Parenting support and PTSD in children of a war zone

International Journal of Social Psychiatry

Volumn 55, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 226-237

  Thabet, Abdel Aziz ^a   Ibraheem, Abu Nada ^a   Shivram, Raghuram ^b   Winter, Elizabeth A ^b   Vostanis, Ponos ^c  

^a AL QUDS UNIVERSITY   (Palestine)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER   (United Kingdom)

^c Child and Adolescent Psychiatry   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Parental support; Parenting; Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); Trauma; War

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; CHILD; CHILD PARENT RELATION; COMMUNITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE SEVERITY; FAMILY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH; PALESTINE; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; RANDOM SAMPLE; SCHOOL CHILD; SCORING SYSTEM; SOCIAL SUPPORT; WAR;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARABS; CHILD; CHILD PSYCHOLOGY; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; FAMILY RELATIONS; FEMALE; HUMANS; LIFE CHANGE EVENTS; MALE; MIDDLE EAST; PARENT-CHILD RELATIONS; PARENTING; PERSONALITY INVENTORY; PSYCHOMETRICS; QUESTIONNAIRES; REFUGEES; SAMPLING STUDIES; SOCIAL PERCEPTION; SOCIAL SUPPORT; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; WAR;

EID: 65449165579     PISSN: 00207640     EISSN: 17412854     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0020764008096100     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Ahmad, A., Sofi, M.A., Sundelin-Wahlsten, V. & Von Knorring, A. l. (2000) Post-traumatic stress disorder in children after the military operation 'Anfal' in Iraqi Kurdistan. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 9, 235-243.
2. Ajdukovic, M.D. (1998) Displaced adolescents in Croatia: A source of stress and post-traumatic stress reaction. Adolescence, 33, 209-217.
3. Barber, B.K. (2001) Political violence, social integration and youth functioning: Palestinian youth from Intifada. Journal of Community Psychology, 29, 259-280.
4. Burke, J.D., Borus, J., Burns, B.J., Millstein, K.H. & Beasley, M.C. (1982) Changes in children's behaviour after a natural disaster. American Journal of Psychiatry, 8, 1010-1014.
5. Cairns, E. (1996) Children and Political Violence. Oxford: Blackwell.
6. Cairns, E. & Davies, A. (1996) Children: Ethnic and political violence. Child Development, 67, 129-139.
7. Compas, B.E., Worsham, N.L. & Ey, S. (1992) Conceptual and developmental issues in children's coping with stress. In Stress and Coping in Child Health (eds A.M. La Greca, L.J. Siegal, J.L. Wallender & C.E. Walker), pp. 7-24. New York: Guilford.
8. Davies, P.T. & Windle, M. (1997) Gender-specific pathways between maternal depressive symptoms, family discord, and adolescent adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 33, 657-668.
9. Desjarlais, R., Eisenberg, L., Good, B. & Kleinman, A. (1995) World Mental Health: Problems and Priorities in Low-Income Countries. New York: Oxford University Press.
10. Dogra, N., Vostanis, P., Abuateya, H. & Jewson, N. (2005) Understanding of mental health and mental illness by Gujarati young people and their parents. Diversity in Health and Social Care, 2, 91-97.
11. Durakovic-Belko, E., Kulenovic, A. & Dapic, R. (2003) Determinants of post-traumatic adjustment in adolescents from Sarajevo who experienced war. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59, 27-40.
12. Farhood, L., Zurayk, H., Chaya, M., Saadeh, F., Meshefedjian, G. & Sidani, T. (1993) The impact of war on the physical and mental health of the family: The Lebanese experience. Social Science and Medicine, 36, 1555-1567.
13. Figley, C.R. (1983) Catastrophe: An overview of family reaction. In Stress and Family - Volume 2. Coping with Catastrophe (eds C.R. Figley & H.I. McCubbin). New York: Brunner/Mazel.
14. Figley, C.R. (1987) Post-traumatic family therapy. In Post-Traumatic Therapy (ed F. Ochberg). New York: Brunner/Mazel.
15. Garbarino, J. & Kostelny, K. (1996) The effects of political violence on Palestinian children's behaviour problems: A risk accumulation model. Child Development, 67, 33-45.
16. Green, B., Korol, M., Grace, M., Vary, M., Leonard, A., Gleser, G. & Smithson-Cohen, S. (1991) Children and disaster: Age, gender and parental effects on PTSD symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 945-951.
17. Khamis, V. (1993) Post-traumatic stress disorder among the injured of the Intifada. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6, 555-559.
18. Khamis, V. (2005) Post-traumatic stress disorder among school age Palestinian children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 29, 81-95.
19. Kuterovac, G., Dyregrov, A. & Stuvland, R. (1994) Children in war: A silent majority under stress. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 67, 363-375.
20. La Greca, A.M., Silverman, W.S., Vernberg, E.M. & Prinstein, M.J. (1996) Post-traumatic stress symptoms in children after hurricane Andrew. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 712-723.
21. Laor, N., Wolmer, L. & Cohen, D. (2001) Mothers' functioning and children's symptoms five years after a SCUD missile attack. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1020-1026.
22. Lonigan, C.J., Shannon, M.P., Taylor, C.M., Finch, J. & Sallee, F.R. (1994) Children exposed to disaster, II: Risk factors for the development of post-traumatic symptomatology. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 94-105.
23. Leinonen, J.A., Solantaus, T.S. & Punamaki, R.L. (2003) Parental mental health and children's adjustment: The quality of marital interaction and parenting as mediating factors. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 227-241.
24. Masten, A.S., Hubbard, J.J., Gest, S.D., Tellegen, A., Garmezy, N. & Ramirez, M. (1999) Competence in the context of adversity: Pathways to resilience and maladaptation from childhood to late adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 143-169.
25. Mohammed, A.A. (1996) Validity of Parenting Support Scale. Cairo: Anglo Egyptian Libra ry.
26. Nader, K., Pynoos, R., Fairbanks, L., Al-Ajeel, M. & Al-Asfoor, A. (1993) A preliminary study of PTSD and grief among the children of Kuwait following the Gulf crisis. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 32, 407-416.
27. Pfefferbaum, B. (1997) Post-traumatic stress disorder in children: A review of past 10 years. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1503-1511.
28. Phares, V. & Compas, B. (1992) The role of fathers in child and adolescent psychopathology: Make room for daddy. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 387-412.
29. Punamaki, R. & Suleiman, R. (1990) Predictors and effectiveness of coping with political violence among Palestinian children. British Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 67-77.
30. Punamaki, R., Qouta, S. & El Saraj, E. (1997) Models of traumatic experiences and children's psychological adjustment: The role of perceived parenting, children's resources and activity. Child Development, 68, 718-728.
31. Pynoos, R., Frederick, C. & Nader, K. (1987) Life threat and post-traumatic stress in school age children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 1057-1063.
32. Pynoos, R. (1990) Post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. In Psychiatric Disorders in Children and Adolescents (eds B.D. Garfinkel, G.A. Carlson & E.B. Weller). Philadelphia: Saunders.
33. Pynoos, R., Coenijian, A., Tashjian, M., Karakashian, M., Manjikian, A., Manoukian, G., Steinberg, A.M. & Fairbanks, L. (1993) Post-traumatic stress reactions in children after Armenian earthquake. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 239-247.
34. Pynoos, R., Steinberg, A. & Warth, R. (1995) A developmental model of childhood traumatic stress. In Developmental Psychopathology - Volume 2: Risk, Disorder and Adaptation (eds D. Cicchetti & D. Cohen). New York: Wiley.
35. Qouta, S., Punamaki, R. & El Sarraj, E.E. (1997) House demolition and mental health: Victims and witnesses. Journal of Social Distress and Homeless, 6, 203-211.
36. Qouta, S., Punamaki, R. & El Sarraj, E. (2005) Mother-child expression of psychological distress in war trauma. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 10, 135-156.
37. Radziszewska, B., Richardson, J., Dent, C. & Flay, B. (1996) Parenting style and adolescent depressive symptoms, smoking and academic achievement: Ethnic, gender, and SES differences. Journal of Behavioural Medicine, 19, 289-305.
38. Richters, J. & Martinez, P. (1993) The NIMH community violence project: Children's distress symptoms associated with violence exposure. Psychiatry, 56, 22-35.
39. Shaw, J., Applegate, B. & Shorr, C. (1996) Twenty-one month follow-up study of school age children exposed to hurricane Andrew. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 359-364.
40. Shaw, J. (2003) Children exposed to war/terrorism. Clinical Child Family Psychology Review, 6, 237-246.
41. Smith, P., Perrin, S., Yule, W. & Rabe-hesketh, S. (2001) War exposure and maternal reactions in the psychosocial adjustment of children from Bosnia-Herzegovina. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, 395-404.
42. Spitzer, R., Williams, J., Gibbon, M. & First, M. (1990) Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IIIR, Non-Patient Edition (SCID-NP) (Version 1.0) Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
43. Thabet, A.A. & Vostanis, P. (1999) Post-traumatic stress reactions in children of war. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 385-391.
44. Thabet, A.A. & Vostanis, P. (2000) Post-traumatic stress disorder reactions in children of war: A longitudinal study. Child Abuse and Neglect, 24, 460-469.
45. Thabet, A.A., Abed, Y. & Vostanis, P. (2001) Effects of trauma on the mental health of Palestinian children and mothers in the Gaza strip. East Mediterranean Health Journal, 7, 1-9.
46. Thabet, A.A., Abed, Y. & Vostanis, P. (2002) Emotional problems in Palestinian children living in a war zone: A cross-sectional study. Lancet, 359(9320), 1801-1804.
47. Thabet, A.A., Abed, Y. & Vostanis, P. (2004) Co-morbidity of PTSD and depression among refugee children during war conflict. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 533-542.
48. Virginia, G., Holman, E. & Silver, R. (2004) Adolescent vulnerability following the September 11th terrorist attacks: A study of parents and their children. Applied Developmental Science, 8, 130-142.
49. Udwin, O. (1993) Children's reactions to traumatic events. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34, 115-127.
50. Wolff, S. (1982) Children under Stress. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
51. Yule, W. (1990) Post-traumatic stress reactions in children. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3, 279-295.
52. Zahr, L. (1996) Effects of war on the behaviour of Lebanese pre-school children: Influence of home environment and family functioning. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 66, 401-408.