Hydrothermal processes above the Yellowstone magma chamber: Large hydrothermal systems and large hydrothermal explosions

Special Paper of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 459, Issue , 2009, Pages 1-95

  Morgan, Lisa A ^a   Pat Shanks III, W C ^a   Pierce, Kenneth L ^b  

^a DENVER FEDERAL CENTER   (United States)

^b U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEFORMATION; DEPOSITS; EARTHQUAKES; FAULTING; FLOW OF FLUIDS; FRACTURE; GEYSERS; HEAT TRANSFER; LAKES; ROCK BURSTS; ROCKS; SILICA; STEAM;

BOILING TEMPERATURE; HYDROTHERMAL EXPLOSION; HYDROTHERMAL FLUIDS; HYDROTHERMAL PROCESS; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM; LARGE-SCALE EXPLOSIONS; SEDIMENTARY SEQUENCE; YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARKS;

EXPLOSIONS;

ACTIVE FAULT; BASIN EVOLUTION; BRECCIA; CAP ROCK; CEMENTATION; CRATER; DEFORMATION; DISSOLUTION; EARTHQUAKE TRIGGER; EJECTA; GEYSER; HEAT FLOW; HOLOCENE; HYDROTHERMAL FLUID; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM; ICE CAP; LAVA FLOW; MAGMA CHAMBER; NORMAL FAULT; PERMEABILITY; SEDIMENTARY SEQUENCE; SEISMICITY;

UNITED STATES; YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK;

CALLUNA VULGARIS;

EID: 84874961772     PISSN: 00721077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1130/2009.2459(01)     Document Type: Article

References (186)

1. Allen, E.T., and Day, A.L., 1935, Hot springs of the Yellowstone National Park: Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication No. 466, 525 p.
2. Allen, R.M., Xue, M., and Hung, S., 2008, Complex geological interations in the mantel beneath western USA: Eos Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 89, no.53, Fall Meeting Supplement, Abstract S31D-02.
3. Andre, L., Rabemanana, V., and Vuataz, F.-D., 2006, Infl uence of water-rock interactions on fracture permeability of the deep reservoir at Soultzsous-Forêts, France: Geothermics, v. 35, p. 507-531, doi: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2006.09.006.
4. Atwater, B.F., Nelson, A.R., Clague, J.J., Carver, G.A., Yamaguchi, D.K., Bobrowsky, P.T., Bourgeois, J., Darienzo, M.E., Grant, W.C., Hemphill- Haley, E., Kelsey, H.M., Jacoby, G.C., Nishenko, A.P., Palmer, S.P., Peterson, C.D., and Reinhart, M.A., 1995, Summary of coastal geological evidence for past great earthquakes at the Cascadia subduction zone: Earthquake Spectra, v. 11, p. 1-18, doi: 10.1193/1.1585800.
5. Balistrieri, L.S., Shanks, W.C., III, Cuhel, R.L., Aguilar, C., and Klump, J.V., 2007, The infl uence of sublacustrine hydrothermal vents on the geochemistry of Yellowstone Lake, in Morgan, L.A., ed., Integrated geoscience studies in the greater Yellowstone area: Volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes in the Yellowstone geoecosystem: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1717, p. 169-199.
6. Ball, J.W., Nordstrom, D.K., Cunningham, K.M., Schoonen, M.A., Xu, Y., and DeMonge, J.M., 1998, Water-chemistry and on-site sulfur-speciation data for selected springs in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, 1994-1995: U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 98-574, 40 p.
7. Ball, J.W., Nordstrom, D.K., Cunningham, K.M., Schoonen, M.A., Xu, Y., and DeMonge, J.M., 2001, Water-chemistry and on-site sulfur speciation data for selected springs in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, 1996-1998: U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 01-49, 47 p.
8. Bargar, K.E., and Muffler, L.J.P., 1975, Geologic map of the travertine deposits, Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map, MF-0659, scale 1:62,500.
9. Bargar, K.E., and Beeson, M.H., 1980, Hydrothermal alteration in Yellowstone geyser basins: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1175, 59 p.
10. Bargar, K.E., and Beeson, M.H., 1981, Hydrothermal alteration in research drill hole Y-2, Lower Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: The American Mineralogist, v. 66, no.5-6, p. 473-490.
11. Bargar, K.E., and Muffler, L.J.P., 1982, Hydrothermal alteration in research drill hole Y-11 from a vapor-dominated geothermal system at Mud Volcano, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, in Reid, S.G., and Foote, D.J., eds., Wyoming Geological Association 33rd annual field conference; Geology of the Yellowstone Park area: Mammoth Hot Springs, WY, United States: Guidebook - Wyoming Geological Association, p. 139-152.
12. Bargar, K.E., and Beeson, M.H., 1984, Hydrothermal alteration in research drill hole Y-6, upper Firehole River, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1054-B, p. B1-B24.
13. Bargar, K.E., and Beeson, M.H., 1985, Hydrothermal alteration in research drill hole Y-3, Lower Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1054-C, p. C1-C23.
14. Barriga, F.J.A.S., and Fyfe, W.S., 1988, Giant pyretic base-metal deposits: The example of Feitais (Aljustrel, Portugal): Chemical Geology, v. 69, p. 331-343.
15. Bird, D.K., Schiffman, P., Elders, W.A., Williams, A.E., and McDowell, S.D., 1984, Calc-silicate mineralization in active geothermal systems: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 79, p. 671-695.
16. Bonnichsen, B., and Kauffman, D.F., 1987, Physical features of rhyolite lava flows in the Snake River Plain volcanic province, southwestern Idaho, in Fink, J.H., ed., The emplacement of silicic domes and lava flows: Geological Society of America Special Paper 212, p. 119-145.
17. Breitzke, M., 2000, Physical properties of marine sediments, in Shulz, H.D., and Zabel, M., eds., Marine Geochemistry: Berlin-Heidelberg, Springer- Verlag.
18. Browne, P.R.L., and Lawless, J.V., 2001, Characteristics of hydrothermal eruptions, with examples from New Zealand and elsewhere: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 52, p. 299-331, doi: 10.1016/S0012-8252(00)00030-1. (Pubitemid 32214890)
19. Bryan, T.S., 2001, The Geysers of Yellowstone (third edition): Boulder, University Press of Colorado, 472 p.
20. Camp, V.E., 1995, Mid-Miocene propagation of the Yellowstone mantel plume head beneath the Columbia River Basalt source region: Geology, v. 23, p. 435-438.
21. Camp, V.E., and Ross, M.E., 2004, Mantle dynamics and genesis of mafi c magnetism in the intermontane Pacifi c Northwest: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 109, 14 p., doi: 10.1029/2003JB002838. (Pubitemid 39428434)
22. Chague-Goff, C., Dawson, S., Goff, J.R., Zachariasen, J., Berryman, K.R., Garnett, D.L., Waldron, H.M., and Mildenhall, D.C., 2002, A tsunami (ca. 6300 years BP) and other Holocene environmental changes, northern Hawke's Bay, New Zealand: Sedimentary Geology, v. 150, p. 89-102, doi: 10.1016/S0037-0738(01) 00269-X. (Pubitemid 34667751)
23. Christiansen, L.B., Hurwitz, S., Saar, M.O., Ingebretsen, S.E., and Hsieh, P.A., 2005, Seasonal seismicity at western United States volcanic centers: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 240, p. 307-323, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.09.012. (Pubitemid 41685245)
24. Christiansen, R.L., 1974, Geologic map of the West Thumb Quadrangle, Yellow stone National Park, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey, Geological Quadrangle Map, GQ-1191, scale 1:62,500.
25. Christiansen, R.L., 1975, Geologic map of the Canyon Quadrangle, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey, Geological Quadrangle Map, GQ-1192, scale 1:62,500.
26. Christiansen, R.L., 2001, The Quaternary and Pliocene Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field of Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, v. 729-G, 145 p.
27. Christiansen, R.L., and Blank, H.R., Jr., 1974, Geologic map of the Madison Junction Quadrangle, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Geological Quadrangle Map, GQ-1190, scale 1:62,500
28. Christiansen, R.L., Lowenstern, J.B., Smith, R.B., Heasler, H., Morgan, L.A., Nathenson, M., Mastin, L.G., Muffler, L.J.P., and Robinson, J.E., 2007, Preliminary assessment of volcanic and hydrothermal hazards in Yellowstone National Park and vicinity: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-11071
29. Clayton, R.N., and Mayeda, T.K., 1963, The use of bromine pentafl uoride in the extraction of oxygen from oxides and silicates for isotopic analysis: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 27, p. 43-52, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(63) 90071-1.
30. Clayton, R.N., O'Neil, J.R., and Mayeda, T.K., 1972, Oxygen isotope exchange between quartz and water: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 77, p. 3057-3067, doi: 10.1029/JB077i017p03057.
31. Clingenpeel, S.R., Gorby, Y.A., Inskeep, W.P., Kahn, J.J., Lovalvo, D., Macur, R.E., Mathur, E., McDermott, T.R., Mills, K., Morgan, L.A., Nealson, K.H., Shanks, W.C.P., and Varley, J., 2008, Yellowstone Lake: Genetic diversity in an aquatic, vent-impacted systems, in 2008 Yellowstone National Park NSF Research Coordinated Network and Montana State University Thermal Biology Institute Workshop on "Geothermal Biology and Geochemistry in Yellowstone National Park," p. 21.
32. Clor, L.E., Lowenstern, J.B., and Heasler, H.P., 2007, Systematics of water temperature and flow at Tantalus Creek during calendar year 2005, Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5234, 17 p., http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/ 2007/5234/.
33. Dobson, P.F., Kneafsey, T.J., Hulen, J., and Simmons, A., 2003, Porosity, permeability, and fluid flow in the Yellowstone geothermal system, Wyoming: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 123, no.3-4,p. 313-324, doi: 10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00039-8. (Pubitemid 36531087)
34. Dobson, P.F., Salah, S., Spycher, N., and Sonnenthal, E.L., 2004, Simulation of water-rock interaction in the Yellowstone geothermal system using TOUGHREACT: Geothermics, v. 33, no.4, p. 493-502, doi: 10.1016/j.geothermics. 2003.10.002. (Pubitemid 38830842)
35. Dzurisin, D., Yamashita, K.M., and Kleinman, J.W., 1994, Mechanisms of crustal uplift and subsidence at the Yellowstone caldera, Wyoming: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 56, p. 261-270, doi: 10.1007/BF00302079.
36. Eaton, G.P., Christiansen, R.L., Iyer, H.M., Pitt, A.M., Mabey, D.R., Blank, H.R., Jr., Zietz, I., and Gettings, M.E., 1975, Magma beneath Yellowstone National Park: Science, v. 188, no.4190, p. 787-796, doi: 10.1126/science.188. 4190.787.
37. Facca, G., and Tonani, F., 1967, The self-sealing geothermal field: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 30, p. 271-273, doi: 10.1007/BF02597674.
38. Ferrill, D.A., Wyrick, D.Y., Morris, A.P., Sims, D.W., and Franklin, N.M., 2004, Dilational fault slip and pit chain formation on Mars: GSA Today, v. 14, no.10, p. 4-11, doi: 10.1130/1052-5173(2004)014<4:DFSAPC>2.0.CO;2.
39. Finn, C.A., and Morgan, L.A., 2002, High-resolution aeromagnetic mapping of volcanic terrain, Yellowstone National Park: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 115, p. 207-231, doi: 10.1016/S0377-0273 (01)00317-1.
40. Fournier, R.O., 1989, Geochemistry and dynamics of the Yellowstone National Park hydrothermal system: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 17, p. 13-53, doi: 10.1146/annurev.ea.17.050189.000305.
41. Fournier, R.O., 1999, Hydrothermal processes related to movement of fluid from plastic into brittle rock in the magmatic-epithermal environment: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 94, p. 1193-1212.
42. Fournier, R.O., and Rowe, J.J., 1966, Estimation of underground temperatures from the silica content of water of hot springs and wet-steam wells: American Journal of Science, v. 264, p. 685-697.
43. Fournier, R.O., White, D.E., and Truesdell, A.H., 1976, Convective heat flow in Yellowstone National Park, in Second U.N. Symposium on the Development and Use of Geothermal Resources, Proceedings: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, v. 1, p. 731-739.
44. Fournier, R.O., Thompson, J.M., Cunningham, C.G., and Hutchinson, R.A., 1991, Conditions leading to a recent small hydrothermal explosion at Yellow stone National Park: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 103, p. 1114-1120.
45. Fournier, R.O., Christiansen, R.L., Hutchinson, R.A., and Pierce, K.L., 1994a, A field-trip guide to Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho; volcanic, hydrothermal, and glacial activity in the region: U.S. Geological Survey B 2099.
46. 4 He in hot spring waters of Yellowstone National Park: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, no.24, p. 5401-5419, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(94)90238-0.
47. Fournier, R.O., Weltman, U., Counce, D., White, L.D., and Janik, C.J., 2002, Results of weekly chemical and isotopic monitoring of selected springs in Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park during June-September, 1995: U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 02-344, 50 p.
48. Friedman, I., and Norton, D.R., 2007, Is Yellowstone losing its steam?: Chloride fl ux out of YNP, in Morgan, L.A. ed., Integrated geoscience studies in the greater Yellowstone area: Volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes in the Yellowstone geoecosystem: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1717, p. 271-297.
49. Friedman, I., 2007, Monitoring by satellite telemetry of changes in geothermal activity at Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, in Morgan, L.A., ed., Integrated geoscience studies in the greater Yellow stone area: Volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes in the Yel lowstone geoecosystem: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1717, p. 509-532.
50. Fujiwara, O., 2008, Bedforms and sedimentary structures characterizing tsunami deposits, in Shiki, T., Tsuji, Y., Yamazaki, T., and Minoura, K., eds., Tsunamiites: Features and implications: New York, Elsevier; p. 51-62.
51. Gemery-Hill, Pamela A., Shanks, Wayne C. III, Balistrieri, Laurie S., and Lee, Gregory K., 2007,Geochemical data for selected rivers, lake waters , hydro thermal vents, and subaerial geysers in Yellowstone National Park, in Morgan, L.A., ed., Integrated geoscience studies in the greater Yellowstone area: Volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes in the Yellowstone geoecosystem: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1717, p. 365-426.
52. Germanovich, L., and Astakhov, D.K., 2004, Stress-dependent permeability and fluid flow through parallel joints: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 109, B09203, p. 1-18.
53. Hamilton, W.L., 1987, Water level records used to evaluate deformation within the Yellowstone Caldera, Yellowstone National Park: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 31, no.3-4, p. 205-215, doi:10.1016/0377-0273(87)90068-0.
54. Hawkes, A.D., Bird, M., Cowie, S., Grundy-Warr, C., Horton, B.P., Hwai, A.T.S., Law, L., Macgregor, C., Nott, J., Ong, J.E., Rigg, J., Robinson, R., Tan-Mullins, M., Sa, T.T., Yasin, Z., and Aik, L.W., 2007, Sediments deposited by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami along the Malaysia-Thailand Peninsula: Marine Geology, v. 242, p. 169-190, doi: 10.1016/j.margeo.2007.02.017. (Pubitemid 47053926)
55. Heasler, H., and Jaworowski, C., 2008, Preliminary analysis of hydrothermal activity at Ferris Fork Hot Springs, southwestern Yellowstone National Park: Yellowstone National Park Internal Report, 20 p.
56. Heasler, H., Jaworowski, C., and Foley, C., 2008, Aerial reconnaissance of a forceful hydrothermal vent, pelican Creek, Yellowstone National Park: Yellowstone National Park Internal Report, 6 p.
57. 2 on freezing point measurements of fluid inclusions: Evidence from active geothermal systems and implications for epithermal ore deposition: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 80, p. 1379-1406.
58. Henley, R.W., Truesdell, A.H., Barton, P.B., Jr., and Whitney, J.A., 1984, Fluidmineral equilibria in hydrothermal systems: Reviews in Economic Geology, Society of Economic Geologists, v. 1, 268 p.
59. Hildreth, W., 1981, Gradients in silicic magma chambers: Implications for lithospheric magmatism: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 86, p. 10,153-10,192, doi: 10.1029/JB086iB11p10153.
60. Hurwitz, S., Kumar, A., Taylor, R., and Heasler, H., 2008, Climate-induced variations of geyser periodicity in Yellowstone National Park, USA: Geology, v. 36, no.6, p. 451-454, doi: 10.1130/G24723A.1. (Pubitemid 351903355)
61. Husen, S., Smith, R.B., and Waite, G.P., 2004a, Evidence for gas and magmatic sources beneath the Yellowstone volcanic field from seismic tomographic imaging: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 131, no.3-4, p. 397-410, doi: 10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00416-5. (Pubitemid 38265835)
62. Husen, S., Taylor, R., Smith, R.B., and Heasler, H., 2004b, Changes in geyser eruption behavior and remotely triggered seismicity in Yellowstone National Park produced by the 2002 M 7.9 Denali Fault earthquake, Alaska: Geology, v. 32, no.6, p. 537-540, doi: 10.1130/G20381.1. (Pubitemid 38908355)
63. Hutchinson, R.A., 1985, Hydrothermal changes in the upper Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, after the1983 Borah Peak, Idaho, earthquake: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-0290-A, p. 612-624.
64. Hutchinson, R.A., Fournier, R.O., and Thompson, J.M., 1990, Changes preceding the 1989 hydrothermal explosion of Porkchop Geyser, Yellowstone National Park, AGU 1990 fall meeting: Washington, American Geophysical Union, Eos, p. 1694.
65. Hutchinson, R., 1996, The on-going thermal evolution at Astringent Creek: Yellowstone Science, v. 4, no.3, p. 11-13.
66. Ingebritsen, S.E., Galloway, D.L., Colvard, E.M., Sorey, M.L., and Mariner, R.H., 2001, Time-variation of hydrothermal discharge at selected sites in the western United States: Implications for monitoring: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 111, p. 1-23, doi: 10.1016/S0377- 0273(01)00207-4. (Pubitemid 34068070)
67. Jaworowski, C., Heasler, H.P., Hardy, C.C., and Queen, L.P., 2006, Control of hydrothermal fluids by natural fractures at Norris Geyser Basin: Yellowstone Science, v. 14, no.4, p. 13-23.
68. Johnson, S.Y., Stephenson, W.J., Morgan, L.A., Shanks, W.C., III, and Pierce, K.L., 2003, Hydrothermal and tectonic activity in northern Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 115, no.8, p. 954-971, doi: 10.1130/B25111.1. (Pubitemid 37106219)
69. Jones, B., de Ronde, C.E.J., Renault, W., and Owen, R.B., 2007, Siliceous sublacustrine spring deposits around hydrothermal vents in Lake Taupo, New Zealand: Journal of Geological Society, London, V. 164, p. 227-242.
70. Kaplinski, M.A., 1991, Geomorphology and geology of Yellowstone Lake, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming [M.Sc. thesis]: Flagstaff, Arizona, Northern Arizona University, 82 p.
71. Keith, T.E.C., White, D.E., and Beeson, M.H., 1978, Hydrothermal alteration and self-sealing in Y-7 and Y-8 drill holes in northern part of upper Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey P 1054-A.
72. Keith, T.E.C., and Bargar, K.E., 1993, Hydrothermal zeolite mineralization in U.S. Geological Survey research drill holes in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: International Conference on the Occurrence, Properties, and Utilization of Natural Zeolites, p. 132-133.
73. Kennedy, K.R., and Crock, J.G., 1987, Determination of mercury in geological materials by continuous-flow, cold-vapor, atomic absorption spectrophotometery: Analytical Letters, v. 20, p. 899-908.
74. Lamothe, P.J., Meier, A.L., and Wilson, S.A., 1999, The determination of fortyfour elements in aqueous samples by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-151, 14 p.
75. Lay, T., ed., 2009, Seismological Grand Challenges in Understanding Earth's Dynamic Systems: Report to the National Science Foundation, IRIS Consortium, 76 p.
76. Le Guern, F., Tazieff, H., and Pierret, R.F., 1982, An example of health hazard: People killed by gas during a phreatic eruption: Dieng Plateau (Java, Indo nesia), February 20th 1979: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 45, p. 153- 157, doi: 10.1007/BF02600430.
77. Lehman, J.A., Smith, R.B., Schilly, M.M., and Braile, L.W., 1982, Upper crustal structure of the Yellowstone caldera from delay time analyses and gravity correlations: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 87, p. 2713-2730, doi: 10.1029/JB087iB04p02713.
78. Locke, W.W., and Meyer, G.A., 1994, A 12,000 year record of vertical deformation across the Yellowstone caldera margin-The shorelines of Yellowstone Lake: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 99, p. 20,079-20,094, doi: 10.1029/94JB00243.
79. Love, J.D., Good, J.M., and Browne, D.G., 2007, Lithology, fossils, and tectonic signifi cance of Pleistocene lake deposits in and near ancestral Yellowstone Lake, in Morgan, L.A., ed., Integrated geoscience studies in the greater Yellow stone area: Volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes in the Yellow stone geoecosystem: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1717.
80. Lowenstern, J.B., Christiansen, R.L., Smith, R.B., Morgan, L.A., and Heasler, H., 2005, Steam explosions, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions-What's in Yellowstone's future?: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2005-3024.
81. Lowenstern, J.B., Smith, R.B., and Hill, D.P., 2006, Monitoring supervolcanoes : Geophysical and geochemical signals at Yellowstone and other large caldera systems: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, v. 364, p. 2055-2072, doi: 10.1098/rsta.2006.1813. (Pubitemid 44305943)
82. Lowenstern, J.B., and Hurwitz, S., 2008, Monitoring a supervolcano in repose: Heat and volatile fl ux at the Yellowstone Caldera: Elements, v. 4, p. 35-40.
83. Marini, L., Principe, C., Chiodini, G., Cioni, R., Fytikas, M., and Marinelli, G., 1993, Hydrothermal eruptions of Nisyros (Dodecanese, Greece): Past events and present hazard: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 56, p. 71-94, doi: 10.1016/0377-0273(93)90051-R.
84. Marler, G.D., 1964, Effects of the Hebgen Lake earthquake of August 17, 1959, on the hot springs of the Firehole Geyser basins, Yellowstone National Park: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 0435, p. 185-197.
85. Marler, G.D., and White, D.E., 1975, Seismic Geyser and its bearing on the origin and evolution of geysers and hot springs of Yellowstone National Park: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 86, no.6, p. 749-759, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1975)86<749:SGAIBO>2.0.CO;2.
86. Mason, B.G., Pyle, D.M., and Oppenheimer, C., 2004, The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 66, p. 735-748, doi: 10.1007/s00445-004-0355-9. (Pubitemid 39615615)
87. Mastin, L.G., 1991, The roles of magma and groundwater in the ephreatic eruptions at Inyo Crates, Long Valley Caldera, California: Bull. Volcanol., v. 53, p. 579-596.
88. Mastin, L.G., 1995, Thermodynamics of gas and steam-blast eruptions: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 57, no.2, p. 85-98.
89. Mastin, L., 2001, A simple calculator of ballistic trajectories for blocks ejected during volcanic eruptions: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 01-45, Version 1.1, 18 p.
90. McIntosh, W.C., and Chamberlin, R.M., 1994, 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of Middle to Late Cenozoic ignimbrites, mafi c lavas, and volcaniclastic rocks in the Quemado Region, New Mexico: New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, v. 45, p. 165-185.
91. McKibbin, R., 1990, Mathematical modelling of hydrothermal eruptions, 1990 International Symposium on Geothermal Energy: Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, v. 14, pp. 1309-1316.
92. Meyer, G.A., 1993, Holocene and modern geomorphic response to forest fi res and climate change in Yellowstone National Park [PhD dissertation]: Albu querque, New Mexico, University of New Mexico.
93. Meyer, G.A., and Locke, W.W., 1986, Origin and deformation of Holocene shoreline terraces, Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming: Geology, v. 14, p. 699- 702, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<699:OADOHS>2.0.CO;2.
94. Miller, D.S., and Smith, R.B., 1999, P and S velocity structure of the Yellowstone volcanic field from local earthquake and controlled-source tomography: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 104, p. 15,105-15,121, doi: 10.1029/1998JB900095.
95. Morgan, L.A., Shanks, W.C., Pierce, K.L., and Rye, R.O., 1998, Hydrothermal explosion deposits in Yellowstone National Park-Links to hydrothermal processes [abs.]: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), fall annual meeting, v. 79, p. F964.
96. Morgan, L.A., Shanks, W.C., Lovalvo, D., Johnson, S.Y., Stephenson, W.J., Harlan, S.S., White, E.A., Waples, J., and Klump, J.V., 1999, New discoveries from the fl oor of Yellowstone Lake: Results from sonar imaging, seismic refl ection, and magnetic surveys: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 31, no.7, p. A-207.
97. Morgan, L.A., Shanks, W.C., III, and Pierce, K.L., 2002, Possible earthquakegenerated wave deposits near Yellowstone Lake: Clues into triggering mechanisms of a large hydrothermal explosion crater: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 83, no.47, p. F1423.
98. Morgan, L.A., Shanks, W.C., III, Lovalvo, D.A., Johnson, S.Y., Stephenson, W.J., Pierce, K.L., Harlan, S.S., Finn, C.A., Lee, G., Webring, M., Schulze, B., Duehn, J., Sweeney, R.E., and Balistrieri, L.S., 2003, Exploration and discovery in Yellowstone Lake; results from high-resolution sonar imaging, seismic refl ection profi ling, and submersible studies: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 122, no.3-4, p. 221-242, doi: 10.1016/S0377-0273(02) 00503-6. (Pubitemid 36294675)
99. Morgan, L.A., and Shanks, W.C., III, 2005, Infl uences of rhyolitic lava flows on hydrothermal processes in Yellowstone Lake and on the Yellowstone Plateau, in Inskeep, W.P., and McDermott, T.R., eds., Geothermal Biology and Geochemistry in Yellowstone National Park: Bozeman, Montana, Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, p. 31-52.
100. Morgan, L.A., Shanks, W.C., and Pierce, K.L., 2006, "Super" eruption environments make for "super" hydrothermal explosions: Extreme hydrothermal explosions in Yellowstone National Park: EOS (Transactions, American Geophysical Union) v. 87, no.52, abstract V33C-0689.
101. Morgan, L.A., Shanks, W.C., Pierce, K.L., Lovalvo, D.A., Lee, G.K., Webring, M.W., Stephenson, W.J., Johnson, S.Y., Harlan, S.S., Schulze, B., and Finn, C.A., 2007a, The fl oor of Yellowstone Lake is anything but quiet: New discoveries from high-resolution sonar imaging, seismic refl ection profi ling, and submersible studies, in Morgan, L.A., ed., Integrated geoscience studies in the greater Yellowstone area: Volcanic, hydrothermal and tectonic processes in the Yellowstone geoecosystem: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1717, p. 91-126.
102. Morgan, L.A., Shanks, W.C., Lee, G., and Webring, M., 2007b, Bathymetry and geology of the fl oor of Yellowstone Lake, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Scientifi c Maps Investigations Series 2973, 2 plates. Morgan, P., Blackwell, D.D., Spafford, R.E., and Smith, R.B., 1977, Heat flow measurements in Yellowstone Lake and the thermal structure of the Yellowstone caldera: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 82, p. 3719-3732, doi: 10.1029/JB082i026p03719.
103. Muffler, L.J.P., White, D.E., Truesdell, A.H., and Fournier, R.O., 1968, Violent late Pleistocene hydrothermal explosions in Yellowstone National Park (abstract): Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Special Paper 115, p.158.
104. Muffler, L.J.P., White, D.E., and Truesdell, A.H., 1971, Hydrothermal explosion craters in Yellowstone National Park: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 82, p. 723-740, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82 [723:HECIYN]2.0. CO;2.
105. Muffler, L.J.P., White, D.E., Truesdell, A.H., and Fournier, R.O., 1982a, Geologic map of lower Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey I-1373.
106. Muffler, L.J.P., White, D.E., Beeson, M.H., and Truesdell, A.H., 1982b, Geological map of Upper Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Map I-1371, scale 1:4,800.
107. Nairn, I.A., Hedenquist, J.W., Villamor, Pilar, Berryman, Kelvin R., and Shane, Phil A., 2005, The ~AD1315 Tarawera and Waiotapu eruptions, New Zealand: Contemporaneous rhyolite and hydrothermal eruptions driven by an arrested basalt dike system?: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 67, p. 186-193.
108. Nairn, I.A., and Wiradiradja, S., 1980, Late Quaternary hydrothermal explosion breccias at Kawerau geothermal field, New Zealand: Bulletin of Volcanologique, v. 43, no.1, p. 1-13, doi: 10.1007/BF02597607.
109. Nelson, C.E., and Giles, D.L., 1985, Hydrothermal eruption mechanisms and hot spring gold deposits: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 89, p. 1633-1639.
110. Nordstrom, D. K., Ball, J. W., and McCleskey, R. B., 2005, Ground water to surface water: Chemistry of thermal outflows in Yellowstone National Park, in Inskeep, W. P., and McDermott, T.R., eds., Geothermal Biology and Geochemistry in Yellowstone National Park: Bozeman, Montana, Montana State University Publications, Thermal Biology Institute, p. 73-94.
111. Norris, P.W., 1881, Fifth Annual Report of the Superintendent of the Yellowstone National Park: Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office.
112. Obradovich, J.D., 1992, Geochronology of the late Cenozoic volcanism of Yellowstone National Park and adjoining areas, Wyoming and Idaho: Open File Report 92-408, 45 p.
113. Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica, OVSICORIUNA, 2006, New phreatic eruption from Poas Volcano: Press Bulletin, September 28.
114. O'Neil, J.R., Clayton, R.N., and Mayeda, T.K., 1969, Oxygen isotope fractionation in divalent metal carbonates: The Journal of Chemical Physics, v. 51, p. 5547-5558, doi: 10.1063/1.1671982.
115. Otis, R.M., 1975, Interpretation and digital processing of seismic refl ection and refraction data from Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming [Ph.D. dissertation]: Salt Lake City, University of Utah, 223 p.
116. Otis, R.M., Smith, R.B., and Wold, R.J., 1977, Geophysical surveys of Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 82, p. 3705-3717, doi: 10.1029/JB082i026p03705.
117. Pelton, J.R., and Smith, R.B., 1979, Recent crustal uplift in Yellowstone National Park: Science, v. 206, p. 1179-1182, doi: 10.1126/science.206.4423. 1179.
118. Pelton, J.R., and Smith, R.B., 1982, Contemporary vertical surface displacements in Yellowstone National Park: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 87, p. 2745-2751, doi: 10.1029/JB087iB04p02745.
119. Pierce, K.L., 1973, Surficial geologic map of the Mammoth quadrangle and part of the Gardiner quadrangle, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming and Montana: U.S. Geological Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Map I-641, scale 1:62,500.
120. Pierce, K.L., 1979, History and dynamics of glaciation in the northern Yellowstone National Park area: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 729-F, 89 p.
121. Pierce, K.L., 2004, Pleistocene glaciations of the Rocky Mountains, in Gillespie , A.R., Porter, S.C., and Atwater, B.F., eds., The Quaternary Period in the United States: Developments in Quaternary Science, v. 1: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 63-76.
122. Pierce, K.L., and Morgan, L.A., 1990, The track of the Yellowstone hotspot: Volcanism, faulting, and uplift: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-413, 85 p.
123. Pierce, K.L., and Morgan, L.A., 1992, The track of the Yellowstone hot spot; volcanism, faulting, and uplift, in Link, P.K., Kuntz, M.A., and Platt, L.B., eds., Regional geology of eastern Idaho and western Wyoming, Geological Society of America, Memoir 179, p. 1-53.
124. Pierce, K.L., Adams, K.D., and Sturchio, N.C., 1991, Geologic setting of the Corwin Springs Known Geothermal Resource Area-Mammoth Hot Springs area in and adjacent to Yellowstone National Park, in Sorey, M.L., ed., Effects of potential geothermal development in the Corwin Springs Known Geothermal Resource Area, Montana, on the thermal features of Yellowstone national park: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 91-4052, p. C-1-C-37.
125. Pierce, K.L., Cannon, K.P., Meyer, G.A., Trebesch, M.J., and Watts, R., 2002a, Post-glacial infl ation-defl ation cycles, tilting, and faulting in the Yellowstone caldera based on Yellowstone Lake shorelines: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-142.
126. Pierce, K.L., Morgan, L.A., and Saltus, R., 2002b, Yellowstone Plume Head: Postulated relations to the Vancouver slab, continental boundaries, and
127. Pierce, K.L., Despain, D.G., Whitlock, C., Cannon, K.P., Meyer, G., Morgan, L., and Licciardi, J.M., 2003, Quaternary geology and ecology of the Greater Yellowstone area, in Easterbrook, D.J., ed., Quaternary Geology of the United States: Reno, Nevada, Desert Research Institute, INQUA 2003 Field Guide Volume, p. 313-344.
128. Pierce, K.L., Cannon, K.P., Meyer, G.A., Trebesch, M.J., and Watts, R., 2007a, Post-glacial infl ation-defl ation cycles, tilting, and faulting in the Yellowstone caldera based on Yellowstone Lake shorelines, in Morgan, L. A., ed., Integrated geoscience studies in the greater Yellowstone area: Volcanic, hydrothermal and tectonic processes in the Yellowstone geoecosystem: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1717, p. 131-168.
129. Pierce, K.L., Despain, D., Morgan, L.A., and Good, J., 2007b, Effects of hotspot-related volcanism, faulting, and uplift on the greater Yellowstone ecosystem and human geography, in Morgan, L.A. ed., Integrated geoscience studies in the greater Yellowstone area: Volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes in the Yellowstone geoecosystem: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1717, p. 1-39.
130. Pitt, A.M., Weaver, C.S., and Spence, W., 1979, The Yellowstone Park earthquake of June 30, 1975: Seismological Society of America Bulletin, v. 69, p. 187-205.
131. Pitt, A.M., and Hutchinson, R.A., 1982, Hydrothermal changes related to earthquake activity at Mud Volcano, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 87, p. 2762-2766, doi: 10.1029/JB087iB04p02762.
132. Potter, R.W., Clynne, M.A., and Brown, D.L., 1978, Freezing point depression of aqueous sodium chloride solutions: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 66, p. 940-946.
133. Prostka, H.J., Smedes, H.W., and Christiansen, R.L., 1975, Geologic map of the Pelican Cone Quadrangle, Yellowstone National Park and vicinity, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Map I-643, scale 1:62,500.
134. Richmond, G.M., 1973, Surficial geologic map of the West Thumb quadrangle, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-1243, scale 1:62,500.
135. Richmond, G.M., 1974, Surficial geologic map of the Frank Island Quadrangle, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Map I-0642, scale 1:62,500.
136. Richmond, G.M., 1976, Surficial geologic history of the Canyon Village Quadrangle, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1427, 35 p, for use with map I-652.
137. Richmond, G.M., 1977, Surficial geologic map of the Canyon Village Quadrangle, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Map I-0652, scale 1:62,500.
138. Ruppel, E.T., 1972, Geology of pre-Tertiary rocks in the northern part of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, in Geology of Yellowstone National Park: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 729-A, 66 p.
139. Rye, R.O., and Truesdell, A.H., 1993, The question of recharge to the geysers and hot springs of Yellowstone National Park: Open File Report 93-384, 40 p.
140. Shanks, W.C., III, Morgan, L.A., Balistrieri, L., and Alt, J.C., 2005, Hydrothermal vent fluids, siliceous hydrothermal deposits, and hydrothermally altered sediments in Yellowstone Lake, in Innskeep, W.P., and McDermott , T.R., eds., Geothermal Biology and Geochemistry in Yellowstone National Park: Bozeman, Montana, Thermal Biology Institute, p. 53-72.
141. Shanks, W.C., III, Alt, Jeffrey C., and Morgan, L. A., 2007, Geochemistry of sub lacustrine hydrothermal deposits in Yellowstone Lake: Hydrothermal reactions, stable isotope systematics, sinter deposition, and spire growth, in Morgan, L.A., ed., Integrated geoscience studies in the greater Yellowstone area: Volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes in the Yel lowstone geoecosystem: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1717, p. 201-234.
142. Shervais, J.W., and Hanan, B.B., 2008, Lithospheric topography, tilted plumes, and the track of the Snake River-Yellowstone hot spot: Tectonics, v. 27, 17 p., doi: 10.1029/2007/TC002181.
143. Shiki, T., Tsuji, Y., Yamazaki, T., and Minoura, K., eds., 2008, Tsunamiites: Features and implications: Amsterdam, Elsevier, 411 p.
144. Silberman, M.L., and Berger, B.R., 1985, Relationship of trace-element patterns to alteration and morphology of epithermal precious-metal deposits, in Berger, B.R., and Bethke, P.M., eds., Geology and geochemistry of epithermal systems: Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 2, p. 202-232.
145. Sillitoe, R.H., 1985, Ore-related breccias in volcanoplutonic arcs: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 80, p. 1467-1514.
146. Sillitoe, R.H., Baker, E.M., and Brook, W.A., 1984, Gold deposits and hydrothermal eruption breccias associated with a maar volcano at Wau, Papua New Guinea: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 79, p. 655-683.
147. Simmons, S.F., Keywood, M., Scott, B.J., and Keam, R.F., 1993, Irreversible change of the Rotomahana-Waimangu hydrothermal system (New Zealand) as a consequence of a volcanic eruption: Geology, v. 21, p. 643-646, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0643:ICOTRW>2.3.CO;2.
148. Smith, R.B., 1991, Earthquake and geodetic surveillance of Yellowstone: Seismological Research Letters, v. 62, p. 27.
149. Smith, R.B., and Braile, L.W., 1994, The Yellowstone hotspot, in Hill, D.P., Gasparini, P., McNutt, S., and Rymer, H., eds., Internal structure of volcanoes and geophysical precursors of eruptions: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 121-187.
150. Smith, T., and McKibbin, R., 2000, An investigation of boiling processes in hydrothermal eruptions, in Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress, v. 1, Kyushu, Japan, May 28-June 10, 2000: Auckland, New Zealand, International Geothermal Association, p. 699-704.
151. Sorey, M.L., and Colvard, E.M., 1997, Hydrologic conditions in the Mammoth corridor, Yellowstone National Park and Vicinity, U.S.A: Geothermics, v. 26, no.2, p. 221-249, doi: 10.1016/S0375-6505(96)00041-7. (Pubitemid 27456985)
152. Stanley, W.D., Hoover, D.B., Sorey, M.L., Rodriguez, B.D., and Heran, W.D., 1991, Electrical geophysical investigations in the Norris-Mammoth corridor, Yellowstone National Park, and the adjacent Corwin Springs Known Geothermal Resources Area: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations, v. 91-4052, p. D1-D18.
153. Stout, R.G., and Al-Niemi, T.S., 2002, Heat-tolerant flowering plants of active geothermal areas in Yellowstone National Park: Annals of Botany, v. 90, p. 259-267, doi: 10.1093/aob/mcf174. (Pubitemid 34842205)
154. Stuiver, M., and Polach, H.A., 1977, Discussion reporting of 14C data: Radiocarbon, v. 19, p. 355-363.
155. Sturchio, N.C., Muehlenbachs, K., and Seitz, M.G., 1986, Element redistribution during hydrothermal alteration of rhyolite in an active geothermal system; Yellowstone drill cores Y-7 and Y-8: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 50, no.8, p. 1619-1631, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(86)90125-0.
156. Sturchio, N.C., Keith, T.E.C., and Muehlenbachs, K., 1988, The dynamics of silica deposition in fractures; oxygen isotope ratios in hydrothermal silica from Yellowstone drill core Y-13: Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council, v. 12, p. 305-312.
157. Sturchio, N.C., Keith, T.E.C., and Muehlenbachs, K., 1990, Oxygen and carbon isotope ratios of hydrothermal minerals from Yellowstone drill cores: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 40, no.1, p. 23-37, doi: 10.1016/0377-0273(90)90104-N.
158. Sturchio, N.C., Dunkley, P.N., and Smith, M., 1993, Climate-driven variations in geothermal activity in the northern Kenya rift valley: Nature, v. 362, p. 233-234, doi: 10.1038/362233a0. (Pubitemid 23391062)
159. Sturchio, N.C., Murrell, M.T., Pierce, K.L., and Sorey, M.L., 1992, Yellowstone travertines; U-series ages and isotope ratios (C, O, Sr, U): Proceedings, International Symposium on Water Rock Interaction, v. 7, p. 1427-1430.
160. Sturchio, N.C., Pierce, K.L., Murrell, M.T., and Sorey, M.L., 1994, Uraniumseries ages of travertines and timing of the last glaciation in the northern Yellowstone area, Wyoming-Montana: Quaternary Research (New York), v. 41, no.3, p. 265-277.
161. Taggart, J.E., Jr., 2002, Analytical methods for chemical analysis of geologic and other materials: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-223.
162. Thompson, J.M., and DeMonge, J.M., 1996, Chemical analyses of hot springs, pools, and geysers from Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, and vicinity , 1980-1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-0068, 66 p.
163. Trimble, A.B., and Smith, R.B., 1975, Seismicity and contemporary tectonics of the Hebgen Lake-Yellowstone Park region: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 80, no.5, p. 733-741, doi: 10.1029/JB080i005p00733.
164. Truesdell, A.H., Nathenson, M., and Rye, R.O., 1977, The effect of subsurface boiling and dilution on the isotopic compositions of the Yellowstone thermal waters: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 82, p. 3694-3704, doi: 10.1029/JB082i026p03694.
165. U.S. Geological Survey, 1972, Geologic map of Yellowstone National Park:U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-711, scale 1:125,000.
166. Vikre, P.G., 1985, Precious metal vein systems in the National District, Humboldt County, Nevada: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 80, p. 360-393.
167. Waite, G.P., and Smith, R.B., 2002, Seismic evidence for fluid migration accompanying subsidence of the Yellowstone caldera: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 107, p. 2177, doi: 10.1029/2001JB000586.
168. Waite, G.P., and Smith, R.B., 2004, Seismotectonics and stress field of the Yellowstone volcanic plateau from earthquake fi rst-motions and other indicators: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 109, doi: 10.1029/2003JB002675.
169. Weed, W.H., and Pirsson, L.V., 1891, Occurrence of sulfur, orpiment, and realgar in the Yellowstone National Park: American Journal of Science, v. 42, p. 401-405.
170. 2 emissions related to the Yellowstone volcanic system; 2, Statistical sampling, total degassing, and transport mechanisms: Journal of Geophysical Research, B, Solid Earth and Planets, v. 105, p. 10,831-10,846, doi: 10.1029/1999JB900331.
171. 2 emissions from the Yellowstone volcanic system: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 4, no.7, doi: 10.1029/2002GC000473.
172. Werre, R.W., Bodnar, R.J., Bethke, P.M., and Barton, P.B., 1979, A novel gasflow fluid inclusion heating/freezing stage: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 11, p. 539.
173. White, D.E., 1957, Thermal waters of volcanic origin: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 68, p. 1637-1658, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1957)68[1637: TWOVO]2.0.CO;2.
174. White, D.E., 1967, Some principles of geyser activity, mainly from Steamboat Springs, Nevada: American Journal of Science, v. 265, p. 641-684.
175. White, D.E., 1968, Hydrology, activity and heat flow of the Steamboat Springs thermal system, Washoe County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 458-C, 109 p.
176. White, D.E., Muffler, L.J.P., and Truesdell, A.H., 1971, Vapor-dominated hydrothermal systems compared with hot-water systems: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 66, no.1, p. 75-97.
177. White, D.E., Fournier, R.O., Muffler, L.J.P., and Truesdell, A.H., 1975, Physical results of research drilling in thermal areas of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 892, 70 p.
178. White, D.E., Hutchinson, R.A., and Keith, T.E.C., 1988, The geology and remarkable thermal activity of Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1456, 84 p.
179. White, D.E., Heropoulos, C., and Fournier, R.O., 1991, Gold and other minor elements associated with the hot springs and geysers of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, supplemented with data from Steamboat Springs, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2001, 19 p.
180. Whittlesey, L.H., 1988, Yellowstone place names: Helena, Montana Historical Society Press, 178 p.
181. Wicks, C.W., Jr., Thatcher, W.R., and Dzurisin, D., 1998, Migration of fluids beneath Yellowstone caldera inferred from satellite radar interferometry: Science, v. 282, no.5388, p. 458-462, doi: 10.1126/science.282.5388.458. (Pubitemid 28483669)
182. Wicks, C.W., Thatcher, W., Dzurisin, D., and Svarc, J., 2006, Uplift, thermal unrest and magma intrusion at Yellowstone caldera: Nature, v. 440, p. 72-75, doi: 10.1038/nature04507. (Pubitemid 43336268)
183. Wold, R.J., Mayhew, M.A., and Smith, R.B., 1977, Bathymetric and geophysical evidence for a hydrothermal explosion crater in Mary Bay, Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 82, no.26, p. 3733-3738, doi: 10.1029/JB082i026p03733.
184. Xu, T., and Pruess, K., 2001, On fluid flow and mineral alteration in fractured caprock of magmatic hydrothermal systems: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 106, no. B2, p. 2121-2138, doi: 10.1029/2000JB900356
185. Yellowstone National Park, 1966-1975, Low resolution bathymetric maps: Unpublished report, Yellowstone Center for Resources, Mammoth, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming.
186. Yuan, H., and Dueker, K., 2005, Teleseismic P-wave tomogram of the Yellowstone plume: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 32, no.7, p. L07304, doi: 10.1029/2004GL022056. (Pubitemid 40958982)