal susceptibility testing. Clin Infect Dis 1996 ; 22: 322-328 .
42. Brandt ME, Pfaller MA, Hajjeh RA, et al. Molecular subtypes and antifungal susceptibilities of serial Cryptococcus neoformans isolates in human immunodefi ciency virus-associated cryptococcosis. Cryptococcal Disease Active Surveillance Group. J Infect Dis 1996 ; 174: 812-820 .
43. Sar B, Monchy D, Vann M, e t al. Increasing in vitro resistance to fl uconazole in Cryptococcus neoformans Cambodian isolates: April 2000 to March 2002. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004; 54: 563-565 .
44. Hamill RJ. Free fl uconazole for cryptococcal meningitis: Too little of a good thing? Clin Infect Dis 2006 ; 43: 1074-1076 .
45. Bicanic T, Harrison T, Niepieklo A, Dyakopu N, Meintjes G. Symptomatic relapse of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis after initial fl uconazole monotherapy: The role of fl uconazole resistance and immune reconstitution. Clin Infect Dis 2006 ; 43: 1069-1073 .
46. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. R eference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts. Approved standard NCCLS document M27-A. Wayne, PA: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, 1997 .
47. Chandenier J, Adou-Bryn KD, Douchet C, et al. In vitro activity of amphotericin B, fl uconazole and voriconazole against 162 Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from Africa and Cambodia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2004 ; 23: 506-508 .
48. Garcia-Hermoso D, Janbon G, Dromer F. Epidemiological evidence for dormant Cryptococcus neoformans infection. J Clin Microbiol 1999 ; 37: 3204-3209 .