Consequences of criminal court involvement for child victims

Psychology, Public Policy, and Law

Volumn 18, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 392-414

  Quas, Jodi A ^a   Goodman, Gail S ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Child victims; Criminal court; Legal attitudes; Mental health; Testimony

Indexed keywords

EID: 84874688723     PISSN: 10768971     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0026146     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Achenbach, T. M. (1994). Child Behavior Checklist and related instruments. In M. E. Mariush (Ed.), The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcome assessment (pp. 517-549). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
2. Back, C., Gustafsson, P. A., Larsson, I., & Berterö, C. (2011). Managing the legal proceedings: An interpretative phenomenological analysis of sexually abused children's experiences with the legal process. Child Abuse and Neglect, 35, 50-57. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2010.08.004.
3. Ben-Arieh, A., & Windman, V. (2007). Secondary victimization of children in Israel and the child's perspective. Annual Review of Victimology, 14, 321-336.
4. Berliner, L., & Conte, J. R. (1995). The effects of disclosure and intervention on sexually abused children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 19, 3, 371-384. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(94)00138-3.
5. Bill, D. F. (1995). The effect of testifying in court on children who have been sexually abused. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Fielding Institute.
6. Bishop, S. J., Murphy, J. M., Hicks, R., Quinn, D., Lewis, P. J., Grace, M., & Jellinek, M. S. (2000). What progress has been made in meeting the needs of seriously maltreated children? The course of 200 cases through the Boston Juvenile Court. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24, 599-610. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(00)00125-3.
7. Block, S. D. Oran, H., Oran, D., Baumrind, N., & Goodman, G. S. (2010). Abused and neglected children in court: Knowledge and attitudes. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34, 659-670. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2010.02.003.
8. Blount, R. L., Piira, T., & Cohen, L. L. (2003). Management of pediatric pain and distress due to medical procedures. In M. C. Roberts (Ed.), Handbook of Pediatric Psychology (3rd ed., pp. 216-233). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
9. Bottoms, B. L., Golding, J. M., Stevenson, M. C., Wiley, T., & Yozwiak, J. (2007). A review of factors affecting jurors' decisions in child sexual abuse cases. In M. P. Toglia, J. D. Read, D. F. Ross, & R. C. L. Lindsay, R. C. L. (Eds.), The handbook of eyewitness psychology, Vol I: Memory for events (pp. 509-543). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
10. Bottoms, B. L., & Goodman, G. S. (1994). Perceptions of children's credibility in sexual assault cases. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 702-732. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00608.x.
11. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
12. Bull, R., & Davies, G. M. (1996). The effects of child witness research on legislation in Great Britain. In B. Bottoms & G. S. Goodman (Eds.), International perspectives on child abuse and children's testimony (pp. 96-113). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
13. Cashmore, J. (2002). Innovative procedures for child witnesses. In H. Westcott, G. M. Davies, & R. Bull (Eds.), Children's testimony: A handbook of psychological research and forensic practice (pp. 203-218). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
14. Cashmore, J., & Bussey, K. (1989). Children's conception of the witness role. In J. Spencer, R. Nicholson, R. Flin & R. Bull (Eds.), Children's evidence in legal proceedings (pp. 177-188). Cambridge, MA: University of Cambridge.
15. Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (2005). Child maltreatment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 409-438. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144029.
16. Compas, B. E., Connor-Smith, J. K., Saltzman, H., Thomsen, A. H., & Wadsworth, M. E. (2001). Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence: Problems, progress, and potential in theory and research. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 1, 87-127. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.127.1.87.
17. Connell, M. (2009). The Child Advocacy Center model. In K. Kuehnle & M. Connell (Eds.), The evaluation of child sexual abuse allegations (pp. 423-449). New York, NY: Wiley.
18. Cooper, A. D., Quas, J. A., Wallin, A. R., & Lyon, T. D. (2010). Maltreated and nonmaltreated children's knowledge of the juvenile dependency court system. Child Maltreatment, 15, 255-260. doi:10.1177/1077559510364056.
19. Cordon, I., Goodman, G. S., & Anderson, S. (2003). Children in court. In P. Van Koppen & S. Penrod (Eds.), Adversarial versus inquisitorial legal systems (pp. 167-189). New York, NY: Kluwer Academic. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9196-6_10.
20. Crawford v. Washington (2004). 124 S. Ct. 1354.
21. Cross, T. P., Jones, L. M., Walsh, W. A., Simone, M., & Kolko, D. (2007). Child forensic interviewing in Children's Advocacy Centers: Empirical data on a practice model. Child Abuse & Neglect, 10, 1031-1052. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.04.007.
22. Davies, G. M., & Noon, E. (1991). An evaluation of the live link for child witnesses. London, UK: Home Office.
23. Dellinger, M. (2009). Using dogs for emotional support of testifying victims of crime. Animal Law, 15, 171-192.
24. Egeland, B., Yates, T., Appleyard, K., & van Dulmen, M. (2002). The long-term consequences of maltreatment in the early years: A developmental pathway model to antisocial behavior. Children's Services: Social Policy, Research, & Practice, 5, 249-260. doi:10.1207/S15326918CS0504_2.
25. Everson, M. D., Hunter, W. M., Runyan, D. K., Edelsohn, G. A., & Coulter, M. L. (1989). Maternal support following disclosure of incest. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 59, 197-207. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1989.tb01651.x.
26. Fagan, J., & Tyler, T. R. (2005). Legal socialization of children and adolescents. Social Justice Research, 18, 217-242. doi:10.1007/s11211-005-6823-3.
27. Finkelhor, D. (1983). Removing the child-prosecuting the offender in cases of sexual abuse: Evidence from the national reporting system for child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse & Neglect, 7, 195-205. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(83)90071-6.
28. Finkelhor, D., Cross, T. P., & Cantor, E. N. (2005). The justice system for juvenile victims: A comprehensive model of case flow. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 6, 83-102. doi:10.1177/1524838005275090.
29. Glaberson, W. (2011, August 8). By helping a girl testify at a rape trial, a dog ignites a legal debate. New York Times Online. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/09/nyregion/dog-helps-rape-victim-15-testify.html?_r=1&ref=williamglaberson.
30. Gold, L. J., Darley, J. M., Hilton, J. L., & Zanna, M. P. (1984). Children's perceptions of procedural justice. Child Development, 55, 1752-1759.
31. Goodman, G. S., Quas, J. A., Bulkley, J., & Shapiro, C. (1999). Innovations for child witnesses: A national survey. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 5, 255-281. doi:10.1037/1076-8971.5.2.255.
32. Goodman, G. S., Quas, J. A., & Ogle, C. M. (2010). Childhood trauma and memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 325-352. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100403.
33. Goodman, G. S., Taub, E. P., Jones, D. P., England, P., Port, L. K., Rudy, L., & Prado, L. (1992). Testifying in criminal court: Emotional effects on child sexual assault victims. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 57, Serial No. 229. doi:10.2307/1166127.
34. Goodman, G. S., Tobey, A. E., Batterman-Faunce, J. M., Orcutt, H., Thomas, S., Shapiro, C., & Sachsenmaier, T. (1998). Face-to-face confrontation: Effects of closed-circuit technology on children's eyewitness testimony and jurors' decisions. Law and Human Behavior, 22, 165-203. doi:10.1023/A:1025742119977.
35. Gray, E. (1993). Unequal justice: The prosecution of child sexual abuse. New York, NY: Free Press.
36. Grisso, T. (1981). Juveniles' waiver of rights: Legal and psychological competence. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
37. Grisso, T. (1997). The competence of adolescents as trial defendants. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 3, 3-32. doi:10.1037/1076-8971.3.1.3.
38. Grisso, T., Steinberg, L., Woolard, J., Cauffman, E., Scott, E., Graham, S., Schwartz, R. (2003). Juveniles' competence to stand trial: A comparison of adolescents' and adults' capacities as trial defendants. Law and Human Behavior, 27, 333-363. doi:10.1023/A:1024065015717.
39. Hall, S. R., & Sales, B. D. (2008). Courtroom modifications for child witnesses: Forensic evaluation. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/11808-000.
40. Harbeck-Weber, C., & McKee, D. H. (1995). Prevention of emotional and behavioral distress in children experiencing hospitalization and chronic illness. In M. C. Roberts (Ed.), Handbook of pediatric psychology (2nd ed., pp. 167-184). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
41. Haugaard, J. (2005). Implications of longitudinal research with child witnesses for developmental theory, public policy, and intervention strategies. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 70, 129-139, Serial No. 280. doi: 10.1111/j. 1540-5834.2005.00346.x.
42. Henry, J. (1997). System intervention trauma to child sexual abuse victims following disclosure. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 12, 499-512. doi:10.1177/088626097012004002.
43. Herman, J., & Hirschman, L. (1981). Families at risk for father-daughter incest. American Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 967-970.
44. Herszenhorn, D. M. (2000, January 2). Drug dealer found guilty in murder of child witness. New York Times. Retrieved from http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9800E0DE113FF93AA35755C0A9669C8B63.
45. Hughes, T. E., & Larson, L. N. (1991). Patient involvement in health care: A procedural justice viewpoint. Medical Care, 29, 297-303. doi:10.1097/00005650-199103000-00011.
46. International Centre for Criminal Law Reform and Criminal Justice Policy, (2001, September). Model Guidelines for the Effective Prosecution of Crimes Against Children. Sixth Annual Meeting of the International Association of Prosecutors, Sydney, Australia. Retrieved September 1, 2011, from http://www.icclr.law.ubc.ca/Site%20Map/Programs/Model_Guidelines.htm.
47. Jones, L., Cross, T. P., Walsh, W. A., & Simone, M. (2007). Do child advocacy centers improve families' experiences of child sexual abuse investigations? Child Abuse & Neglect, 31, 1069-1085. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.07.003.
48. Keiley, M. K., Howe, T. R., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (2001). The timing of child physical maltreatment: A cross-domain growth analysis of impact on adolescent externalizing and internalizing problems. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 891-912.
49. Kennedy v. Louisiana 128 S. Ct. 2641, (2008).
50. Khoury, A. (2006). Seen and heard: Involving children in dependency court. ABA Child Law Practice, 25, 145-155.
51. Liang, B., Williams, L. M., & Siegel, J. A. (2006). Relational outcomes of childhood sexual trauma in female survivors: A longitudinal study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21, 42-57. doi:10.1177/0886260505281603.
52. Lyon, T. D. (2008). The Supreme Court, hearsay, and Crawford: Implications for child interviewers. APSAC Advisor, Summer/Fall, 2-6.
53. Malloy, L. C., & Lyon, T. D. (2006). Caregiver support and child sexual abuse: Why does it matter? Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 15, 97-103. doi:10.1300/J070v15n04_06.
54. Malloy, L. C., Lyon, T. D., & Quas, J. A. (2007a). Filial dependency and recantation of child sexual abuse allegations. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 162-170. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000246067.77953.f7.
55. Malloy, L. C., Mitchell, E., Block, S., Quas, J. A., & Goodman, G. S. (2007b). Children's eyewitness memory: Balancing children's needs and defendants' rights when seeking the truth. In M. Toglia, J. D. Read, D. F. Ross, & R. C. L. Lindsay (Eds.), Handbook of eyewitness psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 545-575). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
56. Maryland v. Craig, 497 U.S. 836, 110 S. Ct. 3157 (1990).
57. Masten, A. S., & Coatsworth, J. D. (1998). The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments: Lessons from research on successful children. American Psychologist, 53, 205-220. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.53.2.205.
58. McAuliff, B. (2010). Child victim and witness research comes of age: Implications for social scientists, practitioners, and law. In B. L. Bottoms, C. Najdowski, & G. S. Goodman (Eds.), Children as victims, witnesses, and offenders (pp. 233-254). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
59. McWilliams, K., Augusti, E.-M., Dion, J., Block, S. D., Melinder, A. M., & Goodman, G. S. (in press). Children as witnesses. In G. Melton, A. Ben-Arieh, J. Cashmore, & G. S. Goodman (Eds.), Children in childhood: A handbook of child research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
60. Melton, G. B., & Berliner, L. (April, 1992). Preparing sexually abused children for testimony: Children's perceptions of the legal process (Final Report to the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect). Washington, DC.
61. Melton, G. B., & Wilcox, B. L. (2001). Children's law: Toward a new realism. Law and Human Behavior, 25, 3-12. doi:10.1023/A:1005683724247.
62. Ménard, K. S., & Ruback, R. B. (2003). Prevalence and processing of child sexual abuse: A multi-data-set analysis of urban and rural counties. Law and Human Behavior, 27, 385-402. doi:10.1023/A:1024084916626.
63. Mudaly, N., & Goddard, C. (2006). The truth is longer than a lie: Children's experiences of abuse and professional intervention. London, UK: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
64. Myers, J. E. B. (2005). Myers on evidence in child, domestic, and elder abuse cases. New York, NY: Aspen.
65. Nathanson, R., & Saywitz, K. J. (2003). The effects of the courtroom context on children's memory and anxiety. Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 31, 67-98.
66. Noon, E., & Davies, G. M. (1993). Child witnesses and the 'Live Link'. Expert Evidence, 2, 11-12.
67. Oates, K., & Tong, L. (1987). Sexual abuse of children: An area with room for professional reform. Medical Journal of Australia, 147, 544-548. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00091-X.
68. Paternoster, R., Bachman, R., Brame, R., & Sherman, L. W. (1997). Do fair procedures matter? The effect of procedural justice on spouse assault. Law & Society Review, 31, 163-204. doi:10.2307/3054098.
69. Piaget, J. (1932). The moral judgment of the child, London, UK: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co.
70. Pipe, M.-E., & Henaghan, M. (1996). Accommodating children's testimony: Legal reforms in New Zealand. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 23, 377-401. doi:10.1177/0093854896023002008.
71. Plotnikoff, J., & Woolfson, R. (2009). Measuring up? Evaluating Implementation of government commitments to young witnesses in criminal proceedings. London, UK: NSPCC.
72. Plotnikoff, J., & Woolfson, R. (2004). In their own words: The experiences of 50 young witnesses in criminal proceedings. London, UK: NSPCC.
73. Quas, J. A., Cooper, A., & Wandrey, L. (2009). Child victims in dependency court. In B. L. Bottoms, G. S. Goodman, & C. Nadjowski (Eds.), Child victims, child offenders: Psychology and law. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
74. Quas, J. A., Goodman, G. S., Ghetti, S., Alexander, K. W., Edelstein, R., Redlich, A. D., & Jones, D. P. H. (2005). Childhood sexual assault victims: Long-term outcomes after testifying in criminal court. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 70, Serial No. 280. doi:10.1111/j. 1540-5834.2005.00337.x.
75. Quas, J. A., & Sumaroka, M. (2011). Consequences of legal involvement on child victims of maltreatment. In M. Lamb, D. LaRooy, C. Katz, & L. Malloy (Eds.), Children's testimony (pp. 323-350). Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge Press. doi: 10.1002/9781119998495.ch16.
76. Quas, J. A., Wallin, A. R., Horwitz, B., Davis, E., & Lyon, T. (2009). Maltreated children's knowledge of and emotional reactions to dependency court involvement. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 27, 97-117. doi:10.1002/bsl.836.
77. Runyan, D. K., Everson, M. D., Edelsohn, G. A., Hunter, W. M., & Coulter, M. L. (1988). Impact of legal intervention on sexually abused children. Journal of Pediatrics, 113, 647-653. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(88)80373-1.
78. Rutter, M. (1985). Resilience in the face of adversity. Protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 598-611. doi:10.1192/bjp.147.6.598.
79. Rutter, M. (1983). Stress, coping, and development: Some issues and some questions. In N. Garmezy & M. Rutter (Eds.), Stress, coping, and development in children (pp. 1-41). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
80. Sameroff, A. J. (2000). Developmental systems and psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 297-312. doi:10.1017/S0954579400003035.
81. Sameroff, A. J., & Chandler, M. J. (1975). Reproductive risk and the continuum of caretaker casualty. In F. D. Horowitz (Ed.), Review of child development research (Vol. 4, pp. 187-244). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
82. Sas, L. D. (1991). Reducing the system-induced trauma for child sexual abuse victims through court preparation, assessment and follow-up. London, Ontario: London Family Court Clinic.
83. Sas, L. D. (1993). Three years after the verdict: A longitudinal study of the social and psychological adjustment of child witnesses referred to the Child Witness Project. London, Ontario: London Family Court Clinic.
84. Saywitz, K., Jaenicke, C., & Camparo, L. (1990). Children's knowledge of legal terminology. Law and Human Behavior, 14, 523-535. doi:10.1007/BF01044879.
85. Schudson, C. B. (1987). Making courts safe for children. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2, 120-122. doi:10.1177/088626087002001011.
86. Shore, M. F. (1985). The clinician as advocate: Interventions in court settings: Opportunities, responsibilities, and hazards. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 14, 236-238. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp1403_11.
87. Stogner v. California (01-1757) 539 US 607 (2003).
88. Stroud, D. D., Martens, S. L., & Barker, J. (2000). Criminal investigation of child sexual abuse: A comparison of cases referred to the prosecutor to those not referred. Child Abuse and Neglect, 24, 689-700. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(00)00131-9.
89. Tedesco, J. F., & Schnell, S. V. (1987). Children's reactions to sex abuse investigation and litigation. Child Abuse & Neglect, 2, 267-272. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(87)90066-4.
90. Thabet, A., Ibraheem, A. N., Shivram, R., Van Millingen, E. A., & Vostanis, P. (2009). Parenting support and PTSD in children of a war zone. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 55, 226-237. doi:10.1177/0020764008096100.
91. Troxel, N. R., Ogle, C. M., Cordon, I., Lawler, M., & Goodman, G. S. (2009). Child witnesses in criminal court. In B. L. Bottoms, C. Najdowski, & G. S. Goodman (Eds.), Children as victims, witnesses, and offenders: Psychological science and the law (pp. 150-166). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
92. Tyler, T. R. (2006). Restorative justice and procedural justice: Dealing with rule breaking. Journal of Social Issues, 62, 307-326. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2006.00452.x.
93. Tyler, T. R., & Lind, E. A. (2001). Procedural justice. In J. Sanders, & V. L. Hamilton (Eds.), Handbook of justice research in law (pp. 65-92). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
94. Walsh, W. A., Jones, L. M., Cross, T. P., & Lippert, T. (2010). Prosecuting child sexual abuse: The importance of evidence type. Crime & Delinquency, 56, 436-454. doi:10.1177/0011128708320484.
95. Walsh, W. A., Lippert, T., Cross, T. P., Maurice, D. M., & Davison, K. S. (2008). How long to prosecute child sexual abuse for a community using a children's advocacy center and two comparison communities? Child Maltreatment, 13, 3-13. doi:10.1177/1077559507307839.
96. Weisz, V., Wingrove, T., Beal, S. J., & Faith-Slaker, A. (2011). Children's participation in foster care hearings. Child Abuse & Neglect, 35, 267-272. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2010.12.007.
97. Whitcomb, S., Runyan, D. K., DeVos, E., Hunter, W. M., Cross, T. P., Everson, M. D., Cropper, C. (1991). Child victims as witnesses: Research and development program (Final report to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention). Washington, DC.
98. Zeltzer, L. K., Fanurik, D., & LeBaron, S. (1989). The cold pressor pain paradigm in children: Feasibility of an intervention model. Pain, 37, 305-313. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(89)90195-4.