Hwa-byung: An anger syndrome and proposing new anger disorder

Psychology of Anger: Symptoms, Causes and Coping

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-49

  Min, Sung Kil ^a,b  

^a Seoul Metropolitan Eunpyeong Hospital   (South Korea)

^b Yonsei University   (South Korea)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84874576628     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (121)

1. Min, SK. Clinical correlates of hwa-byung and a proposal of a new anger disorder. Psychiatry Invest, 2008;5:125-141.
2. Min, SK; Suh, S-Y; Song, K-J. Symptoms to use for the diagnostic criteria of hwa-byung. Psychiatry Invest, 2009;6:7-12.
3. Min, SK; Suh, S-Y; Son, SJ; Cho, YK; Song KJ. Development of the Hwa-byung Scale and the research criteria of hwa-byung. J. Korean Neurospcyaitric Assoc, 2009;48:77-85.
4. Min, SK; Suh S-Y. Anger syndrome, hwa-byung and its comorbidity. J. Affect. Dis, 2010;124: 211-214.
5. Spilberger, CD; Jacobs, G; Russell, S; Crane, RS. Assessment of anger: the State-Trait Anger-Scale. In: Butcher, JN; Spielberger, CD, editors. Advances in Personality Assessment, vol. 2. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1983; pp.161-189.
6. Snaith, RP; Taylor, CM. Irritability: Definition, assessment and associated factors. Br. J. Psychiatry, 1985;147:127-136.
7. Fava, M; Anderson, K; Rosenbaum, JF. "Anger attacks": Possible variants of panic and major depressive disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry, 1990;147:867-870.
8. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder. 4th ed. DSM-IV, Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association Press; 1994.
9. Yudofsky, SC; Silver, JM; Hales, RE. Treatment of aggressive disorders. In: Schatzberg, AF; Nemeroff, CB, editors. Textbook of Psychopharmacology. 2nd edition, Washington DC: The American Psychiatric Press; 1998; pp.735-751.
10. van Praag, HM. Anxiety and increased aggression as pacemakers of depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 1998;98(suppl. 393):81-88.
11. Deffenbacher, J. Cognitive-behavioral conceptualization and treatment of anger. J. Clin. Psychol. ,1999;55:295-309.
12. Tafrate, RC; Kassinove, H; Dundin, L. Anger episodes in high- and low-trait-anger community adults. J. Clin. Psychology, 2002;58:1573-1590.
13. Linden, M. Posttraumatic Embitterment Disorder. Psychother. Psychosom, 2003;72: 195-202.
14. DiGiuseppe, R; Raymond, C; Tafrate, RC. Understanding Anger Disorders. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2006.
15. Eckhardt, C; Deffenbacher, J. Diagnosis of Anger Disorders. In: Kassinove H, editor. Anger Disorders: Definition, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis; 1995; pp. 27-48.
16. Kassinove, H; Sukhodolsky, FG. Anger disorders: Basic science and practice issues. In: Kassinove H..editors. Anger disorders. definition, diagnosis and treatment. Taylor and Francis; 1995; pp.1-26.
17. Lee, SH. A study on the "hwa-byung" (anger syndrome). J. Korea Gen. Hosp, 1977;1:63-69.
18. Min, SK; Kim, JH. A study on hwa-byung in Bokil Island. J. Korean Neuropsychiatr. Assoc, 1986; 25:459-466.
19. Min, SK; Lee, MH; Shin, JH. A diagnostic study of hwa-byung. J. Korean Med. Assoc, 1986;29:653-661.
20. Min, SK; Lee, MH; Kang, HC; Lee, HY. A clinical study of hwa-byung. J. Korean Med. Assoc,1987;30:187-197.
21. Min, SK. A study on the concept of hwa-byung. J. Korean Neuropsychiat. Assoc, 1989;28:604-615.
22. Min, SK; Soh, EH; Pyohn, YW. The concept of hwa-byung of Korean psychiatrists and herb physicians. J. Korean Neuropsychiatr. Assoc, 1989;28:145-154.
23. Lee, SH; Cho, SY; Lee, SH. Processing mechanism of hwa-byung as the wool-hwa disease. J. Koryo Gen. Hosp, 1989;12:151-156.
24. Lee, SH; Oh, KS; Cho, SY; Bae, SJ; Lee, SH; Kim, YC. A clinical study of hwa-byung(II) - hwa-byung as the reaction of anger. J. Koryo Gen. Hosp, 1989;12:145-150.
25. Min, SK; Namkoong, K; Lee, HY. An epidemiological study of hwa-byung. J. Korean Neuropsychiatr. Assoc, 1990;29:867-874.
26. Min, SK. Hwa-byung and the psychology of Haan. J. Korean Med. Assoc, 1991;34:1189-1198.
27. Min, SK; Park, CS; Hahn, JO. Defense mechanisms and coping strategies in hwa-byung. J. Korean Neuropsychiatr. Assoc, 1993;32:506-516.
28. Lee, C; Lee, CH; Hong, JP; Kim, SY; Kim, CY; Park, IH; Han, OS. A comparative study on illness-concept of hwa-byung between the hwa-byung experienced group and the inexperienced group. Ulsan University Med. J, 1995;4:45-54.
29. Park, JH; Min, SK; Lee, MH. A study on the diagnosis of hwa-byung. J. Korean Neuropsychiat. Assoc, 1997;36:496-502.
30. Min, SK; Kim, KH. Symptoms of hwa-byung. J. Korean Neuropsychiat. Assoc, 1998;37:1138-1145.
31. Min, SK. Cultural-relatedness of hwa-byung and beyond. Behavioral Science In Medicine 2004;3:97-102.
32. Min, SK; Hong HJ. Prognosis of hwa-byung. Unpublished report. Behavioral Science In Medicine 2006;5:93-99.
33. Rhi, B-Y. Hwa-byung-An overview. Psychiatry Invest, 2004;1:21-24.
34. Park, YC. Hwa-byung. Symptoms and diagnosis. Psychiatry Invest 2004;1:25-28.
35. Min, SK. Treatment and prognosis of hwa-byung. Psychiatry Investigation 2004;1:29-36.
36. Kwon, JH; Min. SK; Kim. JW. Hwa-byung and DSM-IV axis 1 diagnosis. Presented at the 2006 Annual Academinc Meeting of the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association. October 23-24, 2006.
37. Son, SJ; Min, SK. Discrimination of symptoms for diagnosis of hwa-byung. J. Korean Neuropsychiatr. Assoc, 2010:49:171-177.
38. Chung, C; Cho, S. Conceptualization of jeong and dynamics of hwa-byung. Psychiatry Invest. 2006;3:46-54.
39. Lee, BT; Paik, JW; Kang, RH; Chung, SY; Kwon, HI; Khang, HS; Lyoo, IK; Chae, JH; Kwon, JH; Kim, JW; Lee, MS; Ham, BJ. The neural substrates of affective face recognition in patients with hwa-byung and healthy individuals in Korea. World J. Biol. psychiatry, 2008;10:552-559.
40. Min, SK; Suh, SY; Jeon, DI; Hong, HJ; Park, SJ; Song, KJ. Effects of paroxetine on symptoms of hwa-byung. Korean J. psychopharmacol, 2009;20:90-97.
41. Kim. JT, Hwa-byung in the view of the oriental medicine. J. Oriental Neuropsychiatry, 1992;3:63-68.
42. Kim, JW. Hwa-byung in oriental medicine. Behavioral Science in Medicine, 2004;3:103-107.
43. Kim, TH; Lyu, SH. The clinical study of digital infrared thermographical imaging on hwa-byung patients. J. Oriental Neuropsychiatry, 1999;10:133-146.
44. Kim, JW; Kwon, JH; Lee, MS; Park, DH. Development of hwa-byung diagnostic interview schedule (HBDIS) and its validity test. Korean J. health Psychology, 2004;9:321-331.
45. Chon, KK; Whang, WW; Kim, JW; Park, HK. Relationship between hwa-byung and emotional stress. Korean J. health Psychology, 1997;2:170-180.
46. Chon, KK; Kim, JW; Park, HK. Life stress and coping styles of hwa-byung patients and healthy control. Korean J. Psychosom. Stress Assoc, 1998;6:9-23.
47. Chon, KK; Park, HK; Kim, JW. Symptom interpretation in patients with hwa-byung and hypertension. Korean J. Health Psychology, 1998;3:114-128.
48. Kwon, JH; Kim, JW; Park, DK; Lee, MS; Min, SK; Kwon, HI. Development and validation of the Hwa-byung Scale. Korean J. Clin. Psychol, 2008;27:237-252.
49. Lee, KJ. Psychiatric Nursing intervention program on the hwa-byung patient. Ewha J. Nursing, 1996;8:87-99.
50. Kim ,SY. Hwa-byung in nursing. Korean J. Nursing, 1998;29:1221-1232.
51. Park, AS, Marital conflicts in groups with hwa-byung and depression. Cognitive evaluation and coping methods. A dissertation for master degree in nursing science, Korea University Graduate School. 1999.
52. Park ,YS; Chae, EO. A study on hwa-byung. Community Nursing, 2001;12:705-715.
53. Park, Y; Kim, HS; Kang, H; Kim, J. A survey of Hwa-Byung in middle-age Korean women. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 2001;12:115-122.
54. Park, Y; Kim, HS; Schwartz-Barcott, D; Kim, J. The conceptual structure of hwa-byung in middle-aged Korean women. Health Care for Women International, 2002;23:389-397.
55. Chae, SO. An ethnographic study on the experience of middle-aged women with hwa-byung. A dissertationis for doctoral degree in nursing science. Keimyung University Graduates School. 2002.
56. Shin, HS; Shin, DS. Korean women's causal perceptions of hwa-byung. Korean J. Women Health Nurs, 2004;10:283-290.
57. Choi, YJ; Pang, KY; Kim, S. A transcultural model of hwa-byung: A ground theory. J. Korean Acad. Psych. Mental Health. 2006;15:508-512.
58. Kang, DH; Lee, SH. Multiple therapeutic process of hwa-byung. Anthropological approach to a folk illness behavior in Korea. Journal of Ethnomedicine. 1998;14/(Special issue 19):78-86.
59. Park, NH. Hwa-byung of middle-aged women and their coping methods. A dissertation for master degree for family mission. Korea Baptist Theological University; 2005.
60. Choi, HK. An approach based on family system theory to the healing of Hwa-byung of the wife of a pastor in Korea. A dissertation for master degree, Hanse University, 2003
61. Jeong, JY. The effects of MAUM meditation on hwa-byung symptoms, medical health condition, self esteem anger, stress and coping methods. A dissertation for master degree in counseling psychology, Myungji University Graduated School of Social Education, 2005.
62. Lin, K-M. Hwa-byung: A Korean culture-bound syndrome? Am. J. Psychiatry, 1983;140:105-107.
63. Lin. K-M; Lau, JKC; Yamamoto, J; Zheng, Y-P; Kim, H-S; Cho, K-H; Nakasaki, G. Hwa-byung. A community study of Korean-Americans. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis, 1992;180;386-391.
64. Pang, KYC: Hwa-byung: The construction of a Korean popular illness among Korean elderly immigrant women in the United States. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 1990;14:495-512.
65. Yong, F; McCallion, P. Hwa-byung as a caregiving stress among Korean-American caregivers of a relative of dementia. J. Gerontological Social Work, 2003;42:3-20.
66. Roberts, ME; Han, KH; Weed, NC. Development of a scale to assess hwa-byung, a Korean culture bound syndrome, using the Korean MMPI-2. Transcultural Psychiatry, 2006;43:383-400.
67. Somers, S. Examining anger in "culture-bound" syndrome. Psychiatric Times, January, 1998, pp. 44-45.
68. Kim, L. Haan and hwa-byung. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, San Diego, May 14-17, 1997
69. Kim, YK. Won-haan and hwa-zung (hwa-byung). Proceeding of Symposium. Hwa-byung of Koreans-The Cultural Diagnosis and Treatment. 1997 March 20, Seoul: The Academy of Korean Studies, pp. 5-17..
70. Min, SK; Lee, JS; Hahn, JO. A psychiatric study on haan. J. Korean Neuropsychiatr. Assoc, 1997;36:603-611.
71. Chon, KK; Kim, KH; Ryoo, JB. Experience and expression of anger in Koreans and Americans. J. Rehab. Psychol, 2000;7:61-75.
72. Hughes, CC. The culture-bound syndromes and psychiatric diagnosis. A DSM-IV perspective. In: Mezzich, JE; Kleinman, A; Farega, Jr H; Parron, DL, editors. Culture and psychiatric diagnosis. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc;1996; pp.289-309.
73. Minjung Seorim. Essence Korean-English Dictionary. The 3rd edition, Seoul: Minjung Seorim Pub Co; 1997.
74. Han, WS; Kim, SK. An essay on Haan in popular sociological concept. Seoul: Hankil-sa; 1980.
75. Ko, E. For the purpose to overcome haan. Stories of haan. Seoul: Bori; 1988.
76. Rhi, BY. The legend of won-ryung and psychology of haan. In: Kim, HK, editor. Traditional Society and People's Art. Seoul: Min-um Sa; 1980; pp.95-107
77. Paek, SC. Korean society and culture. Seoul: The Academy of Korea Study; 1984
78. Lee, HJ. Haan of Korean women. Seoul, Chungwoo-sa, 1978.
79. Chung, HK. Struggle to be the sun again. Maryknoll, NY ; Orbis Books,;1991.
80. Hwang, YH. A study of hwa-byung in Korean Society: Narcissistic and masochistic self-disorder and Christian conversion. A dissertation for degree of PhD. Princeton Theological Seminary; 1995.
81. Min, SK; Lee, CH; Kim, JY; Shim, EJ. PTSD in survived comfort women for Japanese army during WWII. J. Korean Neuropsychiatr. Assoc, 2004;43:740-748.
82. Pilowsky, I; Spence, ND. Hostility and depressive illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 1975;32:1154-1159.
83. Riley, WT; Treiber, FA; Woods, MG. Anger and hostility in depression. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis, 1989;177:668-674.
84. Choi, SJ; Lee, HH. Conceptualization of hwa-byung of Koreans. Presented at the Annual Academic Meeting of the Korean Association of Psychology. 1995.
85. Rotter, M. Reactive embitterment, conceptualization, relevancy and differentiation. Dissertation for Ph D . University of Berlin, March 4, 2009.
86. Yang, JH. A study on health behavior experience of middle-aged women in rural area. J. Koean Acad. Nurs, 2002;3:694-705.
87. Oh, YH. The use of forgiveness in the healing of "haan": A Psychological Approach. Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 1995;7:90-94.
88. Kavoussi, RJ; Coccaro, EF. Divalproex sodium in impulsive aggressive behavior in patients with personality disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 1998;59:676-680.
89. Coccaro, EF; Kavoussi, RJ. Fluoxetine and impulsive aggressive behavior in personality- disordered subjects. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 1997;54:1081-1088.
90. Fava, M; Rosenbaum, JF; Pava, JA; McCarthy, MK; Steingard, RJ; Bouffides, E. Anger attacks in unipolar depression. Part I: Clinical correlates and response to fluoxetine treatment. Am. J. Psychiatry, 1993;150:1158-116.
91. Fava, M; Nierenberg, AA; Quitkin, F; Zisook, S; Pearlstein, T; Stone, A; Rosenbaum, JF. A preliminary study on the effects of sertraline and imipramine on anger attacks in depression. Psychopharmacology Bull, 1997;33:101-103.
92. Herman, JL. Complex PTSD: A syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma. J. Traum. Stress, 1992;5:377-391.
93. Gonzalez, CA; Griffith, EEH. Culture and the diagnosis of somatoform and dissociative disorders. In: Mezzich, JE; Kleinman, A; Farega, Jr H; Parron, DL, editors. Culture and psychiatric diagnosis. A DSM-IV perspective. Washington DC ; American Psychiatric Press Inc,;1996; pp.137-158.
94. Prince, RH; Reviews on a clinical study of hwabyung by Sung Kil Min and Ho Young Lee. Transcult. Psychiat. Res, 1989;26:137-147.
95. Farega, Jr H. Cultural and historical foundation of psychiatric diagnosis. In: Mezzic,h JE; Kleinman, A; Farega, Jr H; Parron, DL,. editors. Culture and psychiatric diagnosis. A DSM-IV perspective. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc; 1996; pp. 3-19.
96. Zinbarg, RE; Barlow, DH; Liebowitz, M; Street, L; Broadhead, E; Katon, W; Roy-Byrne, P; Lepine, J-P; Teherani, M; Richards, J; Brantley, PJ; Kraemer, H; The DSM-IV field trial for mixed anxiety-depression. Am. J. Psychiatry, 1994;151:1153-1162.
97. Watson, D; O'Hara, MW; Stuart, S. Hierarchical structures of affect and psychopathology and their implications for the classification of emotional disorders. Depression Anxiety, 2008;25: 282-288.
98. Posternak, MA; Zimmerman, M. Anger and aggression in psychiatric outpatients. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 2002;63:665-672.
99. Kessler, RC; Coccaro, EF; Fava, M; et al. The prevalence and correlates of DSM-IV intermittent explosive disorder in the national co-morbidity survey replication. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 2006;63:669-678.
100. Choi-Kwon, S; Han, SW; Kwon, SU; Kang, D-W; Choi, JM; Kim, JS. Fluoxetine treatment in poststroke depression, emotional incontinence, and anger proneness: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Stroke, 2006;37:156-161.
101. Crockett, M; Clark, L; Tabibnia, G. et al. Serotonin modulates behavioral reactions to unfairness. Science, 2008;320:1739.
102. Kennedy, HG. Anger and irritability. Br. J. Psychiatry 1992;161:145-153.
103. Goldman, L; Haaga, DA. Depression and the experience and expression of anger in marital and other relationships. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis, 1995;183:505-509.
104. Thomas, SP; Atakan, S. Trait Anger, Anger Expression, Stress, and Health Status of American and Turkish Midlife Women Health Care for Women International, 1993;14:129-143.
105. Gould, RA; Ball ,S; Kaspi, SP; Otto, MW; Pollack, MH; Shekhar, A; Fava, M. Prevalence and correlates of anger attacks, a two site study. J. Affect Dis, 1996; 39, 31-38.
106. Deffenbacher, J. Anger disorders. In: Coccaro, E, editor. Aggression. psychiatric assessment and treatment. New York:Marcel Dekker Inc;2003;pp.9-112.
107. Smith, MW. Hispanic and Korean "anger syndromes": Across-cultural comparison of nervios and hwa-byu. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, San Diego, May 14-17, 1997
108. Kleinman, A, Neurasthenia and depression. A study of somatization and culture in China. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 1982;6:117-190.
109. Linden, M; Baumann, K; Rotter, M; Schippan. B. Post-traumatic embitterment disorder in comparison to other mental disorders. Psychother. psychosom, 2008;77:50-56.
110. Linden, M; Baumann, K;Lieberei, B; Rotter, M. The post-traumatic embitterment disorder Self-Rating Scale (PTED Scale). Clin. Psychol. Psychother, 2009;16:139-147.
111. Diamond, SA. Extreme Embitterment: The Rage Epidemic Races Eastward. Blogs May 16, 2010. http://pul.se/Extreme-Embitterment-The-Rage-Epidemic-Races-Eastward_ Psychology-Stress-posttraumatic-embitterment-disorder-anger-80dGJ2JSgdw,gyUcTiI 1cOBE
112. Kupfer, DJ. Letter to the editor. USA Today, August 14, 2009.
113. Painuly, N; Sharan, P; Mattoo ,SK. Relationship of anger and anger attacks with depression. A brief review. Eur. Arch Psychiatry Clin. Neuroscience, 2005;255:215-222.
114. Andrew, G; Anderson, TM; Slade, T. et al. Classification of anxiety and depressive disorders: Problems and solution. Depression Anxiety, 2008;25:274-281.
115. Kessler, RC; Coccaro, EF; Fava, M; Jaeger, S; Jin, R; Walters, E. The prevalence and correlates of DSM-IV intermittent explosive disorder in the national co-morbidity survey replicatio. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 2006;63:669-678;
116. Mittleman, MA; MacLure, M; Nachnani, M; Sherwood, HB; Muller, JE. Educational attainment, anger and the risk of triggering myocardial infarction onset study investigators. Arch. Int. Med, 1996;157:769-775.
117. Vitaliano, PP; Scanlan, JM; Krenz, C; Fujimoto, W. Insulin and glucose: relationship with hassles, anger and hostility in non-diabetic older adults. Psychosom. Med, 1996;58: 489-499.
118. Ferandez, E; Turk, DC. The scope and significance of anger in the experience of chronic pain. Pain, 1995;61:165-175.
119. Fava, M; Davidson, K; Alpert, JE; Nirenberg, AA; Worthington, J; O'Sulliven, R; Rosenbaum, JF. Hostility changes following antidepressant treatment: Relationship to stress and negative thinking. J. Psychiatry Res, 1996;30:450-467.
120. Coccaro, EF; Kavoussi, RJ; Cooper, TB; Hauger, RL. Central serotonin activity and aggression. Inverse relationship with prolactin response to d-fenfluramine, but not CSF 5-HIAA concentration in human subjects. Am. J. Psychiatry, 154:1430-1435. .
121. Dolan. M; Anderson, IM; Deakin, JFW. Relationship between 5-HT function and impulsivity and aggression in male offenders within personality disorders. Br. J. Psychiatry, 2001;178:352.