Restoring Self in Community: Collective Approaches to Psychological Trauma after Genocide

Journal of Social Issues

Volumn 69, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 111-124

  Anne Pearlman, Laurie ^a  

^a Training Institute Inc ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FUTURE PROSPECT; GENOCIDE; HEALTH IMPACT; MENTAL HEALTH; POST-WAR; PSYCHOLOGY; THEORETICAL STUDY; VIOLENCE;

EID: 84874811244     PISSN: 00224537     EISSN: 15404560     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/josi.12006     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Akcam, T. (2007). A shameful act: The Armenian genocide and the question of Turkish responsibility. New York: Holt Paperbacks.
2. Bar-Tal, D., Chernyak-Hai, L., Schori, N., & Gundar, A. (2009). A sense of self-perceived collective victimhood in intractable conflicts. International Review of the Red Cross, 91, 229-258. doi: 10.1017/S1816383109990221
3. Bilali, R. (2013). National narrative and social psychological influences in Turks' denial of the mass killings of Armenians as genocide. Journal of Social Issues, 69, 16-33.
4. Bilali, R., & Vollhardt, J. R. (2013). Priming effects of a reconciliation radio drama on historical perspective-taking in the aftermath of mass violence in Rwanda. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 144-151. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2012.08.011
5. Boris, N., Brown, L., Thurman, T., Rice, J., Snider, L, Ntaganira, J., & Nyirazinyoye, L. (2008). Depressive symptoms in youth heads of household in Rwanda: Correlates and implications for intervention. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 162, 836-843. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.162.9.836
6. Brown, R., & Cehajic, S. (2007). Dealing with the past and facing the future: Mediators of the effects of collective guilt and shame in Bosnia and Herzegovina. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 669-684. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.466
7. Brown, S. M., Baker, C. N., & Wilcox, P. (2012). Risking Connection trauma training: A pathway toward trauma-informed care in child congregate care settings. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 4, 507-515. doi: 10.1037/a0025269
8. Buckley-Zistel, S. (2006). Remembering to forget: Chosen amnesia as a strategy for local coexistence in post-genocide Rwanda. Africa: The Journal of the International African Institute, 76, 131-150. Project MUSE. Available online January 21, 2011, from http://muse.jhu.edu/
9. Danieli, Y. (1985). The treatment and prevention of long-term effects and intergenerational transmission of victimization: A lesson from Holocaust survivors and their children. In C. R. Figley (Ed.), Trauma and its wake (pp. 295-313). New York: Brunner/Mazel.
10. Danieli, Y. (2010). Fundamentals of working with (re)traumatized populations. In G. H. Brenner, D. H. Bush, J. Moses, G. H. Brenner, D. H. Bush, & J. Moses (Eds.), Creating spiritual and psychological resilience: Integrating care in disaster relief work (pp. 195-210). New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
11. de Jong, J. T. (2002). Public mental health, traumatic stress and human rights violations in low-income countries: A culturally appropriate model in times of conflict, disaster and peace. In J. T. de Jong (Ed.), Trauma, war, and violence: Public mental health in socio-cultural context (pp. 1-91). New York: Plenum Publishers.
12. Erber, R. (2002). Perpetrators with a clear conscience: Lying, self-deception, and belief change. In L. S. Newman & R. Erber (Eds.), Understanding genocide: The social psychology of the Holocaust (pp. 285-300). New York: Oxford University Press.
13. Frankl, V. (1984). Man's search for meaning [originally published in 1946]. New York: Washington Square Press/Simon & Shuster.
14. Giller, E., Vermilyea, E., & Steele, T. (2006). Risking Connection: Helping agencies embrace relational work with trauma survivors. Journal of Trauma Practice, 5, 65-82. doi:10.1300/J189v05n01_05
15. Green, B. (1993). Identifying survivors at risk: Trauma and stressors across events. In J. P. Wilson & B. Raphael (Eds.), International handbook of traumatic stress syndromes (pp. 135-144). New York: Plenum Press.
16. Green, B., Saunders, P., Power, E., Dass-Brailsford, P., Bhat Schelbert, K., Giller, E., Wissow, L., & Hurtado, A. (2010). Improving communication between primary care providers and their trauma patients. Poster presented at the 26th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
17. Hart, B. (2008). Peacebuilding leadership in traumatized societies. In B. Hart (Ed.), Peacebuilding in traumatized societies (pp. 108-128). Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
18. Helbig, H. (2011, April). Kumbuka kesho: Etude d'audience [Kumbuka kesho: Audience survey.] Unpublished report. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: La Benevolencija.
19. Jacob, N. (2009). Consequences of traumatic stress in Rwandan genocide survivors: Epidemiology, psychotherapy, and dissemination. Doctoral dissertation, University of Konstanz, Badem-Wurttemberg, Germany. Available online http://d-nb.info/1000485595/34 (Downloaded January 2, 2013.)
20. Kantowitz, R., & Riak, A. (2008). Critical links between peacebuilding and trauma healing: A holistic framework for fostering community development. In B. Hart (Ed.), Peacebuilding in traumatized societies (pp. 3-26). Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
21. Kaplan, S. (2013). Child survivors of the 1994 Rwandan genocide and trauma-related affect. Journal of Social Issues, 69, 92-110.
22. La Benevolencija. (2010). Etude d'audience et d'impact du feuilleton radiophonique Murikira Ukuri [Survey of the audience and the impact of the radio drama Murikira Ukuri]. Unpublished report. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: La Benevolencija.
23. La Benevolencija. (2011). Musekeweya impact evaluation and popularity survey. Unpublished report. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: La Benevolencija.
24. Lindner, E. G. (2009). Genocide, humiliation, and inferiority: An interdisciplinary perspective. In N. A. Robins & A. Jones (Eds.), Genocides by the oppressed: Subaltern genocide in theory and practice (pp. 138-158). Bloomington, IN: University of Indiana Press.
25. Lu, C. (2008). Shame, guilt and reconciliation after war. European Journal of Social Theory, 11, 367-383. doi: 10.1177/1368431008092568
26. Macek, I. (2009). The plight and fate of women during the crisis in the former Yugoslavia. In S. Totten (Ed.), The plight and fate of women during and following genocide (pp. 83-106). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
27. McCann, I. L., & Pearlman, L. A. (1990). Psychological trauma and the adult survivor: Theory, therapy, and transformation. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
28. Norris, F., Stevens, S., Pfefferbaum, B., Wyche, K., & Pfefferbaum, R. (2008). Community resilience as a metaphor, theory, set of capacities, and strategy for disaster readiness. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41, 127-150. doi: 10.1007/s10464-007-9156-6
29. Paluck, E. (2009). Reducing intergroup prejudice and conflict using the media: A field experiment in Rwanda. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 574-587. doi: 10.1037/a0011989;10.1037/a0011989.supp (Supplemental)
30. Pearlman, L. A. (1998). Trauma and the self: A theoretical and clinical perspective. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 1, 7-25. doi: 10.1300/J135v01n01_02
31. Pearlman, L. A. (2001). The treatment of persons with complex PTSD and other trauma-related disruptions of the self. In J. P. Wilson, M. J. Friedman, & J. D. Lindy (Eds.), Treating psychological trauma & PTSD (pp. 205-236). New York: The Guilford Press.
32. Pearlman, L. A. (2003). Trauma and Attachment Belief Scale (TABS) manual. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
33. Pearlman, L. A., & Caringi, J. (2009). Living and working self-reflectively to address vicarious trauma. In C. A. Courtois & J. D. Ford (Eds.), Treating complex traumatic stress disorders: An evidence-based guide (pp. 202-224). New York: The Guilford Press.
34. Pearlman, L. A., Wortman, C. B., Feuer, C. A., Farber, C. H., & Rando, T. A. (in press). Treating traumatic bereavement in survivors of sudden death. New York: The Guilford Press.
35. Pettigrew, T. (2003). People under threat: Americans, Arabs and Israelis. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 9, 69-90. doi: 10.1207/S15327949PAC0901_03
36. Priebe, S., Bogic, M., Ajdukovic, D., Franciskovic, T., Galeazzi, G. M., Kucukalic, A., Lecic-Tosevski, D., Morina, N., Popovski, M., Wang, D., & Schutzwohl, M. (2010). Mental disorders following war in the Balkans: A study in 5 countries. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 518-528.
37. Raina, D., Weine, S., Kulauzovic, Y., Feetham, S., Zhubi, M., Huseni, D., & Pavkovic, I. (2006). A framework for developing and implementing multiple-family groups for refugees. In G. Reyes & G. A. Jacobs (Eds.), Handbook of international disaster psychology: Vol. 3. Refugee mental health (pp. 37-64). New York: Praeger Publishers.
38. Saakvitne, K. W., Gamble, S. J., Pearlman, L. A., & Lev, B. T. (2000). Risking connection: A training curriculum for working with survivors of childhood abuse. Lutherville, MD: Sidran Foundation and Press.
39. Sajjad, T. (2009). The post-genocidal period and its impact on women. In S. Totten (Ed.), The plight and fate of women during and following genocide (pp. 219-248). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
40. Saul, J. (2009). International trauma studies program. In C. E. Stout (Ed.), The new humanitarians: Inspiration, innovations, and blueprints for visionaries (pp. 209-230). Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
41. Scheff, T. (2000). Shame and the social bond: A sociological theory. Sociological Theory, 18, 84-98. doi.org/10.1111/0735-2751.00089
42. Stanton, G. H. (1998). The 8 stages of genocide. Available online http://www.learning4u2.com/HAL/Independent%20study%20pages/Anne_Frank/Genocide%20Watch.pdf (Downloaded January 2, 2013.)
43. Staub, E. (1989). The roots of evil: The origins of genocide and other group violence. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
44. Staub, E. (2011). Overcoming evil: Genocide, violent conflict, and terrorism. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.
45. Staub, E. (2013). A world without genocide: Prevention, reconciliation and the creation of peaceful societies. Journal of Social Issues, 69, 180-199.
46. Staub, E., & Pearlman, L. A. (2009). Reducing intergroup prejudice and group conflict: A commentary. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 588-593. doi: 10.1037/a0014045
47. Staub, E., Pearlman, L. A., & Bilali, R. (2008). Psychological recovery, reconciliation, and the prevention of new violence: An approach and its uses in Rwanda. In B. Hart (Ed.), Peacebuilding in traumatized societies (pp. 131-153). Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
48. Staub, E., Pearlman, L. A., Gubin, A., & Hagengimana, A. (2005). Healing, reconciliation, forgiving, and the prevention of violence after genocide or mass killing: An intervention and its experimental evaluation in Rwanda. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24, 297-334. doi: 10.1521/jscp.24.3.297.65617
49. Staub, E., Pearlman, L. A., Haven, T. J., Bilali, R., & Vollhardt, J. (2007). Promoting healing and reconciliation in the Great Lakes Region. La Benevolencija Public Education Project Training Manual. Unpublished work, La Benevolencija, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
50. Stefansson, A. H. (2010). Coffee after cleansing? Co-existence, co-operation, and communication in post-conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina. Focaal, 57, 62-76. doi:10.3167/fcl.2010.570105
51. Summerfield, D. (2004). Cross-cultural perspectives on the medicalization of human suffering. In G. Rosen, Posttraumatic stress disorder: Issues and controversies (pp. 233-245). Sussex, U.K.: Wiley.
52. Volkan, V. D. (1996). Intergenerational transmission and "chosen" traumas: A link between the psychology of the individual and that of the ethnic group. In L. Rangell & R. Moses-Hrushovski (Eds.), Psychoanalysis at the political border: Essays in honor of Rafael Moses (pp. 257-282). Madison, CT: International Universities Press.
53. Vollhardt, J. (2009). The role of victim beliefs in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: Risk or potential for peace? Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 15, 135-159. doi:10.1080/10781910802544373
54. Weine, S. (2000). Survivor families and their strengths: Learning from Bosnians after genocide. Other Voices: The (e) Journal of Cultural Criticism, 2.
55. Weine, S. M., Knafl, K., & Feetham, S. (2005). A mixed-methods study of refugee families engaging in multiple-family groups. Family Relations, 54, 558-568. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3729.2005.00340.x
56. Weine, S., Kulauzovic, Y., Klebic, A., Besic, S., Mujagic, A., Muzurovic, J., Spahovic, D., Sclove, S., Pavkovic, I., Feetham, S., & Rolland, J. (2008). Evaluating a multiple-family group access intervention for refugees with PTSD. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 34, 149-164. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-0606.2008.00061.x
57. Weine, S., Muzurovic, N., Kulauzovic, Y., Besic, S., Lezic, A., Mujagic, A., Muzurovic, J., Spahovic, D., Feetham, S., Ware, N., Knafl, K., & Pavkovic, I. (2004). Family consequences of refugee trauma. Family Process, 43, 147-160. doi: 10.1111/j.1545-5300.2004.04302002.x
58. Wessells, M. G. (1999). Culture, power and community: Intercultural approaches to psychosocial assistance and healing. In K. Nader, N. Dubrow, & B. H. Stamm (Eds.), Honouring differences: Cultural issues in the treatment of trauma and loss (pp. 276-282). New York: Taylor and Francis.
59. Wessells, M. G. (2009a). Do no harm: Toward contextually appropriate psychosocial support in international emergencies. American Psychologist, 64, 842-854. doi:10.1037/0003-e066X.64.8.842
60. Wessells, M. (2009b). Community reconciliation and post-conflict reconstruction for peace. In J. de Rivera (Ed.), Handbook on building cultures of peace (pp. 349-361). New York: Springer Science +Business Media. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09575-2_24
61. Wessells, M. G., & Monteiro, C. (2006). Psychosocial assistance for youth: Toward reconstruction for peace in Angola. Journal of Social Issues, 62, 122-139. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2006.00442.x