Heatflow and mantle convection in the triaxial Earth

Special Paper of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 388, Issue , 2005, Pages 289-302

  Hofmeister, Anne M ^a   Criss, Robert E ^a  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Heat flux; Layered mantle convection; Lithospheric failure; Plumes; Self gravitational stress; Subduction processes

Indexed keywords

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY;

LITHOSPHERIC; MANTLE CONVECTION; PLUMES; SELF-GRAVITATIONAL; SUBDUCTION PROCESS;

HEAT FLUX;

CONTINENTAL DRIFT; DEFORMATION; EARTH; HEAT FLUX; LITHOSPHERE; LOWER MANTLE; MAGMA; MANTLE CONVECTION; ORIENTATION; STRESS FIELD; SUBDUCTION; THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY;

EID: 84874993241     PISSN: 00721077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1130/0-8137-2388-4.289     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Agee, C.B., 1998, Phase transformations and seismic structure in the upper mantle and transition zone: Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 37, p. 165-204.
2. Anderson, D.L., 2001, Top-down tectonics: Science, v. 293, p. 2016-2018, doi: 10.1126/science.1065448. (Pubitemid 32848034)
3. Anderson, D.L., 2002a, The case for irreversible chemical stratification of the mantle: International Geology Review, v. 44, p. 97-116.
4. Anderson, D.L., 2002b, Plate tectonics as a far-from-equilibrium self-organized system: Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, Geodynamics Series 30, p. 411-425.
5. Boschi, L., and Dziewonski, A.M., 1999, High- and low-resolution images of the Earth's mantle: Implications of different approaches to tomographic modeling: Journal of Geophysical Research (Ser. B), v. 104, p. 25,567-25,594, doi: 10.1029/1999JB900166.
6. Boyd, F.R., and Meyer, H.O.A., 1979, The mantle sample: Inclusions in kimberlites and other volcanics, in Proceedings, Second International Kimberlite Conference, vol. 2:Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, 423 p.
7. Brewster, M.Q., 1992, Thermal radiative transfer and properties: New York, John Wiley and Sons, 543 p.
8. Buettner, R., Zimanowski, B., Blumm, J., and Hagermann, L., 1998, Thermal conductivity of a volcanic rock material (olivine-melilitite) in the temperature range between 298 and 1470 K: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 80, p. 293-302, doi: 10.1016/S0377-0273(97)00050-4. (Pubitemid 28415879)
9. Clark, S.P., Jr., 1957, Radiative transfer in the Earth's mantle: Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, v. 38, p. 931-938.
10. Courtillot, V., Davaille, A., Besse, J., and Stock, J., 2003, Three distinct types of hotspots in the Earth's mantle: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 205, p. 295-308, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01048-8. (Pubitemid 36101454)
11. Criss, R.E., and Hofmeister, A.M., 1991, Application of fluids dynamics principles in tilted permeable media to terrestrial hydrothermal systems: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 18, p. 199-202.
12. Cserepes, L., and Yuen, D.A., 2000, On the possibility of a second kind of mantle plume: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 183, p. 61-71, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00265-X. (Pubitemid 32010665)
13. Deschamps, F., and Trampert, J., 2003, Mantle topography and its relation to temperature and composition: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 140, p. 277-291, doi: 10.1016/j.pepi.2003.09.004. (Pubitemid 37502871)
14. Dubuffet, F., Yuen, D.A., and Rabinowicz, M., 1999, Effects of a realistic mantle thermal conductivity on the patterns of 3-D convection: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 171, p. 401-409, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(99) 00165-X.
15. Dubuffet, F., Yuen, D.A., and Rainey, E.S.G., 2002, Controlling thermal chaos in the mantle by positive feedback from radiative thermal conductivity: Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, v. 9, p. 1-13.
16. Duffy, T.S., Zha, C.S., Downs, R.T., Mao, H.K., and Hemley, R.J., 1995, Seismic velocities in mantle minerals and the mineralogy of the upper mantle: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 94, p. 1895-1912.
17. Elderfield, H., and Schultz, A., 1996, Mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal fluxes and the chemical composition of the ocean: Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetetary Science, v. 24, p. 191-224, doi: 10.1146/annurev.earth.24.1.191.
18. Evans, B., and Kohlstedt, D.L., 1995, Rheology of rocks, in Ahrens, T.J., ed., Rock physics and phase relations: Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, p. 148-165.
19. Forte, A.M., and Peltier,W.R., 1987, Plate tectonics and aspherical Earth structure: The importance of poloidal-toroidal coupling: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 92, p. 3645-3679.
20. Forte, A.M., Woodward, R.L., and Dziewonski, A.M., 1994, Joint inversions of seismic and geodynamic data for models of three-dimensional mantle heterogeneity: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 99, p. 21,857-21,877, doi: 10.1029/94JB01467.
21. Foulger, G., Pritchard, M., Julian, B., and Evans, J., 2000, The seismic anomaly beneath Iceland extends down to the mantle transition zone and no deeper: Geophysical Journal International, v. 136, p. 180-204.
22. 4 , and NaCl at high pressures and temperatures: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 75, p. 4727-4733.
23. Gasparik, T., 1997, A model for the layered upper mantle: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 100, p. 197-202, doi: 10.1016/S0031-9201(96) 03240-2.
24. Gasparik, T., 2000, Evidence for the transition zone origin of some [Mg,Fe]O inclusions in diamonds: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 183, p. 1-5, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00254-5. (Pubitemid 32010659)
25. Gerbault, M., 2000, At what stress level is the central Indian Ocean lithosphere buckling?: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 178, p. 165-181, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00054-6. (Pubitemid 30329811)
26. Gessmann, C.K., and Wood, B.J., 2002, Potassium in the Earth's core?: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 200, p. 63-78, doi: 10.1016/S0012- 821X(02)00593-9. (Pubitemid 34735891)
27. Goldreich, P., and Toomre, A., 1969, Some remarks on polar wandering: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 74, p. 2555-2567.
28. Gu,Y.J., Dziewonski, A.M., Su,W., and Ekström, G., 2001, Models of the mantle shear velocity and discontinuities in the pattern of lateral heterogeneities: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 106, p. 11,169-11,199, doi: 10.1029/2001JB000340.
29. Hager, B.H., 1984, Subducted slabs and the geoid: Constraints on mantle rheology and flow: Journal of Geophysical Research (Ser. B), v. 89, p. 6003-6015.
30. Hamilton, W.B., 2002, The closed upper-mantle circulation of plate tectonics, in Stein, S., and Freymueller, J.T., eds., Plate boundary zones: Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, Geodynamics Series 30, p. 359-410.
31. Hamilton, W.B., 2003, An alternative Earth: GSA Today, v. 13, no. 11, p. 4-12.
32. Hansen, U., Yuen, D.A., and Kroening, S., 1991, Dynamical effects of depth-dependent thermal expansivity on mantle circulations and lateral thermal manomalies: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 18, p. 1261-1264.
33. Hart, J.E., 1971, Stability of the flow in a differentially heated inclined box: Journal of Fluid Mechanics, v. 47, p. 547-576.
34. Hauck, S.A., II, Phillips, R.J., and Hofmeister, A.M., 1999, Variable conductivity: Effects on the thermal structure of subducting slabs: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 26, p. 3257-3260, doi: 10.1029/1999GL010831. (Pubitemid 30081341)
35. Henderson, P., 1982, Inorganic geochemistry: New York, Pergamon Press, 353 p.
36. Hobbs, B.E., Means, W.D., and Williams, P.F., 1976, An outline of structural geology: New York, John Wiley and Sons, 571 p.
37. Hofmeister, A.M., 1999, Mantle values of thermal conductivity and the geotherm from photon lifetimes: Science, v. 283, p. 1699-1706, doi: 10.1126/science.283.5408.1699. (Pubitemid 29143796)
38. Hofmeister, A.M., 2003, Could low thermal diffusivity provide runaway melting in the upper mantle? Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 84, Abstract V31A-07.
39. Hofmeister, A.M., 2004a, Enhancement of radiative transfer in the mantle by OH- in minerals: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 146, p. 483-485, doi: 10.1016/j.pepi.2004.05.007. (Pubitemid 39026952)
40. Hofmeister, A.M., 2004b, Thermal conductivity and thermodynamic properties from infrared spectroscopy, in King, P., et al., eds., Infrared spectroscopy in geochemistry: Exploration, geochemistry, and remote sensing: Ottawa, Ontario, Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Courses, v. 33, p. 135-154.
41. Hofmeister, A.M., and Criss, R.E., 2005, Earth's heat flux revisited and linked to chemistry: Tectonophysics, v. 395, p. 159-177.
42. Irvine, T.N., 1989, A global convection framework: Concepts of symmetry, stratification, and system in Earth's dynamic structure: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 84, p. 2059-2114.
43. Javoy, M., 1995, The integral enstatite chondrite model of the earth: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 22, p. 2219-2222, doi: 10.1029/95GL02015. (Pubitemid 26458913)
44. Karason, H., and van der Hilst, R.D., 2001, Improving global tomography models of P-wavespeed, I: Incorporation of differential travel times for refracted and diffracted core phases: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 106, p. 6569-6587, doi: 10.1029/2000JB900380.
45. Kaula,W.M., 1967, Geophysical implications of satellite determinations of the earth's gravitational field: Space Science Reviews, v. 7, p. 769-794, doi: 10.1007/BF00542895.
46. King, S.D., 2001, Subduction zones: Observations and geodynamic models: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 127, p. 9-24, doi: 10.1016/S0031-9201(01)00218-7. (Pubitemid 33146646)
47. King, S.D., and Ritsema, J., 2000, African hot spot volcanism: Small-scale convection in the upper mantle beneath cratons: Science, v. 290, p. 1137-1140, doi: 10.1126/science.290.5494.1137. (Pubitemid 30840671)
48. Lee, W.H.K., 1969, On the global variations of terrestrial heat-flow: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 2, p. 332-341, doi: 10.1016/0031-9201(69)90026-0.
49. Lodders, K., 1995, Alkali elements in the Earth's core: Evidence from enstatite meteorites: Meteoritics, v. 30, p. 93-101.
50. Lodders, K., 2000, An oxygen isotope mixing model for the accretion and composition of rocky planets: Space Science Reviews, v. 92, p. 341-354, doi: 10.1023/A:1005220003004.
51. Lubimova, H., 1958, Thermal history of the earth with consideration of the variable thermal conductivity of the mantle: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, v. 1, p. 115-134.
52. Lutz, T.M., and Foland, K.A., 1978, Meridional pattern of the oceanic rift system: Geology, v. 6, p. 179-183, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1978)6<179: MPOTOR>2.0.CO;2.
53. MacDonald, G.J.F., 1959a, Calculations on the thermal history of the earth: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 64, p. 1967-2000.
54. MacDonald, G.J.F., 1959b, Chondrites and the chemical composition of the Earth, in Abelson, P.H., ed., Researches in geochemistry: New York, John Wiley and Sons, p. 476-494.
55. Matyska, C., Moser, J., and Yuen, D.A., 1994, The potential influence of radiative heat transfer on the formation of megaplumes in the lower mantle: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 125, p. 255-266, doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(94)90219-4.
56. McKenzie, D.P., 1966, The viscosity of the lower mantle: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 71, p. 3995-4010.
57. Mitrovica, J.X., and Forte, A.M., 2004, A new inference of mantle viscosity based upon joint inversion of convection and glacial isostatic adjustment data: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 225, p. 177-189.
58. Montagner, J.P., 1994, Can seismology tell us anything about convection in the mantle?: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 32, p. 115-137, doi: 10.1029/94RG00099.
59. Moser, J., Matyska, C., Yuen, D.A., Malevsky, A.V., and Harder, H., 1993, Mantle rheology, convection and rotational dynamics: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 79, p. 367-381, doi: 10.1016/0031-9201(93)90115-P.
60. Mound, J.E., Mitrovica, J.X., and Forte, A.M., 2003, The equilibrium form of a rotating earth with an elastic shell: Geophysical Journal International, v. 152, p. 237-241, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01857.x. (Pubitemid 36029673)
61. Nicolis, G., and Prigogine, I., 1989, Exploring complexity: New York, W.H. Freeman, 313 p.
62. Nixon, P.H., 1987, Mantle xenoliths: New York, J. Wiley and Sons, 844 p.
63. Norton, D., and Knight, J., 1977, Transport phenomena in hydrothermal systems: Cooling plutons: American Journal of Science, v. 277, p. 937-981.
64. Pekeris, C.L., 1935, Thermal convection in the interior of the earth: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Geophysical Supplements, v. 3, p. 343-367.
65. Pollack, H.N., Hurter, S.J., and Johnson, J.R., 1993, Heat flow from the earth's interior: Analysis of the global data set: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 31, p. 267-280, doi: 10.1029/93RG01249. (Pubitemid 24420748)
66. Rama Murthy, V., van Westrenen,W., and Fei,Y., 2003, Experimental evidence that potassium is a substantial radioactive heat source in planetary cores: Nature, v. 423, p. 163-165, doi: 10.1038/nature01560. (Pubitemid 36569537)
67. Ranalli, G., 2001, Mantle rheology: Radial and lateral viscosity variations inferred from microphysical creep laws: Journal of Geodynamics, v. 32, p. 425-444, doi: 10.1016/S0264-3707(01)00042-4. (Pubitemid 34004890)
68. Riedel, M.R., and Karato, S., 1997, Grain-size evolution in subducted oceanic lithosphere associated with the olivine-spinel transformation and its effects on rheology: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 148, p. 27-44, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00016-2.
69. Romanowicz, B., 2003, Global mantle tomography: Progress status in the past 10 years: Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Science, v. 31, p. 303-328, doi: 10.1146/annurev.earth.31.091602.113555.
70. Schott, B., van den Berg, A.P., and Yuen, D.A., 2001, Focussed time-dependent martian volcanism from chemical differentiation coupled with variable thermal conductivity: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 28-4, p. 271-274.
71. Scotese, C.R., 1997, The PALEOMAP Project: Paleogeographic atlas and plate tectonic software: Department of Geology, University of Texas, Austin; see also www.scotese.com.
72. Shankland, T.J., Nitsan, U., and Duba, A.G., 1979, Optical absorption and radiative heat transport in olivine at high temperature: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 84, p. 1603-1610.
73. Sinogeikin, S.V., and Bass, J.D., 2002, Elasticity of majorite and a majoritepyrope solid solution to high pressure: Implications for the transition zone: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 29, doi: 10.1029/2001GL013937.
74. Tanimoto, T., 1990, Long-wavelength S-wave velocity structure throughout the mantle: Geophysical Journal International, v. 100, p. 327-336.
75. Toomey, D.R., Forsyth, D.W., Blundy, J.D., Parmentier, E.M., Hammond,W.C., Wilcock, W.S.D., and Conder, J.A., 2002, Asymmetric mantle dynamics in the MELT region of the East Pacific Rise: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 200, p. 287-295.
76. Tozer, D., 1965, Heat transfer and convection currents: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, v. A258, p. 252-271.
77. Trampert, J., Deschamps, F., Resovsky, J., and Yuen, D.A., 2004, Probabilistic tomography maps chemical heterogeneities in the lower mantle: Science, v. 306, p. 853-856.
78. Vacquier, V., 1998, A theory of the origin of the Earth's internal heat: Tectonophysics, v. 291, p. 1-7, doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00026-2. (Pubitemid 28474416)
79. van den Berg, A.P.,Yuen, D.A., and Steinbach, V.C., 2001, The effects of variable thermal conductivity on mantle heat-transfer: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 28, p. 875-878, doi: 10.1029/2000GL011903. (Pubitemid 32575773)
80. Van Den Berg,A.P.,Yuen, D.A., and Allwardt, J.R., 2002, Non-linear effects from variable thermal conductivity and mantle internal heating: Implications for massive melting and secular cooling of the mantle: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 129, p. 359-375, doi: 10.1016/S0031- 9201(01)00304-1. (Pubitemid 34231776)
81. van den Berg, A.P.,Yuen, D.A., and Rainey, E.S.G., 2004, The influence of variable viscosity on delayed cooling due to variable thermal conductivity: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 142, p. 283-295, doi: 10.1016/j.pepi.2004.01.007. (Pubitemid 38503347)
82. van Schmus, W.R., 1995, Natural radioactivity of the crust and mantle, in Ahrens, T.J., ed., Global earth physics:Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, p. 283-291.
83. Vecsey, L., 2002, Chaos in thermal convection and the wavelet analysis of geophysical fields [Ph.D. thesis]: Charles University, Prague, Czechoslovakia, p. 70-75, http://geo.mff.cuni.cz/students/vecsey/a/2002a-PHD.html.
84. Wasserburg, G.J., MacDonald, G.J.F., Hoyle, F., and Fowler,W.F., 1964, Relative contributions of uranium, thorium, and potassium to heat production in the earth: Science, v. 143, p. 465-467.
85. Weinelt, M., 2003, Create-a-map Web site: http://www.aquarius.geomar.de/ omc.
86. Wen, L., and Anderson, D.L., 1997, Slabs, hotspots, cratons, and mantle convection revealed from residual seismic tomography in the upper mantle: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 99, p. 131-143, doi: 10.1016/S0031-9201(96)03162-7.
87. Wessel, P., and Smith,W.H.F., 1995, The Generic Mapping Tools (GMT), version 3.0: Technical reference and cookbook (SOEST/NOOA), http://gmt.soest. hawaii.edu.
88. Yamazaki, D., and Karato, S.I., 2001, Some mineral physics constraints on the rheology and geothermal structure of earth's lower mantle: American Mineralogist, v. 86, p. 385-391.
89. Yanagawa, T.K.B., Nakada, M., and Yuen, D.A., 2004, A simplified mantleconvection model for thermal conductivity stratification: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 146, p. 163-177, doi: 10.1016/j.pepi.2003.07. 031. (Pubitemid 38889337)
90. Yanagawa, T.K.B, Nakada, M., and Yuen, D.A., 2005, The influence of lattice thermal conductivity on thermal convection with strongly temperaturedependent viscosity: Earth and Space Sciences, v. 57, p. 15-28.
91. Yuen, D.A., Vincent, A.P., Bergeron, S.Y., Dubuffet, F., Ten, A.A., Steinbach, V.C., and Starin, L., 2000, Crossing of scales and nonlinearities in geophysical processes, in Boschi, E., et al., eds., Problems in geophysics for the new millennium: Bologna, Italy, Editrice Compositori, p. 405-465.