Pharmacotherapy of joint and soft tissue injections

Injection Procedures: Osteoarthritis and Related Conditions

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 33-66

  Stitik, Todd P ^a   Kumar, Ajay ^b   Kim, Jong H ^a   Tran, Jiaxin J ^a   Lee, Charles ^c  

^a RUTGERS NEW JERSEY MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b Physiatrist and Interventional Pain Specialist   (United States)

^c NEW YORK COLLEGE OF PODIATRIC MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84874928641     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-76595-2_2     Document Type: Chapter

References (197)

1. Hollander JL. Prednisone and prednisolone: newest corticosteroids. Merck Rep 1955; 64(4):3-7.
2. Siegmeth W, Krepelka M, Supper A. Intra-articular injections in arthrosis of the small and medium size joints. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 1995;145(5):117-9.
3. Stefanich RJ. Intra-articular corticosteroids in treatment of osteoarthritis. Orthop Rev 1986; 15:65-71.
4. Eymontt MJ, Gordon G V, Schumacher HR, Hansell JR. The effects on synovial permeability and synovial fluid leukocyte counts in symptomatic osteoarthritis after intraarticular corti-costeroid administration. J Rheumatol 1982;9(2):198-203.
5. Goetzl EJ, Bianco NE, Alpert JS, Sledge, CB, Schur PH. Effects of intra-articular corticosteroids in vivo on synovial fluid variables in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1974;33:62-6.
6. Hunder GC, McDuffie FC. Effect of intra-articular hydrocortisone on complement in syn-ovial fluid. J Lab Clin Med 1972;79:62-74.
7. Mazanec DJ. Pharmacology of corticosteroids in synovial joints. Phys Med Rehabil Clin North Am 1995;6:815-21.
8. Butler WT, Rossen RD. Effects of corticosteroids on immunity in man. J Clin Invest 1973;52:2629-40.
9. Fauci AS, Dale DC, Balow JE. Glucocorticoid therapy: mechanisms of action and clinical considerations. Ann Intern Med 1976;84:304-15.
10. Saxon A, Stevens RH, Ramer SJ. Glucocorticoids administered in vivo inhibit human suppressor T lymphocyte function and diminish B lymphocyte responsiveness in vitro immuno-globulin synthesis. J Clin Invest 1977;60:922-30.
11. Pelletier JP, McCollum R, DiBattista J, Loose LD, Cloutier JM, Martel-Pelletier J. Regulation of human normal and osteoarthritic chondrocyte interleukin-1 receptor by antirheumatic drugs. Arthritis Rheum 1993;36:1517-27.
12. Ito K, Lim S, Caramori G, Cosio B, Chung KF, Adcock IM, Barnes PJ. A molecular mechanism of action of theophylline: induction of histone deacetylase activity to decrease inflammatory gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99(13):8921-6. Epub 2002 Jun 17.
13. Creamer P. Intra-articular corticosteroid injections in osteoarthritis: do they work and if so, how? Ann Rheum Dis 1997;56:634-6.
14. Klint E, Grundtman C, Engstrom M, Catrina AI, Makrygiannakis D, Klareskog L et al. Intraarticular glucocorticoid treatment reduces inflammation in synovial cell infiltrations more efficiently than in synovial blood vessels. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52(12):3880-9.
15. Gray RG, Tenenbaum J, Gotlieb NL. Local corticosteroid treatment in rheumatic disorders. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1981;10:231-54.
16. Meikle AW, Tyler FH. Potency and duration of action of glucocorticoids: effects of hydro-cortisone, prednisone and dexamethasone on human pituitary-adrenal function. Am J Med 1978;63:200.
17. Centeno LM, Moore ME. Preferred intraarticular corticosteroids and associated practice: a survey of members of the American College of Rheumatology. Arthritis Care Res 1994;7(3):151-5.
18. Olin BR. Hormones. Adrenal corticosteroids. In Olin BR, ed. Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis: Wolters Kluwer; 1993:465-86.
19. Pyne D, Ioannou Y, Mootoo R, Bhanji A. Intra-articular steroid in knee osteoarthritis: a comparative study of triamcinolone hexacetonide and methylprednisolone acetate. Clin Rheumatol 2004;23(2):116-20.
20. Bird HA, Ring EFJ. Therapeutic value of arthroscopy. Ann Rheum Dis 1978;37:78-9.
21. Lane NE, Thompson JM. Management of osteoarthritis in the primary-care setting: an evidence-based approach to treatment. Am J Med 1997;103(6A):25S-30S.
22. Bellamy N, Campbell J, Welch V, Gee TL, Bourne R, Wells GA. Intraarticular corticosteroid for treatment of osteoarthritis and the knee (Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; 2:CD005328.
23. Arroll B, Goodyear-Smith F. Corticosteroid injections for osteoarthritis of the knee: meta-analysis. BMJ 2004;328:86.
24. Jones A, Doherty M. Intra-articular corticosteroids are effective in osteoarthritis but there are no clinical predictors of response. Ann Rheum Dis 1996;55:829-32.
25. Gaffney K, Ledingham J, Perry JD. Intra-articular hexacetonide in knee osteoarthritis: factors influencing the clinical response. Ann Rheum Dis 1995;54:379-81.
26. Dieppe PA, Sathapatayavavongs B, Jones HE, Bacon PA, Ring EFJ. Intra-articular steroids in osteoarthritis. Rheumatol Rehabil 1980;19:212-17.
27. Friedman DM, Moore ME. The efficacy of intra-articular steroids in OA; a double blind study. J Rheumatol 1980;7:850-6.
28. Ravaud P, Moulinier L, Giraudeau B. Effects of joint lavage and steroid injection in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: results of a multicenter, randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42(3):475-82.
29. Godwin M, Dawes M. Intra-articular steroid injections for painful knees. Can Fam Physician 2004;50:241-8.
30. McAlindon TE, Cooper C, Kirwan JR, Dieppe PA. Determinants of disability in osteoarthri-tis of the knee. Ann Rheum Dis 1993;52:258-62.
31. Robinson P, Keenan AM, Conaghan PG. Clinical effectiveness and dose response of image-guided intra-articular corticosteroid injection for hip osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol 2005; 32(7):1305-6.
32. Flanagan J, Casale FF, Thomas TL, Desai KB. Intraarticular injection for pain relief in patients awaiting hip replacement. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1988;70:156-7.
33. Qvistgaard E, Christensen R, Torp-Pedersen S, Bliddal H. Intraarticular treatment of hip osteoarthritis: a randomized trial of hyaluronic acid, corticosteroid and isotonic saline. Osteoarthr Cartil 2006;14(2):163-7.
34. Kullenberg B, Runesson R, Tuvhag R, Olsson C, Resch S. Intraarticular corticosteroid injection: pain relief in osteoarthritis of the hip. J Rheumatol 2004;31(11):2265-8.
35. Plant MJ, Borg AA, Dziedzic K, Saklatvala J, Dawes PT. Radiographic patterns and response to corticosteroid hip injection. Ann Rheum Dis 1997;56:476-80.
36. Margules KR. Fluoroscopically directed steroid instillation in the treatment of hip osteoar-thritis: safety and efficacy in 510 cases. Arthritis Rheum 2001;44:2449-50.
37. Leveaux VM, Quin CE. Local injections of hydrocortisone and procaine in osteoarthritis of the hip. Ann Rheum Dis 1956;15:330.
38. Dieppe PA. Are intra-articular steroid injections useful for the treatment of the osteoarthritis joint? Br J Rheum 1991;30:199.
39. Gray RG, Gottlieb NL. Intra-articular corticosteroids: an updated assessment. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1983;177:235-62.
40. Meenagh GK, Patton J, Kynes C, Wright GD A randomized controlled trial of intra-articular corticosteroid injection of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb in osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63:1260-63.
41. Joshi R. Intra-articular corticosteroid injection for first carpometacarpal osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol 2005;32(7):1305-6.
42. Dodge LR, Brown RL, Niebauer JJ, McCaroll HR. The treatment of mucous cysts: long term follow up in sixty two cases. J Hand Surg 1984;9A:901-4.
43. Breidahl WH, Adler RS. Ultrasound guided injection of ganglia with corticosteroids. Skeletal Radiol 1996;25(7):635-8.
44. Arrol B, Goodyear-Smith F. Corticosteroid injections for painful shoulder; a metaanalysis. Br J Gen Pract 2005;55(512):224-8.
45. Slipman CW, Lipetz JS, Wakeshima Y, Jackson HB. Nonsurgical treatment of zygapophy-seal joint cyst-induced radicular pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000;81(7):973-7.
46. Buchbinder R, Green S, Youd JM. Corticosteroid injections for shoulder pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(1):CD004016.
47. Carrera GF, Williams AL. Current concepts in evaluation of the lumbar facet joints. Crit Rev Diagn Imaging 1984;21(2):85-104.
48. Helbig T, Lee CK. The lumbar facet syndrome. Spine 1988;13(1):61-4.
49. Revel ME, Listrat VM, Chevalier XJ, Dougados M, N'guyen MP, Vallee C et al. Facet joint block for low back pain: identifying predictors of a good response. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1992;73(9):824-8.
50. Murtagh FR. Computed tomography and fluoroscopically guided anesthesia and steroid injection and facet syndrome. Spine 1992;13:686-9.
51. Slipman CW, Bhat AL, Gilchrist RV, Issac Z, Chou L, Lenrow DA. A critical review of the evidence for the use of zygapophysial injections and radiofrequency denervation in the treatment of low back pain. Spine J 2003;3(4):310-6.
52. Carette S, Marcoux S, Truchon R, Grondin C, Gagnon J, Allard Y. Controlled trial of corti-costeroid injections into facet joints for chronic low back pain. [Randomized controlled trial]. N Eng J Med 1991;325(14):1002-7.
53. Shih C, Lin G Y, Yueh KC, Lin JJ. Lumbar zygapophyseal joint injections in patients with chronic lower back pain. J Chin Med Assoc 2005;68(2):59-64.
54. Sabers SR, Ross SR, Grogg BE, Lauder TD. Procedure-based nonsurgical management of lumbar zygapophyseal joint cyst-induced radicular pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005; 86(9):1767-71.
55. Lutz GE, Shen TC. Fluoroscopically guided aspiration of a symptomatic lumbar zygapophy-seal joint cyst: a case report. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85(12):2071-2.
56. Khoury NJ, el-Khoury GY, Saltzman CL, Brandser EA. Intraarticular foot and ankle injections to identify source of pain before arthrodesis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1996;167(3):669-73.
57. Tallia AF, Cardone DA. Diagnostic and therapeutic injection of the ankle and foot. Am Fam Physician 2003;68(7):1356-62.
58. Robinson P, Keenan AM, Conaghan PG. Clinical effectiveness and dose response of image-guided intra-articular corticosteroid injection for hip osteoarthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006 Jul 26 online.
59. Rifat SF, Moeller JL. Basics of joint injection: general techniques and tips for safe, effective use. Postgrad Med 2001;109(1):157-160, 165-166.
60. Korthals-de Bos IB, Smidt N, van Tulder MW, Rutten-van Mölken MPMH, Adèr HJ, van der Windt DAWM et al. Cost effectiveness of interventions for lateral epicondylitis: results from a randomised controlled trial in primary care. Pharmocoeconomics 2004;22(3): 185-95.
61. Smidt N, Smidt N, Assendelft WJ, van der Windt DA, Hay EM, Buchbinder R et al. Corticosteroid injections for lateral epicondylitis: a systematic review. Pain 2002;96(1-2):23-40.
62. Smidt N, van der Windt DAWM, Assendelft WJJ, Deville WLJM, Korthals-de Bos IB, Bouter LM. Corticosteroid injections, physiotherapy, or a wait-and-see policy for lateral epicondylitis: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2002;359(9307):657-62.
63. Verhaar JA, Walenkamp GH, van Mameren H, Kester AD, van der Linden AJ. Local corti-costeroid injection versus Cyriax-type physiotherapy for tennis elbow. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1996;78(1):128-32.
64. Korthals-de Bos IB, Smidt N, van Tulder MW, Rutten-van Mölken MPMH, Adèr HJ, van der Windt DAWM et al. Cost effectiveness of interventions for lateral epicondylitis: results from a randomised controlled trial in primary care. Pharmocoeconomics 2004;22(3):185-95.
65. Stahl S, Kaufman T. The efficacy of an injection of steroids for medial epicondylitis: a prospective stud of sixty elbows. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1997;79(11):1648-52.
66. Stahl S, Kaufman T. Ulnar nerve injury at the elbow after steroid injection for medial epi-condylitis. J Hand Surg 1997;22(1):69-70.
67. Richards RR, Regan WD. Medial epicondylitis caused by injury to the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve: a case report. Can J Surg 1989;32(5):366-367, 369.
68. Marshall S. Carpal tunnel syndrome. Clin Evid 2002;(8):1060-74.
69. Agarwal V, Singh R, Sachdev A, Wiclaff, Shekhar S, Goel D. A prospective study of the long-term efficacy of local methyl prednisolone acetate injection in the management of mild carpal tunnel syndrome. Rheumatology 2005;44(5):647-50.
70. Celiker R, Arslan S, Inanici F. Corticosteroid injection vs. nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug and splinting in carpal tunnel syndrome. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2002;81(3):182-6.
71. O'Gradaigh D, Merry P. Corticosteroid injection for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 2000;59(11):918-9.
72. Richie CA, Briner WW Jr. Corticosteroid injection for treatment of de Quervain's tenosyno-vitis: a pooled quantitative literature evaluation. J Am Board Fam Pract 2003;16(2):102-6.
73. Anderson BC, Manthey R, Brouns MC. Treatment of De Quervain's tenosynovitis with corticosteroids. A prospective study of the response to local injection. Arthritis Rheum 1991; 34(7):793-8.
74. Richie CA, Briner WW Jr. Corticosteroid injection for treatment of de Quervain's teno-synovitis: a pooled quantitative literature evaluation. J Am Board Fam Pract 2003;16(2):102-6.
75. Anderson BC, Manthey R, Brouns MC Treatment of De Quervain's tenosynovitis with corticosteroids. A prospective study of the response to local injection. Arthritis Rheum 1991;34(7):793-8.
76. Witt J, Pess G, Gelberman RH. Treatment of de Quervain's tenosynovitis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1991;73:219-22.
77. Apimonbutr P, Budhraja N. Suprafibrous injection with corticosteroid in de Quervain's disease. J Med Assoc Thai 2003;86(3):232-7.
78. Taras JS, Raphael JS, Pan WT, Movagharnia F, Sotereanos DG. Corticosteroid injections for trigger digits: is intrasheath injection necessary? J Hand Surg Am 1998;23(4):717-22.
79. Chodoroff G, Honet JC. Cheiralgia paresthetica and linear atrophy as a complication of local steroid injection. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1985;66(9):637-9.
80. Murphy D, Failla JM, Koniuch MP. Steroid versus placebo injection for trigger finger. J Hand Surg Am 1995;20(4):628-31.
81. Benson LS, Ptaszek AJ. Injection versus surgery in the treatment of trigger finger. J Hand Surg Am 1997;22(1):138-44.
82. Nimigan AS, Ross DC, Gan BS. Steroid injections in the management of trigger fingers. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2006;85(1):36-43.
83. Anderson B, Kaye S. Treatment of flexor tenosynovitis of the hand ("trigger finger") with corticos-teroids. A prospective study of the response to local injection. Arch Intern Med 1991;151(1):153-6.
84. Nimigan AS, Ross DC, Gan BS. Steroid injections in the management of trigger fingers. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2006;85(1):36-43.
85. De Wolf AN, Mens JM. Localized corticosteroid injections for the "rigger finger": good short-term results, but with a great likelihood of recurrence. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1998; 142(20):1168-9 (Dutch).
86. Van Ijsseldijk AL, de Wilt JH, Lameris TW, Brouwer KJ. Topical corticosteroid injection for trigger finger: good short-term results, but fairly high risk of recurrence. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1998;142(20):1168-9.
87. Shbeeb MI, O'Duffy JD, Michet CJ Jr, O'Fallon WM, Matteson EL. Evaluation of glucocorticos-teroid injection for the treatment of trochanteric bursitis. J Rheumatol 1996;23(12):2104-6.
88. Ege Rasmussen KJ, Fano N. Trochanteric bursitis: treatment by corticosteroid injection. Scand J Rheumatol 1985;14(4):417-20.
89. Hofmeister E, Englehardt S. Necrotizing fasciitis as complication of injection into greater trochanteric bursa. Am J Orthop 2001;30(5):426-7.
90. Shrier I, Matheson GO, Kohl HW(III). Achilles tendonitis: are corticosteroid injections useful or harmful? Clin J Sport Med 1996;6(4):245-50.
91. Linke E. Achilles tendon ruptures following direct cortisone injection. Hefte Unfallheilkd 1975;121:302-3 German.
92. Gill SS, Gelbke MK, Mattson SL, Anderson MW, Hurwitz SR. Fluoroscopically guided low-volume peritendinous corticosteroid injection for Achilles tendinopathy. A safety study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004;86A(4):802-6.
93. Crawford F, Atkins D, Edwards J. Interventions for treating plantar heel pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;3:CD000416.
94. Crawford F, Thomson C. Interventions for treating plantar heel pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;3:CD000416.
95. Sellman JR. Plantar fascia rupture associated with corticosteroid injection. Foot Ankle Int 1994;15(7):376-81.
96. Tsai WC, Hsu C-C, Chen CPC, Chen MJL, Yu T-Y, Chen Y-J. Plantar fasciitis treated with local steroid injection: comparison between sonographic and palpation guidance. J Clin Ultrasound 2006;34(1):12-16.
97. Tsai WC, Wang C-L, Tang F-T, Hsu T-Z, Hsu K-H, Wong M-K. Treatment of proximal plantar fasciitis with ultrasound-guided steroid injection. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000; 81(10):1416-21.
98. Stitik TP, Foye PM, Chen B, Nadler SF. Joint and soft tissue corticosteroid injections: a practical approach. Consult Prim Care 2000;40(8):1469-75.
99. Peller JS, Bardana EJ Jr. Anaphylactoid reaction to corticosteroid: case report and review of the literature. Ann Allergy 1985;54(4):302-5.
100. Ijsselmuiden OE, Knegt-Junk KJ, van Wijk RG, van Joost T. Cutaneous adverse reactions after intra-articular injection of triamcinolone acetonide. Acta Derm Venereol 1995;75(1):57-8.
101. Mace S, Vadas P, Pruzanski W. Anaphylactic shock induced by intraarticular injection of methylprednisolone acetate. J Rheumatol 1997;24(6):1191-4.
102. Pollock B, Wilkinson SM, MacDonald Hull SP. Chronic urticaria associated with intra-articular methylprednisolone. Br J Dematol 2001;144(6):1228-30.
103. Sener O, Caliskaner Z, Yazicioglu K, Karaayvaz M, Ozanguc N. Nonpigmenting solitary fixed drug eruption after skin testing and intra-articular injection of triamcinolone acetonide. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2001;86(3):335-6.
104. Preuss L. Allergic reactions to systemic glucocorticoids: a review. Ann Allergy 1985;55(6): 772-5.
105. Millard RS, Dillingham MF. Peripheral joint injections. Phys Med Rehabil Clin North Am 1995;3:841-849.
106. Gottlieb NL, Riskin WG. Complications associated with locally injected microcrystalline corticosteroid esters. JAMA 1980;243:1547.
107. George WM. Linear lymphatic hypopigmentation after intralesional corticosteroid injection: report of two cases. Cutis 1999;64(1):61-4.
108. Kumar P, Adolph S. Hypopigmentation along subcutaneous veins following intrakeloid triamcinolone injection: a case report and review of literature. Burns 1998;24(5):487-8.
109. Canturk F, Canturk T, Avdin F, Karagoz F, Senturk N, Turanli AY. Cutaneous linear atrophy following intralesional corticosteroid injection in the treatment of tendonitis. Cutis 2004;73(3):197-8.
110. Corazza M, Capozzi O, Virgilit A. five cases of livedo-like dermatitis (Nicolau's syndrome) due to bismuth salts and various other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2001;15(6):585-8.
111. KaCherasse Ahn MF, Mistrih R, Maillard R, Maillard H, Strauss J et al. Nicolau's syndrome after local glucocorticoid injection. Joint Bone Spine 2003;70(5):390-2.
112. Wicki J, Droz M, Cirafici L, Vallotton MB. Acute adrenal crisis in a patient treated with intraarticular steroid therapy. J Rheumatol 2000;27:510-1.
113. Cahill BR. Atraumatic osteolysis of the distal clavicle. A review. Sports Med 1992;13:214-22.
114. Kay NR, Marshall PD. A safe, reliable method of carpal tunnel injection. J Hand Surg 1992;17A:1160-1.
115. Reid DM, Eastmond C, Rennie JAN. Hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis suppression after repeated intra-articular steroid injections. Ann Rheum Dis 1986;45:87.
116. Kumar S, Singh RJ, Reed AM, Lteif AL. Cushing's Syndrome after intraarticular and intra-dermal administration of Triamcinolone Acetonide in three pediatric patients. Pediatrics 2004;113(6):1820-4.
117. Robinson DE, Harrison-Hansley E, Spencer RF. Steroid pyschosis after an intra-articular steroid injection. Ann Rheum Dis 2000;59:927.
118. Gray RG, Tenenbaum J, Gotlieb NL. Local corticosteroid treatment in rheumatic disorders. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1981;10:231-54.
119. O'Sullivan MM, Rumfeld WR, Jones MK, Williams BD. Cushing syndrome suppression of hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis after intraarticular steroid injection. Ann Rheum Dis 1985;44:561-3.
120. Gray RG, Gottlieb NL. Rheumatic disorders associated with diabetes mellitus: literature review. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1976;6:19-34.
121. Slotkoff AT, Clauw DJ, Nashel DJ. Effects of soft tissue corticosteroid injection on glucose control in diabetics, Arthritis Rheum 1994;37:S347.
122. Romanski B, Pawlik K, Wilewska-Klubo T. The use of triamcinolone acetonide in the treatment of severe intrinsic bronchial asthma. Allergol Immunopathol 1978;6:321-4.
123. Willey RF, Fergusson RJ, Godden DJ, Crompton GK, Grant IW. Comparison of oral prednisolone and intramuscular depot triamcinolone in patients with severe chronic asthma. Thorax 1984;39:340-4.
124. Cunningham GR, Goldzieher JW, de la Pena A, Oliver M. The mechanism of ovulation inhibition by triamcinolone acetonide. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1978;46:8-14.
125. Mens JM, Nico De Wolf A, Berkhout BJ, Stam HJ. Disturbance of menstrual pattern after local injection with triamcinolone acetonide (letter). Ann Rheum Dis 1998;57:700.
126. Jansen TL, Van Roon EN. Four cases of a secondary Cushingoid state following local triam-cinolone acetonide(Kenacort) injection. Neth J Med 2002;60(3):130-2.
127. Cuchacovich M, Tchernitchin A, Gatica H, Wurgaft R, Valenzuela C, Cornejo E. Intraarticular progesterone: effects of a local treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1988;15: 561-5.
128. Brann DW, McDonald JK, Putnam CD, Mahesh VB. Regulation of hypothalamic gonado-tropin-releasing hormone and neuropeptide Y concentrations by progesterone and corticos-teroids in immature rats: correlation with luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone release. Neuroendocrinology 1991;54:425-32.
129. Berger RG, Yount WJ. Immediate "steroid flare" from intraarticular triamcinolone hexac-etonide injection: case report and review of the literature. Arthritis Rheum 1990;33: 1284-6.
130. McCarty DJ, Hogan JM. Inflammatory reaction after intrasynovial injection of microcrystal-line adrenocorticosteroid esters. Arthritis Rheum 1964;7:359.
131. Kahn CB, Hollander JL, Schumacher HR. Corticosteroid crystals in synovial fluid. JAMA 1970;211:807.
132. Emkey RD, Lindsay R, Lyssy J, Weisberg JS, Dempster DW, Shen V. The systemic effect of intra-articular corticosteroid on markers of bone formation and bone resorption in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1996;39:277-82.
133. Birrer RB. Aspiration and corticosteroid injection. Practical pointers for safe relief. Phys Sports Med 1992;20:57-71.
134. Kive P. The etiology and conservative treatment of humeral epicondylitis. Scan J Rehabil Med 1982;15:37-41.
135. Gordon GV, Schumacher HR. Electron microscopy study for depot corticosteroid crystals with clinical studies after intra-articular injection. J Rheumatol 1979;6:7-14.
136. Chakravarty K, Pharoah PDP, Scott DGI. A randomized controlled study of post-injection rest following intra-articular steroid therapy for knee synovitis. Br J Rheumatol 1994;33:464-8.
137. Neustadt DH. Intra-articular corticosteroids and other agents: aspiration techniques. In Katz W, ed. The Diagnosis and Management of Rheumatic Diseases. Second ed. Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott; 1988:812-25.
138. Sweetnam DR, Mason RM, Murray R. Steroid arthropathy of the hip. Br Med J 160;1:1392-4.
139. Murray RO. Steroids and the skeleton. Radiology 1961;77:729-43.
140. Steinberg CL, Duthric RB, Piva AE. Charcot-like arthropathy following intraarticular hydro-cortisone. JAMA 1962;181:851-2.
141. Alarcon-Segovia D, Ward LE. Marked destructive changes occurring in osteoarthritic finger joints after intraarticular injection of steroids. Arthritis Rheum 1966;9:443.
142. Miller RT, Restifo RA. Steroid arthropathy. Radiology 1966; 86:652-7.
143. Hollander JL, Jessar RA, Brown EM. Intrasynovial corticosteroid therapy: a decade of use. Bull Rheum Dis 1961;11:239.
144. Mankin HJ, Conger KA. The acute effects of intraarticular hydrocortisone on articular cartilage in rabbits. J Bone Jt Surg 1966;48A:1383-8.
145. Annefeld M. The dose dependent effect of glycosaminoglycan peptide complex on corticosteroid-induced disordered metabolism in cartilage tissue of rats. [English] Der dosi-sabhangige Effekt vom Glycosaminoglycan-Peptid-Komplex auf den durch Corticosteroide gestorten Stoffwechsel in Knorpelgeweben von Ratten. [German] Zeitschrift fuer Rheumatologie 1989;48(4):188-93.
146. Robion FC, Doize B, Boure L, Marcoux M, Ionescu M, Reiner A et al. Use of synovial fluid markers of cartilage synthesis and turnover to study effects of repeated intra-articular administration of methylprednisolone acetate on articular cartilage in vivo. J Orthop Res 2001;19(2):250-8.
147. Celeste C, Ionescu M, Robin Poole A, Laverty S. Repeated intraarticular injections of triamcinolone acetonide alter cartilage matrix metabolism measured by biomarkers in synovial fluid. J Orthop Res 2005;23(3):602-10. Epub 2004 Dec 21.
148. Chandler GM, Jones DT, Wright V, Hartfall SJ. Charcot's arthropathy following intraarticu-lar hydrocortisone. British Med J 1959;1:952-3.
149. Pelletier JP, Martel-Pelletier J. Protective effects of corticosteroids on cartilage lesions and osteophyte formation in the pond-nuki dog model of osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1989; 32:181-93.
150. Beary JP. Osteoarthritis. In Beary JP, Christian CL, Johanson NA, eds. Manual of Rheumatology and Outpatient Orthopedic Disorders: Diagnosis and Therapy. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company; 1987:187-98.
151. Raynauld JP. Safety and efficacy of long-term intra-articular steroid injections in osteoarthri-tis of the knee. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48(2):370-7.
152. Neustadt DH. Intraarticular steroid therapy. In Moskowitz RW, Howell DS, Goldberg VM, Mankin HJ, eds. Osteoarthritis: Diagnosis and Medical/Surgical Management. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1992:493-510.
153. Hochberg MC, Altman RD, Brandt KD, Clark BM, Dieppe PA, Griffin MR et al. Guidelines for the medical management of osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38(11):1535-46.
154. Mazanec DJ. Pharmacology of corticosteroids in synovial joints. Phys Med Rehabil Clin North Am 1995;6:815-21.
155. Rodnan GP, Schumacher HR, Zvaifler NJ, eds. Osteoarthritis. In Primer on the Rheumatic Diseases. Eighth edition. Atlanta, GA: The Arthritis Foundation; 1983:104-8.
156. Hollander JL. Intrasynovial corticosteroid therapy in arthritis. Maryland State Med J 1972; 19:62-6.
157. Miller RT, Restifo RA. Steroid arthropathy. Radiology 1966;86:652-7.
158. Murray RO. Steroids and the skeleton. Radiology 1961;77:729-43.
159. McCarty DJ, Hogan JM. Inflammatory reaction after intrasynovial injection of microcrystal-line adrenocorticosteroid esters. Arthritis Rheum 1964;7:359.
160. Hardin JG. Controlled study of the long term effects of "total hand" injection (abstract). Arthritis Rheum 1979;22:619.
161. Balch HW, Gibson JMC, El Ghobarey AF, El-Ghobarey AF, Bain LS, Lynch MP. Repeated corticosteroid injections into knee joints. Rheumatol Rehabil 1977;16:137-40.
162. Jalava S. Periarticular calcification after intra-articular traimcinolone hexacetonide. Scand J Rheumatol 1980;9:190-2.
163. Owen DS Jr. Aspiration and injections of joints and soft tissues. In Kelly WN, ed. Text Book of Rheumatology. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1981:553-67.
164. Acevedo JI, Beskin JL. Complications of plantar fascia rupture associated with corticoster-oid injection. Foot Ankle Int 1998;19(2):91-7.
165. Acevedo JI, Beskin JL. Complications of plantar fascia rupture associated with corticoster-oid injection. Foot Ankle Int 1998;19(2):91-7.
166. Pfenninger JL. Injections of joints and soft tissue I: general guidelines. Am Fam Physician 1991;44:1196-202.
167. Kasten SJ, Louis DS. Carpal tunnel syndrome: a case of median nerve injection injury and a safe and effective method for injecting the carpal tunnel. J Fam Pract 1996;43(1):79-82.
168. Glaser DL, Schildorn JC, Bartolozzi AR, Dennis R, Li Y, Amato TR et al. Do you know what is on the tip of your needle? The inadvertent introduction of skin in to the joint. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43:S149.
169. Stefanich RJ. Intra-articular corticosteroids in treatment of osteoarthritis. Orthop Rev 1986; 15:65-71.
170. Greer III RB. Into the knee with needle and steroids [editorial]. Orthop Rev 1993;22(12):1302.
171. Hollander JL. Intrasynovial corticosteroid therapy in arthritis. Med J 1970;19:62.
172. Gray RG, Tenenbaum J, Gotlieb NL. Local corticosteroid treatment in rheumatic disorders. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1981;10:231-54.
173. Pal B, Morris J. Perceived risks of joint infection following intra-articular corticosteroid injections: a survey of rheumatologists. Clin Rheumatol 1999;18:264-5.
174. Seror P, Pluvinage P, Lecoq d'Andre F, Benamour P, Attuil G. Frequency of sepsis after local corticosteroid injection (an inquiry on 1 160 000 injections in rheumatological private practice in France). Rheumatology 1999;38:1272-4.
175. Frederick HA, Carter PR, Littler JW. Injection injuries to the median and ulnar nerves at the wrist. J Hand Surg (Am) 1992;17(4):645-7.
176. McConnell JR, Bush DC. Intraneural steroid injection as a complication in the management of carpal tunnel syndrome. A report of three cases. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1990;(250):181-4.
177. Iizuka M, Yao R, Wainapel S. Saphenous nerve injury following medial knee joint injection: a case report. Arch phys Med Rehabil 2005;86(10):2062-5.
178. Foye PM, Stitik TP. Fluoroscopic guidance during injections for osteoarthritis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2006;87(3):446-7.
179. Green S, Buchbinder R, Glazier R, Forbes A. Systematic review of randomised controlled trials of interventions for painful shoulder; selection criteria, outcome assessment and efficacy. Br J Gen Pract 1998; 316(7128):354-60.
180. Covino BG. Pharmacology of local anaesthetic agents. Br J Anaesth 1986 Jul;58(7): 701-16.
181. Kieffer SA, Binet EF, Dairs DO, et al. Lumbar myelography with iohexol and metrizamide: a comparative multicenter prospective study. Invest Radiol 1986;20:522-30.
182. Obermann WR, Gerard JK. Knee Arthrography: a comparison of iohexol, ioxaglate sodium meglumine, and metrizoate1. Radiology 1987;162:729-33.
183. Laerum F. Acute damage to human endothelial cells by brief exposure to contrast media in vitro. Radiology 1983;147:681-4.
184. Hall FM, Goldberg RP, Wyshak G, Kilcoyne RF. Shoulder arthrography: a comparison of morbidity after use of various media. Radiology 1985;154:339-41.
185. Kaplan PA, Lieberman RP, Chu WK. Comparison of omnipaque with hypaque in temporo-mandibular arthrography. Am J Roentgenol 1989;153:1225-7.
186. "Omnipaque™ (iohexol) Injection 240 300 350." Daily Med 24 May 2006. http://dailymed. nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?id= 707&type=display 28 September 2006.
187. Almén T. Angiography with metrizamide. Animal experiments and preliminary clinical experiences. Acta Radiol (Suppl) 1977;355:419-30.
188. Skalpe IO. Adverse effects of water-soluble contrast media in myelography, cisternography and ventriculography. A review with special reference to metrizamide. Acta Radiol (Suppl) 1977;355:369-70.
189. Kieffer SA, Binet EF, Dairs DO et al. Lumbar myelography with iohexol and metrizamide: a comparative multicenter prospective study. Invest Radiol 1986;20:522-30.
190. Obermann WR, Gerard JK. Knee Arthrography: a comparison of iohexol, ioxaglate sodium meglumine, and metrizoate1. Radiology 1987;162:729-33.
191. Laerum F. Acute damage to human endothelial cells by brief exposure to contrast media in vitro. Radiology 1983;147:681-4.
192. Hall FM, Goldberg RP, Wyshak G, Kilcoyne RF. Shoulder arthrography: a comparison of morbidity after use of various media. Radiology 1985;154:339-41.
193. Kaplan PA, Lieberman RP, Chu WK. Comparison of omnipaque with hypaque in temporo-mandibular arthrography. Am J Roentgenol 1989;153:1225-7.
194. Almén T. Angiography with metrizamide. Animal experiments and preliminary clinical experiences. Acta Radiol (Suppl) 1977;355:419-30.
195. Skalpe IO. Adverse effects of water-soluble contrast media in myelography, cisternography and ventriculography. A review with special reference to metrizamide. Acta Radiol (Suppl) 1977;355:369-70.
196. Owen DS. Aspiration and injection of joints and soft tissues. In Kelly WN, Harris ED, Ruddy S, Sledge CB, eds. Textbook of Rheumatology. Fourth Ed. Philadelphia: PA: WB Saunders; 1993:545.
197. Caruso I, Montrone F, Fumagelli M, Patrono C, Santandrea S, Gandini MC. Rheumatoid knee synovitis successfully treated with intraarticular rifamycin S V. Ann Rheum Disease 1982;41:232-6.