Pneumocystis pneumonia in solid organ transplantation

American Journal of Transplantation

Volumn 13, Issue SUPPL.4, 2013, Pages 272-279

  Martin, S I ^a   Fishman, J A ^b  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

opportunistic infection; Pneumocystis; pneumonia; posttransplant infection; trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole

Indexed keywords

ALEMTUZUMAB; ATOVAQUONE; AZATHIOPRINE; AZITHROMYCIN; CASPOFUNGIN; CLARITHROMYCIN; CLINDAMYCIN; COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; COTRIMOXAZOLE; CYCLOSPORIN A; DAPSONE; FOLINIC ACID; LYMPHOCYTE ANTIBODY; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; PENTAMIDINE; PENTAMIDINE ISETHIONATE; PREDNISONE; PRIMAQUINE; PYRIMETHAMINE; RAPAMYCIN; SULFADIAZINE; SULFAMETHOXAZOLE; TACROLIMUS; TRIMETHOPRIM; TRIMETREXATE;

ADJUVANT THERAPY; AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; ARTICLE; ASEPTIC MENINGITIS; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; BONE MARROW TOXICITY; BRONCHOSPASM; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; COUGHING; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION; DESQUAMATION; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; DYSPNEA; ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCE; FEVER; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GLUCOSE 6 PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY; GRAFT RECIPIENT; GRAFT REJECTION; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; HEPATITIS; HUMAN; HYDRATION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERKALEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIA; HYPOXEMIA; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INFECTION; INFECTION RISK; INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS; KIDNEY FAILURE; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; LIVER DYSFUNCTION; LOADING DRUG DOSE; LUNG AUSCULTATION; LUNG BIOPSY; LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; METHEMOGLOBINEMIA; NEUTROPENIA; NONHUMAN; OPTIMAL DRUG DOSE; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; PANCREAS NECROSIS; PANCREATITIS; PATIENT MONITORING; PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII; PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECI; PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RASH; RISK ASSESSMENT; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SIDE EFFECT; SPUTUM ANALYSIS; STEVENS JOHNSON SYNDROME; THORAX PAIN; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; TRANSBRONCHIAL BIOPSY; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS; HUMANS; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; PNEUMONIA, PNEUMOCYSTIS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84874879314     PISSN: 16006135     EISSN: 16006143     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12119     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Rodriguez M, Fishman JA,. Prevention of infection due to Pneumocystis spp. in human immunodeficiency virus-negative immunocompromised patients. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004; 17: 770-782, table of contents.
2. Pifer LL, Hughes WT, Stagno S, Woods D,. Pneumocystis carinii infection: Evidence for high prevalence in normal and immunosuppressed children. Pediatrics 1978; 61: 35-41.
3. Morris A, Wei K, Afshar K, Huang L,. Epidemiology and clinical significance of pneumocystis colonization. J Infect Dis 2008; 197: 10-17.
4. Barlett MS, Fishman JA, Durkin MM, Queener SF, Smith JW,. An improved rat model to study efficacy of drugs for treatment or prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. J Protozool 1989; 36: 77S-78S.
5. Kovacs JA, Gill VJ, Meshnick S, Masur H,. New insights into transmission, diagnosis, and drug treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. JAMA 2001; 286: 2450-2460.
6. de Boer MG, Bruijnesteijn van Coppenraet LE, Gaasbeek A, et al. An outbreak of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia with 1 predominant genotype among renal transplant recipients: Interhuman transmission or a common environmental source ? Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44: 1143-1149.
7. Schmoldt S, Schuhegger R, Wendler T, et al. Molecular evidence of nosocomial Pneumocystis jirovecii transmission among 16 patients after kidney transplantation. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46: 966-971.
8. Hocker B, Wendt C, Nahimana A, Tonshoff B, Hauser PM,. Molecular evidence of Pneumocystis transmission in pediatric transplant unit. Emerg Infect Dis 2005; 11: 330-332.
9. Sassi M, Ripamonti C, Mueller NJ, et al. Outbreaks of Pneumocystis pneumonia in 2 renal transplant centers linked to a single strain of Pneumocystis: Implications for transmission and virulence. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 54: 1437-1444.
10. Arichi N, Kishikawa H, Mitsui Y, et al. Cluster outbreak of Pneumocystis pneumonia among kidney transplant patients within a single center. Transplant Proc 2009; 41: 170-172.
11. Yazaki H, Goto N, Uchida K, Kobayashi T, Gatanaga H, Oka S,. Outbreak of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in renal transplant recipients: P. jiroveci is contagious to the susceptible host. Transplantation 2009; 88: 380-385.
12. Fishman JA,. Prevention of infection due to Pneumocystis carinii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 995-1004.
13. Yale SH, Limper AH., Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Associated illness and prior corticosteroid therapy. Mayo Clin Proc 1996; 71: 5-13.
14. Fishman JA,. Infection in solid-organ transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 2601-2614.
15. Martin SI, Marty FM, Fiumara K, Treon SP, Gribben JG, Baden LR,. Infectious complications associated with alemtuzumab use for lymphoproliferative disorders. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 43: 16-24.
16. Oz HS, Hughes WT,. Novel anti-Pneumocystis carinii effects of the immunosuppressant mycophenolate mofetil in contrast to provocative effects of tacrolimus, sirolimus, and dexamethasone. J Infect Dis 1997; 175: 901-904.
17. Hardy AM, Wajszczuk CP, Suffredini AF, Hakala TR, Ho M,. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in renal-transplant recipients treated with cyclosporine and steroids. J Infect Dis 1984; 149: 143-147.
18. Lufft V, Kliem V, Behrend M, Pichlmayr R, Koch KM, Brunkhorst R,. Incidence of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia after renal transplantation. Impact of immunosuppression. Transplantation 1996; 62: 421-423.
19. Fishman JA,. Prevention of infection caused by Pneumocystis carinii in transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33: 1397-1405.
20. Munoz P, Munoz RM, Palomo J, Rodriguez-Creixems M, Munoz R, Bouza E,. Pneumocystis carinii infection in heart transplant recipients. Efficacy of a weekend prophylaxis schedule. Medicine (Baltimore) 1997; 76: 415-422.
21. Arend SM, Westendorp RG, Kroon FP, et al. Rejection treatment and cytomegalovirus infection as risk factors for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in renal transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 22: 920-925.
22. Pliquett RU, Asbe-Vollkopf A, Hauser PM, et al. A Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia outbreak in a single kidney-transplant center: Role of cytomegalovirus co-infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 31: 2429-2437.
23. Masur H, Ognibene FP, Yarchoan R, et al. CD4 counts as predictors of opportunistic pneumonias in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Ann Intern Med 1989; 111: 223-231.
24. Castagnola E, Dini G, Lanino E, et al. Low CD4 lymphocyte count in a patient with P. carinii pneumonia after autologous bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1995; 15: 977-978.
25. Sepkowitz KA, Brown AE, Telzak EE, Gottlieb S, Armstrong D,. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among patients without AIDS at a cancer hospital. JAMA 1992; 267: 832-837.
26. Mansharamani NG, Balachandran D, Vernovsky I, Garland R, Koziel H,. Peripheral blood CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts during Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in immunocompromised patients without HIV infection. Chest 2000; 118: 712-720.
27. Kovacs JA, Hiemenz JW, Macher AM, et al. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: A comparison between patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and patients with other immunodeficiencies. Ann Intern Med 1984; 100: 663-671.
28. Fujii T, Nakamura T, Iwamoto A,. Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with HIV infection: Clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, and radiological features. J Infect Chemother 2007; 13: 1-7.
29. Kovacs JA, Ng VL, Masur H, et al. Diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: Improved detection in sputum with use of monoclonal antibodies. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 589-593.
30. LaRocque RC, Katz JT, Perruzzi P, Baden LR,. The utility of sputum induction for diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in immunocompromised patients without human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: 1380-1383.
31. Procop GW, Haddad S, Quinn J, et al. Detection of Pneumocystis jiroveci in respiratory specimens by four staining methods. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 3333-3335.
32. O'Donnell WJ, Pieciak W, Chertow GM, Sanabria J, Lahive KC,. Clearance of Pneumocystis carinii cysts in acute P. carinii pneumonia: Assessment by serial sputum induction. Chest 1998; 114: 1264-1268.
33. Alanio A, Desoubeaux G, Sarfati C, et al. Real-time PCR assay-based strategy for differentiation between active Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and colonization in immunocompromised patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17: 1531-1537.
34. Arcenas RC, Uhl JR, Buckwalter SP, et al. A real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of Pneumocystis from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2006; 54: 169-175.
35. Brancart F, Rodriguez-Villalobos H, Fonteyne PA, Peres-Bota D, Liesnard C,. Quantitative TaqMan PCR for detection of Pneumocystis jiroveci. J Microbiol Methods 2005; 61: 381-387.
36. Linssen CF, Jacobs JA, Beckers P, et al. Inter-laboratory comparison of three different real-time PCR assays for the detection of Pneumocystis jiroveci in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55 (Pt 9): 1229-1235.
37. Larsen HH, Kovacs JA, Stock F, et al. Development of a rapid real-time PCR assay for quantitation of Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. carinii. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 2989-2993.
38. Botterel F, Cabaret O, Foulet F, Cordonnier C, Costa JM, Bretagne S,. Clinical significance of quantifying Pneumocystis jirovecii DNA by using real-time PCR in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from immunocompromised patients. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50: 227-231.
39. Thomas CF, Jr., Limper AH,. Pneumocystis pneumonia: Clinical presentation and diagnosis in patients with and without acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Semin Respir Infect 1998; 13: 289-295.
40. Stover DE, Zaman MB, Hajdu SI, Lange M, Gold J, Armstrong D., Bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in the immunosuppressed host. Ann Intern Med 1984; 101: 1-7.
41. Bondoc AY, White DA,. Granulomatous Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with malignancy. Thorax 2002; 57: 435-437.
42. Studemeister A, Dass S,. A patient with dyspnea, cough, and fever. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 43: 1461-1462, 1490-1461.
43. Akamatsu N, Sugawara Y, Kaneko J, Tamura S, Makuuchi M,. Preemptive treatment of fungal infection based on plasma (1 -> 3)beta- d -glucan levels after liver transplantation. Infection 2007; 35: 346-351.
44. Kawagishi N, Miyagi S, Satoh K, Akamatsu Y, Sekiguchi S, Satomi S,. Usefulness of beta- d glucan in diagnosing Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and monitoring its treatment in a living-donor liver-transplant recipient. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2007; 14: 308-311.
45. Costa JM, Botterel F, Cabaret O,. Association between circulating DNA, serum (1->3)-beta- d -glucan, and pulmonary fungal burden in Pneumocystis pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55: e5-e8.
46. Sax PE, Komarow L, Finkelman MA, et al. Blood (1->3)-beta- d -glucan as a diagnostic test for HIV-related Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 53: 197-202.
47. Karageorgopoulos DE, Qu JM, Korbila IP, Zhu YG, Vasileiou VA, Falagas ME,. Accuracy of β- d -glucan for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: A meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 19: 39-49.
48. Yasuoka A, Tachikawa N, Shimada K, Kimura S, Oka S,. (1->3) beta- d -glucan as a quantitative serological marker for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1996; 3: 197-199.
49. Fishman JA,. Treatment of infection due to Pneumocystis carinii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 1309-1314.
50. Schmatz DM, Romancheck MA, Pittarelli LA, et al. Treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with 1,3-beta-glucan synthesis inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 5950-5954.
51. Powles MA, Liberator P, Anderson J, et al. Efficacy of MK-991 (L-743,872), a semisynthetic pneumocandin, in murine models of Pneumocystis carinii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 1985-1989.
52. Annaloro C, Della Volpe A, Usardi P, Lambertenghi Deliliers G,. Caspofungin treatment of Pneumocystis pneumonia during conditioning for bone marrow transplantation. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2006; 25: 52-54.
53. Utili R, Durante-Mangoni E, Basilico C,. Efficacy of caspofungin addition to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole treatment for severe pneumocystis pneumonia in solid organ transplant recipients. Transplantation 2007; 84: 685-688.
54. Armstrong-James D, Stebbing J, John L, et al. A trial of caspofungin salvage treatment in PCP pneumonia. Thorax 2011; 66: 537-538.
55. Ceballos ME, Ortega M, Andresen M,. Successful treatment with echinocandin in an HIV-infected individual failing first-line therapy for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. AIDS 2011; 25: 2192-2193.
56. Mandujano JF, D'Souza NB, Nelson S,. Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151: 1233-1238.
57. Gordon SM, LaRosa SP, Kalmadi S,. Should prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in solid organ transplant recipients ever be discontinued ? Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28: 240-246.
58. McKinnell JA, Cannella AP, Kunz DF, et al. Pneumocystis pneumonia in hospitalized patients: A detailed examination of symptoms, management, and outcomes in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and HIV-uninfected persons. Transpl Infect Dis 2012; 14: 510-518.
59. Ioannidis JP, Cappelleri JC, Skolnik PR, Lau J, Sacks HS,. A meta-analysis of the relative efficacy and toxicity of Pneumocystis carinii prophylactic regimens. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156: 177-188.
60. Hughes WT,. Use of dapsone in the prevention and treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: A review. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 27: 191-204.
61. Lee I, Barton TD, Goral S, et al. Complications related to dapsone use for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia prophylaxis in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2005; 5: 2791-2795.
62. El-Sadr WM, Murphy RL, Yurik TM, et al. Atovaquone compared with dapsone for the prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with HIV infection who cannot tolerate trimethoprim, sulfonamides, or both. Community Program for Clinical Research on AIDS and the AIDS Clinical Trials Group. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 1889-1895.
63. Gabardi S, Millen P, Hurwitz S, Martin S, Roberts K, Chandraker A,. Atovaquone versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia prophylaxis following renal transplantation. Clin Transplant 2012; 26: E184-E190.
64. Rodriguez M, Sifri CD, Fishman JA,. Failure of low-dose atovaquone prophylaxis against Pneumocystis jiroveci infection in transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38: e76-e78.
65. Zavascki AP, Maia AL, Goldani LZ,. Pneumocystis jiroveci thyroiditis: Report of 15 cases in the literature. Mycoses 2007; 50: 443-446.
66. Barber BA, Pegram PS, High KP,. Clindamycin/primaquine as prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 23: 718-722.
67. Levine SJ, Masur H, Gill VJ, et al. Effect of aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis on the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia by induced sputum examination in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144: 760-764.
68. Thomas CF, Jr., Limper AH,. Current insights into the biology and pathogenesis of Pneumocystis pneumonia. Nat Rev Microbiol 2007; 5: 298-308.
69. Bartlett MS, Vermund SH, Jacobs R, et al. Detection of Pneumocystis carinii DNA in air samples: Likely environmental risk to susceptible persons. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 2511-2513.
70. Olsson M, Lidman C, Latouche S, et al. Identification of Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis gene sequences in filtered air in hospital environments. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 1737-1740.