Smoking mediates the effect of conscientiousness on mortality: The Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study

Journal of Research in Personality

Volumn 46, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 719-724

  Turiano, Nicholas A ^a,b   Hill, Patrick L ^c   Roberts, Brent W ^c   Spiro, Avron ^d,e   Mroczek, Daniel K ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND DENTISTRY   (United States)

^b PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

^d VA BOSTON HEALTHCARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^e BOSTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Conscientiousness; Longevity; Mediation; Mortality; Personality; Smoking

Indexed keywords

EID: 84874958919     PISSN: 00926566     EISSN: 10957251     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2012.08.009     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Asparouhov T., Masyn K., Muthén B. Continuous time survival in latent variable models 2006, Paper presented at the proceedings of the joint statistical meeting American Statistical Association-Biometrics Section.
2. Baron R.M., Kenny D.A. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1986, 51:1173-1182.
3. Bedard K., Deschênes O. The long-term impact of military service on health: Evidence from World War II and Korean War veterans. The American Economic Review 2006, 96:176-194.
4. Bell B., Rose C.L., Damon A. The Normative Aging Study: An interdisciplinary a longitudinal study of health and aging. Aging and Human Development 1972, 3:5-17.
5. Bogg T., Roberts B.W. Conscientiousness and health-related behaviors: A meta-analysis of the leading behavioral contributors to mortality. Psychological Bulletin 2004, 130:887-919.
6. Bollen K.A. Total, direct, and indirect effects in structural equation models. Sociological Methodology 1987, 17:37-69.
7. Bosse' R., Ekerdt D., Silbert J. The Veteran's Administration normative aging study. Handbook of longitudinal research: Teenage and adult cohorts 1984, 273-289. New York, Praeger. S.A. Mednick, M. Harway, K.M. Finello (Eds.).
8. Chapman B.P., Fiscella K., Kawachi I., Duberstein P.R. Personality, socioeconomic status, and all-cause mortality in the United States. American Journal of Epidemiology 2010, 171:83-92.
9. Christensen A.J., Ehlers S.L., Wiebe J.S., Moran P.J., Raichle K., Ferneyhough K., et al. Patient personality and mortality: A 4-year prospective examination of chronic renal insufficiency. Health Psychology 2002, 21:315-320.
10. Cox D.R. Regression models and life tables. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 1972, 34:187-220.
11. Ditlevsen S., Christensen U., Lynch J., Damsgaard M.T., Keiding N. The mediation proportion. A structural equation approach for estimating the proportion of exposure effect on outcome explained by an intermediate variable. Epidemiology 2005, 16:114-120.
12. Friedman H.S. Long-term relations of personality and health: Dynamisms, mechanisms, tropisms. Journal of Personality 2000, 68:1089-1108.
13. Friedman H.S. The multiple linkages of personality and disease. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 2008, 22:668-675.
14. Friedman H.S., Kern M., Reynolds C.A. Personality and health, subjective well-being, and longevity. Journal of Personality 2010, 78:179-216.
15. Friedman H.S., Tucker J.S., Tomlinson-Keasey C., Schwartz J.E., Wingard D.L., Criqui M.H. Does childhood personality predict longevity?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1993, 65:176-185.
16. Friedman H.S., Tucker J.S., Tomlinson-Keasey C., Martin L.R., Wingard D.L., Criqui M.H. Psychosocial and behavior predictors of longevity: The aging and death of the "Termites". American Psychologist 1995, 50:69-78.
17. Goldberg L.R. The development of markers for the big-five factor structure. Psychological Assessment 1992, 4:26-42.
18. Hampson S.E. Personality processes: Mechanisms by which personality traits "get outside the skin". Annual Review of Psychology 2012, 10:315-339.
19. Hampson S.E. Mechanisms by which childhood personality traits influence well-being. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2008, 17:264-268.
20. Hampson S.E., Friedman H.S. Personality and health: A life span perspective. The handbook of personality 2008, 770-794. Guilford Press, New York. 3rd ed. O.P. John, R. Robins, L. Pervin (Eds.).
21. Hampson S.E., Goldberg L.R., Vogt T.M., Dubanoski J.P. Forty years on: Teachers' assessments of children's personality traits predict self-reported health behaviors and outcomes at midlife. Health Psychology 2006, 25:57-64.
22. Hill P.L., Turiano N.A., Hurd M.D., Mroczek D.K., Roberts B.W. Conscientiousness and longevity: An examination of possible mediators. Health Psychology 2011, 30:536-541.
23. Iwasa H., Masui Y., Gondo Y., Inagaki H., Kawaai C., Suzuki T. Personality and all-cause mortality among older adult dwelling in a Japanese community: A five-year population-based prospective cohort study. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2008, 16:399-405.
24. Kern M.L., Friedman H.S. Do conscientious individuals live longer? A quantitative review. Health Psychology 2008, 27:505-512.
25. Kern M.L., Friedman H.S., Martin L.R., Reynolds C.A., Luong G. Conscientiousness, career success, and longevity: A lifespan analysis. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2009, 37:154-163.
26. Malouff J.M., Thorsteinsson E.B., Schutte N.S. The five-factor model of personality and smoking: A meta-analysis. Journal of Drug Education 2006, 36:47-58.
27. Martin L.R., Friedman H.S., Schwartz J.E. Personality and mortality risk across the life span: The importance of conscientiousness as a biopsychosocial attribute. Health Psychology 2007, 26:428-436.
28. Mroczek D.K., Spiro A. Personality change influences mortality in older men. Psychological Science 2007, 18:371-376.
29. Mroczek D.K., Spiro A.I.I.I., Turiano N.A. Do health behaviors explain the effect of neuroticism on mortality? Longitudinal findings from the VA Normative Aging study. Journal of Research in Personality 2009, 43:653-659.
30. Muthén B., Masyn K. Discrete-time survival mixture analysis. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics 2005, 30:27-28.
31. Muthén, L.K. and Muthén, B.O. (1998-2010). Mplus User's Guide. Sixth Edition. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
32. Ploubidis G.B., Grundy E. Personality and all cause mortality: Evidence for indirect links. Personality and Individual Differences 2009, 47:203-208.
33. Roberts B.W., Jackson J.J., Fayard J.V., Edmonds G., Meints J. Conscientiousness. Handbook of individual differences in social behavior 2009, New York, NY, Guilford, (pp 369-381). M. Leary, R. Hoyle (Eds.).
34. Roberts B.W., Bogg T. A 30-year longitudinal study of the relationships between conscientiousness-related traits, and the family structure and health-behavior factors that affect health. Journal of Personality 2004, 72:325-354.
35. Roberts B.W., Kuncel N.R., Shiner R., Caspi A., Goldberg L.R. The power of personality: The comparative validity of personality traits, socioeconomic status, and cognitive ability for predicting important life outcomes. Perspectives on Psychological Science 2007, 2:313-345.
36. Roberts B.W., Walton K.E., Viechtbauer W. Personality traits change in adulthood: Reply to Costa and McCrae (2006). Psychological Bulletin 2006, 132:29-32.
37. Roberts B.W., Mroczek D. Personality trait change in adulthood. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2008, 17:31-35.
38. Rose C.L., Bosse R., Szretter W.T. The relationship of scientific objectives to population selection and attrition in longitudinal studies: The case of the Normative Aging Study. The Gerontologist 1976, 16:508-516.
39. Shipley B.A., Weiss A., Der G., Taylor M.D., Deary I.J. Neuroticism, extraversion, and mortality in the UK health and lifestyle survey: A 21-year prospective cohort study. Psychosomatic Medicine 2007, 69:923-931.
40. Small B.J., Hertzog C., Hultsch D.F., Dixon R.A. Stability and change in adult personality over 6years: Findings from the Victoria longitudinal study. The Journals of Gerontology 2003, 58:166-176.
41. Smith T.W. Personality as risk and resilience in physical health. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2006, 15:227-231.
42. Smith T.W., Spiro A. Personality, health, and aging: Prolegomenon for the next generation. Journal of Research in Personality 2002, 36:363-394. (Erratum, p. 661).
43. Spiro A.I.I.I., Schnurr P., Aldwin C.M. Combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in older men. Psychology and Aging 1994, 9:17-26.
44. Taylor M.D., Whiteman M.C., Fowkes G.R., Lee A.J., Allerhand M., Deary I.J. Five factor model personality traits and all-cause mortality in the Edinburgh artery study cohort. Psychosomatic Medicine 2009, 71:1-11.
45. Terracciano A., Löckenhoff C.E., Zonderman A.B., Ferrucci L., Costa P.T. Personality predictors of longevity: Activity, emotional stability, and conscientiousness. Psychosomatic Medicine 2008, 70:621-627.
46. Turiano N.A., Pitzer L., Armour C., Karlamangla A., Ryff C.D., Mroczek D.K. Personality trait and trait change as predictors of health outcomes: Findings from the National Study of Americans (MIDUS). The Journals of Gerontology 2012, 67:4-12.
47. Welch D., Poulton R. Personality influences on change in smoking behavior. Health Psychology 2009, 28:292-299.
48. Wilson R.S., Mendes de Leon C.F., Bienas J.L., Evans D.A., Bennett D.A. Personality and mortality in old age. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences 2004, 59:110-116.