Using aerobic exercise to improve health outcomes and quality of life in stroke: Evidence-based exercise prescription recommendations

Cerebrovascular Diseases

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 7-22

  Pang, Marco Y C ^a   Charlesworth, Sarah A ^b   Lau, Ricky W K ^a   Chung, Raymond C K ^a  

^a HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY   (Hong Kong)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular; Cerebrovascular accident; Exercise training; Physical activity; Stroke

Indexed keywords

LIPID;

AEROBIC EXERCISE; BERG BALANCE SCALE; BICYCLE ERGOMETRY; BLOOD PRESSURE; BODY COMPOSITION; BODY WEIGHT; BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; COGNITION; DAILY LIFE ACTIVITY; ENDURANCE; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; EXERCISE INTENSITY; FUNCTIONAL INDEPENDENCE MEASURE; FUNCTIONAL STATUS; GAIT; GLUCOSE TOLERANCE; HEART RATE; HUMAN; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; LEG BLOOD FLOW; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; RESTING HEART RATE; REVIEW; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREADMILL ERGOMETRY; VELOCITY; WALKING; WORKLOAD; BICYCLE ERGOMETER; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FITNESS; META ANALYSIS; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); SCORING SYSTEM; TREADMILL EXERCISE; TREATMENT DURATION;

COGNITION; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; EXERCISE THERAPY; EXERCISE TOLERANCE; HUMANS; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; QUALITY OF LIFE; RECOVERY OF FUNCTION; STROKE; TIME FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84875136396     PISSN: 10159770     EISSN: 14219786     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000346075     Document Type: Review

References (62)

1. Michael KM, Allen JK, Macko RF: Reduced ambulatory activity after stroke: the role of balance, gait, and cardiovascular fitness. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005; 86: 1552-1556.
2. Weimar C, Bennemann J, Michalski D, Muller M, Luckner K, Katsarava Z, Weber R, Diener H-C: Prediction of recurrent stroke and vascular health in patients with transient ischemic attack or nondisabling stroke: a prospective comparison of validated prognostic scores. Stroke 2010; 41: 487-493.
3. Appelros P, Gunnarsson KE, Terent A: Tenyear risk for myocardial infarction in patients with first-ever stroke: a communitybased study. Acta Neurol Scand 2011; 124: 383-389.
4. Kuwashiro T, Sugimori H, Ago T, Kamouchi M, Kitazono T: Risk Factors Predisposing to Stroke Recurrence within One Year of Non- Cardioembolic Stroke Onset: The Fukuoka Stroke Registry. Cerebrovasc Dis 2012; 33: 141-149.
5. Hardie K, Hankey GJ, Jamrozik K, Broadhurst RJ, Anderson C: Ten-year risk of first recurrent stroke and disability after first-ever stroke in the Perth Community Stroke Study. Stroke 2004; 35: 731-735.
6. MacKay-Lyons MJ, Makrides L: Longitudinal changes in exercise capacity after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004; 85: 1608-1612.
7. Pang MYC, Eng JJ, Dawson AS: Relationship between ambulatory capacity and cardiorespiratory fitness in chronic stroke: influence of stroke-specific impairments. Chest 2005; 127: 495-501.
8. Patterson SL, Forrester LW, Rodgers MM, Ryan AS, Ivey FM, Sorkin JD, Macko RF: Determinants of walking function after stroke: differences by deficit severity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2007; 88: 115-119.
9. Kelly JO, Kilbreath SL, Davis GM, Zeman B, Raymond J: Cardiorespiratory fitness and walking ability in subacute stroke patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003; 84: 1780-1785.
10. Cress ME, Meyer M: Maximal voluntary and functional performance levels needed for independence in adults aged 65 to 97 years. Phys Ther 2003; 83: 37-48.
11. Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. Oxford, 2012. Available from: http://www. cebm.net/.
12. American College of Sports Medicine: ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, ed 8. Baltimore, Wolters Kluwer, 2010.
13. Paillard T: Combined application of neuromuscular electrical stimulation and voluntary muscular contractions. Sports Med 2008; 38: 161-177.
14. The Centre of Evidence-Based Physiotherapy. Sydney, 2012. Available from: http:// www.pedro.org.au/.
15. Bhogal SK, Teasell RW, Foley NC, Speechley MR: The PEDro scale provides a more comprehensive measure of methodological quality than the Jadad scale in stroke rehabilitation literature. J Clin Epidemiol 2005; 58: 668-673.
16. Warburton DER, Gledhill N, Jamnik VK, Bredin SSD, McKenzie DC, Stone J, Charlesworth S, Shephard RJ: Evidence-based risk assessment and recommendations for physical activity clearance: Consensus Document 2011. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2011; 36:S266-S298.
17. Jamnik VJ, Warburton DER, Makarski J, McKenzie DC, Shephard RJ, Stone J, Charlesworth S, Gledhill N: Enhancing the effectiveness of clearance for physical activity participation: background and overall process. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2011; 36:S3- S13.
18. Mayer D: Essential Evidence-Based Medicine. Cambridge, University Press, 2004.
19. Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C: Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 1997; 315: 629- 634.
20. Hedges L: Fixed effects models; in Cooper H, Hedges LV (eds): The Handbook of Research Synthesis. New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 1994, pp 285-300.
21. Harris JE, Eng JJ: Strength training improves upper-limb function in individuals with stroke: a meta-analysis. Stroke 2010; 41: 136- 140.
22. Kwakkel G, van Peppen R, Wagenaar RC, Wood Dauphinee S, Richards C, Ashburn A, Miller K, Lincoln N, Partridge C, Wellwood I, Langhorne P: Effects of augmented exercise therapy time after stroke: a meta-analysis. Stroke 2004; 35: 2529-2536.
23. Cohen J: The t test for means; in Cohen J (ed): Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, ed 2. Hillsdale, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc., 1988, pp 25-26.
24. Potempa K, Lopez M, Braun LT, Szidon JP, Fogg L, Tincknell T: Physiological outcomes of aerobic exercise training in hemiparetic stroke patients. Stroke 1995; 26: 101-105.
25. Teixeira-Salmela LF, Olney SJ, Nadeau S, Brouwer B: Muscle strengthening and physical conditioning to reduce impairment and disability in chronic stroke survivors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1999; 80: 1211-1218.
26. Bateman A, Culpan FJ, Pickering AD, Powell JH, Scott OM, Greenwood RJ: The effect of aerobic training on rehabilitation outcomes after recent severe brain injury: a randomized controlled evaluation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001; 82: 174-182.
27. Katz-Leurer M, Shochina M, Carmeli E, Friedlander Y: The influence of early aerobic training on the functional capacity in patients with cerebrovascular accident at the subacute stage. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003; 84: 1609-1614.
28. Katz-Leurer M, Carmeli E, Shochina M: The effect of early aerobic training on independence six months post stroke. Clin Rehabil 2003; 17: 735-741.
29. Duncan P, Studenski S, Richards L, Gollub S, Lai SM, Reker D, Perera S, Yates J, Koch V, Rigler S, Johnson D: Randomized clinical trial of therapeutic exercise in subacute stroke. Stroke 2003; 34: 2173-2180.
30. Chu KS, Eng JJ, Dawson AS, Harris JE, Ozkaplan A, Gylfadottir S: Water-based exercise for cardiovascular fitness in people with chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004; 85: 870-874.
31. Eich HJ, Mach H, Werner C, Hesse S: Aerobic treadmill plus Bobath walking training improves walking in subacute stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 2004; 18: 640-651.
32. Macko RF, Ivey FM, Forrester LW, Hanley D, Sorkin JD, Katzel LI, Silver KH, Goldberg AP: Treadmill exercise rehabilitation improves ambulatory function and cardiovascular fitness in patients with chronic stroke: a randomized, controlled trial. Stroke 2005; 36: 2206-2211.
33. Pang MYC, Ashe MA, Eng JJ, McKay HA, Dawson AS: A 19-week exercise program for people with chronic stroke enhances bone geometry at the tibia: a pQCT study. Osteoporos Int 2006; 17: 1615-1625.
34. Pang MY, Eng JJ, Dawson AS, McKay HA, Harris JE: A community-based fitness and mobility exercise program for older adults with chronic stroke: a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005; 53: 1667- 1674.
35. Pang MYC, Eng JJ: Determinants of Improvement in walking capacity among individuals with chronic stroke following a multidimensional exercise program. J Rehabil Med 2008; 40: 284-290.
36. Eng JJ, Pang MYC, Ashe MA: Balance, falls, and bone health: role of exercise in reducing fracture risk after stroke. J Rehabil Res Dev 2008; 45: 297-314.
37. Katz-Leurer M, Sender I, Ofer K, Zeevi D: The influence of early cycling training on balance in stroke patients at the subacute stage. Clin Rehabil 2006; 20: 398-405.
38. Ivey FM, Ryan AS, Hafer-Macko CE, Goldberg AP, Macko RF: Treadmill aerobic training improves glucose tolerance and indices of insulin sensitivity in disabled stroke survivors: a preliminary report. Stroke 2007; 38: 2752-2758.
39. Katz-Leurer M, Shochina M: The influence of autonomic impairment on aerobic exercise outcome in stroke patients. Neurorehabilitation 2007; 22: 267-272.
40. Mead GE, Greig CA, Cunningham I, Lewis SJ, Dinan S, Saunders DH, Fitzsimons C, Young A: Stroke: a randomized trial of exercise or relaxation. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008; 5: 892-899.
41. Lee MJ, Kilbreath SL, Singh MF, Zeman B, Lord SR, Raymond J, Davis GM: Comparison of effect of aerobic cycle training and progressive resistance training on walking ability after stroke: a randomized sham exercise- controlled study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008; 56: 976-985.
42. Lennon O, Carey A, Gaffney N, Stephenson J, Blake C: A pilot randomized controlled trial to evaluate the benefit of the cardiac rehabilitation paradigm for the non-acute ischaemic stroke population. Clin Rehabil 2008; 22: 125-133.
43. Luft AR, Macko RF, Forrester LW, Villagra F, Ivey F, Sorkin JD, Whitall J, McCombe- Waller S, Katzel L, Goldberg AP, Hanley DF: Treadmill exercise activates subcortical neural networks and improves walking after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke 2008: 39: 3341-3350.
44. Quaney BM, Boyd LA, McDowd JM, Zahner LH, He J, Mayo MS, Macko RF: Aerobic exercise improves cognition and motor function poststroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2009; 23: 879-885.
45. Langhammer B, Stanghelle JK, Lindmark B: An evaluation of two different exercise regimes during the first year following stroke: a randomised controlled trial. Physiother Theor Pract 2009; 25: 55-68.
46. Langhammer B, Lindmark B, Stanghelle JK: Stroke patients and long-term training: is it worthwhile: a randomized comparison of two different training strategies after rehabilitation. Clin Rehabil 2007; 21: 495-510.
47. Langhammer B, Stanghelle JK, Lindmark B: Exercise and health-related quality of life during the first year following acute stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Brain Inj 2008; 22: 135-145.
48. Moore JL, Roth EJ, Killian C, Hornby TG: Locomotor training improves daily stepping activity and gait efficiency in individuals poststroke who have reached a 'plateau' in recovery. Stroke 2010; 41: 129-135.
49. Letombe A, Cornille C, Delahaye H, Khaled A, Morice O, Tomaszewski A, Olivier N: Early post-stroke physical conditioning in hemiplegic patients: a preliminary study. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2010; 53: 632-642.
50. Outermans JC, van Peppen R, Wittink H, Takken T, Kwakkel G: Effects of a high-intensity task-oriented training on gait performance early after stroke: a pilot study. Clin Rehabil 2010; 24: 979-987.
51. Ivey FM, Hafer-Macko CE, Ryan AS, Macko RF: Impaired leg vasodilatory function after stroke: adaptations with treadmill exercise training. Stroke 2010; 41: 2913-2917.
52. Ivey FM, Ryan AS, Hafer-Macko CE, Macko RF: Improved cerebral vasomotor reactivity after exercise training in hemiparetic stroke survivors. Stroke 2011; 42: 1994-2000.
53. Toledano-Zarhi A, Tanne D, Carmeli E, Katz-Leurer M: Feasibility, safety and efficacy of an early aerobic rehabilitation program for patients after minor ischemic stroke: a pilot randomized controlled trial. NeuroRehabilitation 2011; 28: 85-90.
54. Globas C, Becker C, Cerny J, Lam JM, Lindemann U, Forrester LW, Macko RF, Luft AR: Chronic stroke survivors benefit from highintensity aerobic treadmill exercise: a randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2012; 26: 85-95.
55. Mayo NE, Wood-Dauphinee S, Ahmed S, Gordon C, Higgins J, McEwen S, Salbach N: Disablement following stroke. Disability Rehabil 1999; 21: 258-268.
56. Mao HF, Hsueh IP, Tang PF, Sheu CF, Hsieh CL: Analysis and comparison of the psychometric properties of three balance measures for stroke patients. Stroke 2002; 33: 1022- 1027.
57. Rimmer JH, Rauworth AE, Wang EC, Nicola TL, Hill B: A preliminary study to examine the effects of aerobic and therapeutic (nonaerobic) exercise on cardiorespiratory fitness and coronary risk reduction in stroke survivors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2009; 90: 407-412.
58. Lam JM, Globas C, Cerny J, Hertler B, Uludag K, Forrester LW, Macko RF, Hanley DF, Becker C, Luft AR: Predictors of response to treadmill exercise in stroke survivors. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2010; 24: 567-574.
59. Hardie K, Hankey GJ, Jamrozik K, Broadhurst RJ, Anderson C: Ten-year risk of first recurrent stroke and disability after first-ever stroke in the Perth Community Stroke Study. Stroke 2004; 35: 731-735.
60. Mackay-Lyons MJ, Macko R, Howlett J: Cardiovascular fitness and adaptations to aerobic training after stroke. Physiother Can 2006; 58: 103-113.
61. Swain DP, Franklin BA: VO 2 reserve and the minimal intensity for improving cardiorespiratory fitness. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34: 152-157.
62. Tang A, Sibley KM, Thomas SG, McIlroy WE, Brooks D: Maximal exercise test results in subacute stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2006; 87: 1100-1105.