메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 296, Issue , 2013, Pages 41-52

Variation in logging debris cover influences competitor abundance, resource availability, and early growth of planted Douglas-fir

Author keywords

Microclimate; Soil productivity; Vegetation management

Indexed keywords

DOUGLAS FIR; EARLY GROWTH; FOLIAR NITROGEN; FOREST HARVESTING; FOREST REGENERATION; GROWING CONDITIONS; HERB COVER; INTERCEPTION LOSS; MICROCLIMATE; PACIFIC NORTHWEST; POTENTIAL EFFECTS; PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII; RESOURCE AVAILABILITY; SEEDLING GROWTH; SOIL DEPTH; SOIL PRODUCTIVITY; SOIL QUALITY; SOIL TEMPERATURE; SOIL WATER; SOIL WATER AVAILABILITY; SPLIT-PLOT DESIGN; TIMBER HARVESTS; TREE SEEDLINGS; VEGETATION CONTROL; VEGETATION MANAGEMENT; WASHINGTON; WATER POTENTIAL;

EID: 84874683459     PISSN: 03781127     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.01.033     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (46)

References (51)
  • 1
    • 35348858189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomass removal, soil compaction, and vegetation control effects on five-year growth of Douglas-fir in coastal Washington
    • Ares A., Terry T., Harrington C., Devine W., Peter D., Bailey J. Biomass removal, soil compaction, and vegetation control effects on five-year growth of Douglas-fir in coastal Washington. Forest Sci. 2007, 53:600-610.
    • (2007) Forest Sci. , vol.53 , pp. 600-610
    • Ares, A.1    Terry, T.2    Harrington, C.3    Devine, W.4    Peter, D.5    Bailey, J.6
  • 2
    • 31744449844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Designing forest vegetation management strategies based on the mechanisms and dynamics of crop tree competition by neighbouring vegetation
    • Balandier P., Collet C., Miller J.H., Reynolds P.E., Zedaker S.M. Designing forest vegetation management strategies based on the mechanisms and dynamics of crop tree competition by neighbouring vegetation. Forestry 2006, 79:3-27.
    • (2006) Forestry , vol.79 , pp. 3-27
    • Balandier, P.1    Collet, C.2    Miller, J.H.3    Reynolds, P.E.4    Zedaker, S.M.5
  • 3
    • 0003557632 scopus 로고
    • Evaluating Forest Stand Nutrient Status
    • British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, Canada
    • Ballard, T.M., Carter, R.E., 1986. Evaluating Forest Stand Nutrient Status. Land Management Report No. 20. British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, Canada, 60pp.
    • (1986) Land Management Report No. 20 , pp. 60
    • Ballard, T.M.1    Carter, R.E.2
  • 4
    • 33751171640 scopus 로고
    • Biomass and nutrient accretion on Piedmont sites following clearcutting and natural regeneration of loblolly pine
    • Shoulders, E. (ed.), Proc. Third Biennial South. Silv. Res. Conf. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-54
    • Cox, S.K., Van Lear, D.H., 1985. Biomass and nutrient accretion on Piedmont sites following clearcutting and natural regeneration of loblolly pine. In: Shoulders, E. (ed.), Proc. Third Biennial South. Silv. Res. Conf. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-54, pp. 501-506.
    • (1985) , pp. 501-506
    • Cox, S.K.1    Van Lear, D.H.2
  • 5
    • 33749178421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of Vegetation Control and Organic Matter Removal on Soil Water Content in a Young Douglas-fir Plantation
    • Paper PNW-RP-568
    • Devine, W.D., Harrington, C.A., 2006. Effects of Vegetation Control and Organic Matter Removal on Soil Water Content in a Young Douglas-fir Plantation. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Paper PNW-RP-568, 28pp.
    • (2006) USDA Forest Serv. Res , pp. 28
    • Devine, W.D.1    Harrington, C.A.2
  • 6
    • 34249981494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of harvest residues and vegetation on microsite soil and air temperatures in a young conifer plantation
    • Devine W.D., Harrington C.A. Influence of harvest residues and vegetation on microsite soil and air temperatures in a young conifer plantation. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 2007, 145:125-138.
    • (2007) Agric. Forest Meteorol. , vol.145 , pp. 125-138
    • Devine, W.D.1    Harrington, C.A.2
  • 8
    • 84874672125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterizing Early-seral Competitive Mechanisms influencing Douglas-fir Seedling Growth
    • Physiology of Selected Weedy Plant Species. Ph.D. dissertation, Oregon State University, Corvallis
    • Dinger, E.J., 2012. Characterizing Early-seral Competitive Mechanisms influencing Douglas-fir Seedling Growth, Vegetation Community Development, and Physiology of Selected Weedy Plant Species. Ph.D. dissertation, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 212pp.
    • (2012) Vegetation Community Development , pp. 212
    • Dinger, E.J.1
  • 9
    • 68949163723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integration of soil moisture, xylem water potential, and fall-spring herbicide treatments to achieve the maximum growth response in newly planted Douglas-fir seedlings
    • Dinger E.J., Rose R. Integration of soil moisture, xylem water potential, and fall-spring herbicide treatments to achieve the maximum growth response in newly planted Douglas-fir seedlings. Can. J. Forest Res. 2009, 39:1401-1414.
    • (2009) Can. J. Forest Res. , vol.39 , pp. 1401-1414
    • Dinger, E.J.1    Rose, R.2
  • 10
    • 78149464877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is the productivity decline in Norway spruce following whole-tree harvesting in the final felling in boreal Sweden permanent or temporary?
    • Egnell G. Is the productivity decline in Norway spruce following whole-tree harvesting in the final felling in boreal Sweden permanent or temporary?. Forest Ecol. Manage. 2011, 261:148-153.
    • (2011) Forest Ecol. Manage. , vol.261 , pp. 148-153
    • Egnell, G.1
  • 11
    • 27644507466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil physical disturbance and logging residue effects on changes in soil productivity in five-year-old pine plantations
    • Eisenbies M.H., Burger J.A., Aust W.M., Patterson S.C. Soil physical disturbance and logging residue effects on changes in soil productivity in five-year-old pine plantations. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2005, 69:1833-1843.
    • (2005) Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , vol.69 , pp. 1833-1843
    • Eisenbies, M.H.1    Burger, J.A.2    Aust, W.M.3    Patterson, S.C.4
  • 12
    • 0026277273 scopus 로고
    • Nutrient accumulation in vegetation following conventional and whole-tree harvest of Sitka spruce plantations in north Wales
    • Fahey T.J., Hill M.O., Stevens P.A., Hornung M., Rowland P. Nutrient accumulation in vegetation following conventional and whole-tree harvest of Sitka spruce plantations in north Wales. Forestry 1991, 64:271-288.
    • (1991) Forestry , vol.64 , pp. 271-288
    • Fahey, T.J.1    Hill, M.O.2    Stevens, P.A.3    Hornung, M.4    Rowland, P.5
  • 14
    • 0003655595 scopus 로고
    • Natural Vegetation of Oregon and Washington
    • USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-8. Portland, Oregon
    • Franklin, J.F., Dyrness, C.T., 1973. Natural Vegetation of Oregon and Washington. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-8. Portland, Oregon, pp. 38-43.
    • (1973) , pp. 38-43
    • Franklin, J.F.1    Dyrness, C.T.2
  • 15
    • 0003598218 scopus 로고
    • Plant Association and Management Guide for the Western Hemlock Zone
    • USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. R6-ECOL-232A-1986. Portland, Oregon
    • Halverson, N.M., Topik, C., Van Vickle, R., 1986. Plant Association and Management Guide for the Western Hemlock Zone. Mount Hood National Forest. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. R6-ECOL-232A-1986. Portland, Oregon, pp. 62-65.
    • (1986) Mount Hood National Forest , pp. 62-65
    • Halverson, N.M.1    Topik, C.2    Van Vickle, R.3
  • 16
    • 77949615945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of logging debris treatments on five-year development of competing vegetation and planted Douglas-fir
    • Harrington T.B., Schoenholtz S.H. Effects of logging debris treatments on five-year development of competing vegetation and planted Douglas-fir. Can. J. Forest Res. 2010, 40:500-510.
    • (2010) Can. J. Forest Res. , vol.40 , pp. 500-510
    • Harrington, T.B.1    Schoenholtz, S.H.2
  • 17
    • 0026054276 scopus 로고
    • Competition affects shoot morphology, growth duration, and relative growth rates of Douglas-fir saplings
    • Harrington T.B., Tappeiner J.C. Competition affects shoot morphology, growth duration, and relative growth rates of Douglas-fir saplings. Can. J. Forest Res. 1991, 21:474-481.
    • (1991) Can. J. Forest Res. , vol.21 , pp. 474-481
    • Harrington, T.B.1    Tappeiner, J.C.2
  • 18
    • 29844437999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aspen plant community response to organic matter removal and soil compaction
    • Haussler S., Kabzems R. Aspen plant community response to organic matter removal and soil compaction. Can. J. Forest Res. 2005, 35:2030-2044.
    • (2005) Can. J. Forest Res. , vol.35 , pp. 2030-2044
    • Haussler, S.1    Kabzems, R.2
  • 19
    • 0004087425 scopus 로고
    • Forested Plant Associations of the Olympic National Forest
    • USDA Forest Service. Report No. R6-ECOL-TP 001-88
    • Henderson, J.A., Peter, D.H., Lesher, R.D., Shaw, D.C., 1989. Forested Plant Associations of the Olympic National Forest. USDA Forest Service. Report No. R6-ECOL-TP 001-88, pp. 350-353.
    • (1989) , pp. 350-353
    • Henderson, J.A.1    Peter, D.H.2    Lesher, R.D.3    Shaw, D.C.4
  • 20
    • 0024189353 scopus 로고
    • Biomass and nutrients in regenerating woody vegetation following whole-tree and conventional harvest in a northern mixed forest
    • Hendrickson O.Q. Biomass and nutrients in regenerating woody vegetation following whole-tree and conventional harvest in a northern mixed forest. Can. J. Forest Res. 1988, 18:1427-1436.
    • (1988) Can. J. Forest Res. , vol.18 , pp. 1427-1436
    • Hendrickson, O.Q.1
  • 22
    • 0031806198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vector competition analysis: a new approach for evaluating vegetation control methods in young black spruce plantations
    • Imo M., Timmer V.R. Vector competition analysis: a new approach for evaluating vegetation control methods in young black spruce plantations. Can. J. Soil Sci. 1998, 78:3-15.
    • (1998) Can. J. Soil Sci. , vol.78 , pp. 3-15
    • Imo, M.1    Timmer, V.R.2
  • 23
    • 85102915139 scopus 로고
    • Sampling, handling, analyzing plant tissue samples
    • Soil Sci. Soc. Am, Madison, Wisconsin, R.L. Westerman (Ed.)
    • Jones J.B., Case V.W. Sampling, handling, analyzing plant tissue samples. Soil Testing and Plant Analysis 1990, 389-427. Soil Sci. Soc. Am, Madison, Wisconsin. third ed. R.L. Westerman (Ed.).
    • (1990) Soil Testing and Plant Analysis , pp. 389-427
    • Jones, J.B.1    Case, V.W.2
  • 24
    • 36749091871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of forest residual debris disposal on perennial grass emergence, growth, and survival in a ponderosa pine ecotone
    • Law D.J., Kolb P.F. The effects of forest residual debris disposal on perennial grass emergence, growth, and survival in a ponderosa pine ecotone. Rangeland Ecol. Manage. 2007, 60:632-643.
    • (2007) Rangeland Ecol. Manage. , vol.60 , pp. 632-643
    • Law, D.J.1    Kolb, P.F.2
  • 25
    • 0025529054 scopus 로고
    • Effects of soil temperature on root and shoot growth and on budburst timing in conifer seedling transplants
    • Lopushinsky W., Max T.A. Effects of soil temperature on root and shoot growth and on budburst timing in conifer seedling transplants. New Forests. 1990, 4(2):107-124.
    • (1990) New Forests. , vol.4 , Issue.2 , pp. 107-124
    • Lopushinsky, W.1    Max, T.A.2
  • 27
    • 0842332809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of harvest residue management on soil nitrogen dynamics in Eucalyptus globulus plantations in south western Australia
    • O'Connell A.M., Grove T.S., Mendham D.S., Rance S.J. Impact of harvest residue management on soil nitrogen dynamics in Eucalyptus globulus plantations in south western Australia. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2004, 36:39-48.
    • (2004) Soil Biol. Biochem. , vol.36 , pp. 39-48
    • O'Connell, A.M.1    Grove, T.S.2    Mendham, D.S.3    Rance, S.J.4
  • 28
    • 0011247639 scopus 로고
    • Understory biomass and nutrients 2years after timber harvest in northern Minnesota
    • Outcault K.W., White E.H. Understory biomass and nutrients 2years after timber harvest in northern Minnesota. Can. J. Forest Res. 1981, 11:305-308.
    • (1981) Can. J. Forest Res. , vol.11 , pp. 305-308
    • Outcault, K.W.1    White, E.H.2
  • 29
    • 84954072393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relations of Native and Exotic Species Five Years after Clearcutting with and without Herbicide and Logging Debris Treatments
    • USDA For. Serv. Pacific Northwest Research Station. Research Paper PNW-RP-589
    • Peter, D.H., Harrington, T.B., 2012. Relations of Native and Exotic Species Five Years after Clearcutting with and without Herbicide and Logging Debris Treatments. USDA For. Serv. Pacific Northwest Research Station. Research Paper PNW-RP-589, 37p.
    • (2012) , pp. 37
    • Peter, D.H.1    Harrington, T.B.2
  • 30
    • 49749130435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Salvage logging after windthrow alters microsite diversity, abundance and environment, but not vegetation
    • Peterson C.J., Leach A.D. Salvage logging after windthrow alters microsite diversity, abundance and environment, but not vegetation. Forestry 2008, 81:361-376.
    • (2008) Forestry , vol.81 , pp. 361-376
    • Peterson, C.J.1    Leach, A.D.2
  • 31
    • 41049104713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nine-year response of hardwood understory to organic matter removal and soil compaction
    • Ponder F. Nine-year response of hardwood understory to organic matter removal and soil compaction. North J. Appl. Forestry 2008, 25(1):25-31.
    • (2008) North J. Appl. Forestry , vol.25 , Issue.1 , pp. 25-31
    • Ponder, F.1
  • 33
    • 84874705579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PRISM Climate Group, PRISM (Parameter-Elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model) Climate Mapping System. Oregon State University. (accessed 30.10.12).
    • PRISM Climate Group, 2012. PRISM (Parameter-Elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model) Climate Mapping System. Oregon State University. (accessed 30.10.12). http://prism.oregonstate.edu.
    • (2012)
  • 35
    • 11444270720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Harvest residue and competing vegetation affect soil moisture, soil temperature, N availability, and Douglas-fir seedling growth
    • Roberts S.D., Harrington C.A., Terry T.A. Harvest residue and competing vegetation affect soil moisture, soil temperature, N availability, and Douglas-fir seedling growth. Forest Ecol. Manage. 2005, 205:333-350.
    • (2005) Forest Ecol. Manage. , vol.205 , pp. 333-350
    • Roberts, S.D.1    Harrington, C.A.2    Terry, T.A.3
  • 36
    • 33745650481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of organic matter removal and soil compaction on fifth-year mineral soil carbon and nitrogen contents for sites across the United States and Canada
    • Sanchez F.G., Tiarks A.E., Kranabetter J.M., Page-Dumroese D.S., Powers R.F., Sanborn P.T., Chapman W.K. Effects of organic matter removal and soil compaction on fifth-year mineral soil carbon and nitrogen contents for sites across the United States and Canada. Can. J. Forest Res. 2006, 36(3):565-576.
    • (2006) Can. J. Forest Res. , vol.36 , Issue.3 , pp. 565-576
    • Sanchez, F.G.1    Tiarks, A.E.2    Kranabetter, J.M.3    Page-Dumroese, D.S.4    Powers, R.F.5    Sanborn, P.T.6    Chapman, W.K.7
  • 37
    • 84874704626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SAS Institute, Inc., The SAS System for Windows. Version 9.2. Cary, NC.
    • SAS Institute, Inc., 2008. The SAS System for Windows. Version 9.2. Cary, NC.
    • (2008)
  • 38
    • 0034142310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timber harvesting residue treatment. Part II. Understory vegetation response
    • Scherer G., Zabowski D., Java B., Everett R. Timber harvesting residue treatment. Part II. Understory vegetation response. Forest Ecol. Manage. 2000, 126:35-50.
    • (2000) Forest Ecol. Manage. , vol.126 , pp. 35-50
    • Scherer, G.1    Zabowski, D.2    Java, B.3    Everett, R.4
  • 39
    • 69249137805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dissolved carbon and nitrogen leaching following variable logging-debris retention and competing-vegetation control in Douglas-fir plantations of western Oregon and Washington
    • Slesak R.A., Schoenholtz S.H., Harrington T.B., Strahm B.D. Dissolved carbon and nitrogen leaching following variable logging-debris retention and competing-vegetation control in Douglas-fir plantations of western Oregon and Washington. Can. J. Forest Res. 2009, 39:1484-1497.
    • (2009) Can. J. Forest Res. , vol.39 , pp. 1484-1497
    • Slesak, R.A.1    Schoenholtz, S.H.2    Harrington, T.B.3    Strahm, B.D.4
  • 40
    • 77049126446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) foliar nitrogen responses to variable logging-debris retention and competing vegetation control in the Pacific Northwest
    • Slesak R.A., Harrington T.B., Schoenholtz S.H. Soil and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) foliar nitrogen responses to variable logging-debris retention and competing vegetation control in the Pacific Northwest. Can. J. Forest Res. 2010, 40:254-264.
    • (2010) Can. J. Forest Res. , vol.40 , pp. 254-264
    • Slesak, R.A.1    Harrington, T.B.2    Schoenholtz, S.H.3
  • 41
    • 79952607584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Initial response of soil carbon and nitrogen to harvest intensity and competing vegetation control in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) plantations of the Pacific Northwest
    • Slesak R.A., Schoenholtz S.H., Harrington T.B., Meehan N.A. Initial response of soil carbon and nitrogen to harvest intensity and competing vegetation control in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) plantations of the Pacific Northwest. Forest Sci. 2011, 57(1):26-35.
    • (2011) Forest Sci. , vol.57 , Issue.1 , pp. 26-35
    • Slesak, R.A.1    Schoenholtz, S.H.2    Harrington, T.B.3    Meehan, N.A.4
  • 42
    • 84860390426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil carbon and nutrient pools in Douglas-fir plantations 5years after manipulating biomass and competing vegetation in the Pacific Northwest
    • Slesak R.A., Schoenholtz S.H., Harrington T.B. Soil carbon and nutrient pools in Douglas-fir plantations 5years after manipulating biomass and competing vegetation in the Pacific Northwest. Forest Ecol. Manage. 2011, 262:1722-1728.
    • (2011) Forest Ecol. Manage. , vol.262 , pp. 1722-1728
    • Slesak, R.A.1    Schoenholtz, S.H.2    Harrington, T.B.3
  • 43
    • 0013447060 scopus 로고
    • W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, 427-428, 677-683
    • Sokal R.R., Rohlf F.J. Biometry 1981, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, pp. 419-421, 427-428, 677-683. second ed.
    • (1981) Biometry , pp. 419-421
    • Sokal, R.R.1    Rohlf, F.J.2
  • 44
    • 0025631020 scopus 로고
    • Effect of harvest intensity and ground flora establishment on inorganic-N leaching from a Sitka spruce plantation in north Wales, UK
    • Stevens P.A., Hornung M. Effect of harvest intensity and ground flora establishment on inorganic-N leaching from a Sitka spruce plantation in north Wales, UK. Biogeochemistry 1990, 10:53-65.
    • (1990) Biogeochemistry , vol.10 , pp. 53-65
    • Stevens, P.A.1    Hornung, M.2
  • 45
    • 68349144327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early growth responses of lodgepole pine and Douglas-fir to soil compaction, organic matter removal, and rehabilitation treatments in southeastern British Columbia
    • Tan X., Curran M., Chang S., Maynard D. Early growth responses of lodgepole pine and Douglas-fir to soil compaction, organic matter removal, and rehabilitation treatments in southeastern British Columbia. Forest Sci. 2009, 55(3):210-220.
    • (2009) Forest Sci. , vol.55 , Issue.3 , pp. 210-220
    • Tan, X.1    Curran, M.2    Chang, S.3    Maynard, D.4
  • 46
    • 84874690488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United States Department of Agriculture, National Resources Conservation Service (USDA NRCS), Official Soil Series Descriptions. (accessed 30.10.12).
    • United States Department of Agriculture, National Resources Conservation Service (USDA NRCS), 2012. Official Soil Series Descriptions. (accessed 30.10.12). http://soils.usda.gov/technical/classification/osd/.
    • (2012)
  • 47
    • 31744448021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of vegetation management for enhancing productivity of the world's forests
    • Wagner R.G., Little K.M., Richardson B., McNabb K. The role of vegetation management for enhancing productivity of the world's forests. Forestry 2006, 79:57-79.
    • (2006) Forestry , vol.79 , pp. 57-79
    • Wagner, R.G.1    Little, K.M.2    Richardson, B.3    McNabb, K.4
  • 50
    • 0034141651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timber harvesting residue treatment: Part 1. Responses of conifer seedlings, soils and microclimate
    • Zabowski D., Java B., Scherer G., Everett R.L., Ottmar R. Timber harvesting residue treatment: Part 1. Responses of conifer seedlings, soils and microclimate. Forest Ecol. Manage. 2000, 126:25-34.
    • (2000) Forest Ecol. Manage. , vol.126 , pp. 25-34
    • Zabowski, D.1    Java, B.2    Scherer, G.3    Everett, R.L.4    Ottmar, R.5
  • 51
    • 0033493515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fascicle nutrient and biomass responses of young loblolly pine to control of woody and herbaceous competitors
    • Zutter B.R., Miller J.H., Allen H.L., Zedaker S.M., Edwards M.B., Newbold R.A. Fascicle nutrient and biomass responses of young loblolly pine to control of woody and herbaceous competitors. Can. J. Forest Res. 1999, 29:917-925.
    • (1999) Can. J. Forest Res. , vol.29 , pp. 917-925
    • Zutter, B.R.1    Miller, J.H.2    Allen, H.L.3    Zedaker, S.M.4    Edwards, M.B.5    Newbold, R.A.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.