PTSD and depressive symptoms in 911 telecommunicators: The role of peritraumatic distress and world assumptions in predicting risk

Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 135-141

  Lilly, Michelle M ^a   Pierce, Heather ^a  

^a Psychology Computer Science Building ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

depression; emergency responders; peritraumatic distress; PTSD; world assumptions

Indexed keywords

EID: 84875178887     PISSN: 19429681     EISSN: 1942969X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0026850     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Abramson, L. Y., Alloy, L. B., Hogan, M. E., Whitehouse, W. G., Donovan, P., Rose, D. T., . Raniere, D. (2002). Cognitive vulnerability to depression: Theory and evidence. In R. L. Leahy & E. T. Dowd (Eds.), Clinical advances in cognitive psychotherapy: Theory and application (pp. 75-92). New York, NY: Springer.
2. Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Alloy, L. B. (1989). Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. Psychological Review, 96, 358-372. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.96.2.358
3. Bowlby, J. (1969/1982). Attachment and loss, Vol. 1: Attachment. New York, NY: Basic Books.
4. Boyle, J. D. (1987). Posttraumatic stress disorder: A law enforcement perspective. Law and Order, 35, 52-55.
5. Brunet, A., Weiss, D. S., Metzler, T. J., Best, S. R., Neylan, T. C., Rogers, C., . Marmar, C. R. (2001). The Peritraumatic Distress Inventory: A proposed measure of PTSD criterion A2. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1480-1485. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.9.1480
6. Chiu, S., Webber, M. P., Zeig-Owens, R., Gustave, J., Lee, R., Kelly, K. J., . Prezant, D. J. (2010). Validation of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in screening for major depressive disorder among retired firefighters exposed to the World Trade Center disaster. Journal of Affective Disorders, 121, 212-219. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.05.028
7. Corneil, W., Beaton, R., Murphy, S., Johnson, C., & Pike, K. (1999). Exposure to traumatic incidents and prevalence of posttraumatic stress symptomatology in urban firefighters in two countries. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 4, 131-141. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.4.2.131
8. Derogatis, L. (1994). SCL-90-R Symptom Checklist-90-R: Administration, scoring and procedures manual (3rd ed.). Minneapolis, MN: NCS.
9. Foa, E. B. (1995). Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale-Manual. Minneapolis, MN: National Computer Systems.
10. Frazier, P. A., Tix, A. P., & Barron, K. E. (2004). Testing moderator and mediator effects in counseling psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 115-134. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.51.1.115
11. Gersons, B. P. R. (1989). Patterns of PTSD among police officers following shooting incidents: A two-dimensional model and treatment implications. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2, 247-257. doi:10.1002/jts. 2490020302
12. Goldenberg, I., & Matheson, K. (2005). Inner representations, coping, and posttraumatic stress symptomatology in a community sample of trauma survivors. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 27, 361-369. doi: 10.1207/s15324834basp2704-9
13. Harris, H. N., & Valentiner, D. P. (2002). World assumptions, sexual assault, depression, and fearful attitudes toward relationships. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 17, 286-305. doi:10.1177/0886260502017003004
14. Harris, M. B., Baloglu, M., & Stacks, J. R. (2002). Mental health of trauma-exposed firefighters and critical incident stress debriefing. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 7, 223-238. doi:10.1080/10811440290057639
15. Hartley, T. A., Violanti, J. M., Fekedulegn, D., Andrew, M. E., & Burchfiel, C. M. (2007). Associations between major life events, traumatic incidents, and depression among Buffalo police officers. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 9, 25-35. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pubmed/11227748
16. Janoff-Bulman, R. (1989). Assumptive worlds and the stress of traumatic events: Applications of the schema construct. Social Cognition, 7, 113-136. Retrieved from http://www.guilford.com/cgi-bin/cartscript-new .cgi?p.-pr/jnco.htm&dir-periodicals/per-psych&cart-id-18000.25606
17. Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma. New York, NY: Free Press.
18. Karam, E. G., Andrews, G., Bromet, E., Petukhova, M., Ruscio, A. M., Salamoun, M., . Kessler, R. C. (2010). The role of criterion A2 in the DSM-IV diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 68, 465-473. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.04.032
19. Lilly, M. M., Howell, K. H., & Graham-Bermann, S. A. (in press). World assumptions, religiosity and PTSD in survivors of intimate partner violence. Forthcoming in Violence Against Women.
20. Lilly, M. M., Valdez, C. E., & Graham-Bermann, S. A. (2011). The mediating effect of world assumptions on the relationship between trauma exposure and depression. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26, 2499-2516. doi:10.1177/0886260510383033
21. Magwaza, A. (1999). Assumptive world of traumatized South African adults. The Journal of Social Psychology, 139, 622-630. doi:10.1080/00224549909598422
22. Mann, J. P., & Neece, J. (1990). Workers' compensation for law enforcement related posttraumatic stress disorder. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 8, 447-456. doi:10.1002/bsl.2370080410
23. McFarlane, A. C., & Papay, P. (1992). Multiple diagnoses in posttraumatic stress disorder in the victims of a natural disaster. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180, 498-504. doi:10.1097/00005053-199208000-00004
24. Miller, A. K., Handley, I. M., Markman, K. D., & Miller, J. H. (2010). Deconstructing self-blame following sexual assault: The critical roles of cognitive content and process. Violence Against Women, 16, 1120-1137. doi:10.1177/1077801210382874
25. Neylan, T. C., Brunet, A., Pole, N., Best, S. R., Metzler, T. J., Yehuda, R., & Marmar, C. R. (2005). PTSD symptoms predict waking salivary cortisol levels in police officers. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 373-381. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2004.10.005
26. Ozer, E. J., Best, S. R., Lipsey, T. L., & Weiss, D. S. (2003). Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 52-73. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.1. 52
27. Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401. doi:10.1177/014662167700100306
28. Robinson, H. M., Sigman, M. R., & Wilson, J. P. (1997). Duty-related stressors and PTSD in suburban police officers. Psychological Reports, 3, 835-845. doi:10.2466/pr0.1997.81.3.835
29. Troxell, R. (2008). Indirect exposure to the trauma of others: The experiences of 9-1-1 telecommunicators (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database (Publication no. 3335425).
30. Wagner, D., Heinrichs, M., & Ehlert, U. (1998). Prevalence of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in German professional firefighters. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 1727-1732. Retrieved from http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/
31. Wagner, S. L., McFee, J. A., & Martin, C. A. (2009). Effects of traumatic stress on firefighters' world assumptions. Traumatology, 15, 75-84. doi:10.1177/1534765608323441
32. Wang, Z., Inslicht, S. S., Metzler, T. J., Henn-Haase, C., McCaslin, S. E., Tong, H., . Marmar, C. R. (2010). A prospective study of predictors of depression symptoms in police. Psychiatry Research, 175, 211-216. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.11.010
33. West, C., Bernard, B., Mueller, C., Kitt, M., Driscoll, R., & Tak, S. (2008). Mental health outcomes in police personnel after Hurricane Katrina. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 50, 689-695. doi:10.1097/JOM.0b013e3181638685
34. Yuan, C., Wang, Z., Inslicht, S. S., McCaslin, S. E., Metzler, T. J., Henn-Haase, C., . Marmar, C. R. (2011). Protective factors for posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in a prospective study of police officers. Psychiatry Research, 188, 45-50. doi:10.1016/j.psychres .2010.10.034