Multidisciplinary management of hepatocellular carcinoma: Where are we today?

Seminars in Liver Disease

Volumn 33, Issue SUPPL.1, 2013, Pages

  Marrero, Jorgea ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

BCLC staging; hepatocellular carcinoma; liver cancer; sorafenib

Indexed keywords

AFLATOXIN B1; ALPHA FETOPROTEIN; B RAF KINASE; BOCEPREVIR; CISPLATIN; DOXORUBICIN; FLUOROURACIL; FOLINIC ACID; GLUTAMATE AMMONIA LIGASE; GLYPICAN 3; HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 70; IODINATED POPPYSEED OIL; LAMIVUDINE; MITOMYCIN; OXALIPLATIN; PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR; PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; RAF PROTEIN; SORAFENIB; TELAPREVIR; VASCULOTROPIN; VASCULOTROPIN RECEPTOR 2; YTTRIUM 90;

ALCOHOL LIVER CIRRHOSIS; ANTIVIRAL THERAPY; ARTICLE; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER IMMUNIZATION; CANCER INVASION; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CANCER RISK; CANCER SCREENING; CANCER SIZE; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURVIVAL; CHEMOEMBOLIZATION; COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIARRHEA; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG SAFETY; ETHNICITY; FATIGUE; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HAND FOOT SYNDROME; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; LIVER BIOPSY; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MOLECULARLY TARGETED THERAPY; MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OBESITY; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RASH; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE;

CARCINOMA, HEPATOCELLULAR; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; EARLY DETECTION OF CANCER; HUMANS; LIVER NEOPLASMS; MOLECULAR TARGETED THERAPY; NEOPLASM STAGING; PATIENT CARE TEAM; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PROGNOSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 84874397764     PISSN: 02728087     EISSN: 10988971     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1333631     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Ferlay J., Shin H. R., Bray F., Forman D., Mathers C., Parkin D. M. GLOBOCAN 2008 v1.2, Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 10 [Internet]. Lyon, France International Agency for Research on Cancer: 2010;. Available at: http://globocan.iarc.fr/. Accessed June 6, 2012
2. Jemal A., Bray F., Center M. M., Ferlay J., Ward E., Forman D. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin: 2011; 61 2 69 90
3. Altekruse S. F., McGlynn K. A., Reichman M. E. Hepatocellular carcinoma incidence, mortality, and survival trends in the United States from 1975 to 2005. J Clin Oncol: 2009; 27 9 1485 1491
4. American Cancer Society Cancer Facts & Figures 2012. Atlanta, GA American Cancer Society: 2012;. Available at: http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/ content/@epidemiologysurveilance/documents/document/acspc-031941.pdf. Accessed on January 21, 2012
5. London W. T., McGlymm K. A. Liver cancer. In: Schottenfeld D., Fraumeni F. J. Jr., eds. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. 3rd ed. New York Oxford University Press: 2006; 763 786
6. Kiyosawa K., Umemura T., Ichijo T., et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: recent trends in Japan. Gastroenterology: 2004; 127 5 01 S17 S26 (Pubitemid 39423366)
7. Donato F., Tagger A., Chiesa R., et al. for the BRESCIA HCC Study. Hepatitis B and C virus infection, alcohol drinking, and hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-control study in Italy. Brescia HCC Study. Hepatology: 1997; 26 3 579 584 (Pubitemid 27392347)
8. Hassan M. M., Hwang L-Y, Hatten C. J., et al. Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma: synergism of alcohol with viral hepatitis and diabetes mellitus. Hepatology: 2002; 36 5 1206 1213 (Pubitemid 35253437)
9. El-Serag H. B., Tran T., Everhart J. E. Diabetes increases the risk of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology: 2004; 126 2 460 468 (Pubitemid 38182303)
10. Calle E. E., Rodriguez C., Walker-Thurmond K., Thun M. J. Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med: 2003; 348 17 1625 1638 (Pubitemid 36459468)
11. Marrero J. A., Fontana R. J., Fu S., Conjeevaram H. S., Su G. L., Lok A. S. Alcohol, tobacco and obesity are synergistic risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol: 2005; 42 2 218 224 (Pubitemid 40143468)
12. Chen D-S. Toward elimination and eradication of hepatitis B. J Gastroenterol Hepatol: 2010; 25 1 19 25
13. Liaw Y-F, Sung J. J., Chow W. C., et al. Cirrhosis Asian Lamivudine Multicentre Study Group Lamivudine for patients with chronic hepatitis B and advanced liver disease. N Engl J Med: 2004; 351 15 1521 1531
14. Ghany M. G., Nelson D. R., Strader D. B., Thomas D. L., Seeff L. B. American Association for Study of Liver Diseases An update on treatment of genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C virus infection: 2011 practice guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology: 2011; 54 4 1433 1444
15. Röcken C., Carl-McGrath S. Pathology and pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Dis: 2001; 19 4 269 278 (Pubitemid 34297994)
16. Thorgeirsson S. S., Grisham J. W. Molecular pathogenesis of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Genet: 2002; 31 4 339 346 (Pubitemid 35154440)
17. Bruix J., Sherman M. American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatology: 2011; 53 3 1020 1022
18. Zhang B. H., Yang B. H., Tang Z. Y. Randomized controlled trial of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol: 2004; 130 7 417 422
19. Singal A., Volk M. L., Waljee A., et al. Meta-analysis: surveillance with ultrasound for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther: 2009; 30 1 37 47
20. Thompson Coon J., Rogers G., Hewson P., et al. Surveillance of cirrhosis for hepatocellular carcinoma: systematic review and economic analysis. Health Technol Assess: 2007; 11 34 1 206
21. Lin O. S., Keeffe E. B., Sanders G. D., Owens D. K. Cost-effectiveness of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis due to chronic hepatitis C. Aliment Pharmacol Ther: 2004; 19 11 1159 1172 (Pubitemid 38746259)
22. Singal A. G., Conjeevaram H. S., Volk M. L., et al. Effectiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in patients with cirrhosis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev: 2012; 21 5 793 799
23. National Comprehensive Cancer Network Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Hepatobiliary Cancers. V 2.2012. Available at: www.nccn.org. Accessed July 3, 2012
24. Silva M. A., Hegab B., Hyde C., Guo B., Buckels J. A., Mirza D. F. Needle track seeding following biopsy of liver lesions in the diagnosis of hepatocellular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut: 2008; 57 11 1592 1596
25. Tremosini S., Forner A., Boix L., et al. Prospective validation of an immunohistochemical panel (glypican 3, heat shock protein 70 and glutamine synthetase) in liver biopsies for diagnosis of very early hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut: 2012; 61 10 1481 1487
26. Okuda K., Ohtsuki T., Obata H., et al. Natural history of hepatocellular carcinoma and prognosis in relation to treatment. Study of 850 patients. Cancer: 1985; 56 4 918 928 (Pubitemid 15228292)
27. The Cancer of the Liver Italian Program (CLIP) Investigators A new prognostic system for hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective study of 435 patients. Hepatology: 1998; 28 3 751 755
28. The Cancer of the Liver Italian Program (CLIP) Investigators Prospective validation of the CLIP score: a new prognostic system for patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology: 2000; 31 4 840 845
29. Leung T. W., Tang A. M., Zee B., et al. Construction of the Chinese University Prognostic Index for hepatocellular carcinoma and comparison with the TNM staging system, the Okuda staging system, and the Cancer of the Liver Italian Program staging system: a study based on 926 patients. Cancer: 2002; 94 6 1760 1769 (Pubitemid 34241115)
30. Kudo M., Chung H., Osaki Y. Prognostic staging system for hepatocellular carcinoma (CLIP score): its value and limitations, and a proposal for a new staging system, the Japan Integrated Staging Score (JIS score). J Gastroenterol: 2003; 38 3 207 215 (Pubitemid 36527122)
31. Vauthey J. N., Lauwers G. Y., Esnaola N. F., et al. Simplified staging for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol: 2002; 20 6 1527 1536 (Pubitemid 34260532)
32. Fleming I. D. AJCC/TNM cancer staging, present and future. J Surg Oncol: 2001; 77 4 233 236 (Pubitemid 32744190)
33. Llovet J. M., Brú C., Bruix J. Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: the BCLC staging classification. Semin Liver Dis: 1999; 19 3 329 338
34. Forner A., Reig M. E., de Lope C. R., Bruix J. Current strategy for staging and treatment: the BCLC update and future prospects. Semin Liver Dis: 2010; 30 1 61 74
35. Child C. G., Turcotte J. G. Surgery and portal hypertension. In: Child C. G., ed. The Liver and Portal Hypertension. Philadelphia, PA Saunders: 1964; 50 64
36. Pugh R. N., Murray-Lyon I. M., Dawson J. L., Pietroni M. C., Williams R. Transection of the oesophagus for bleeding oesophageal varices. Br J Surg: 1973; 60 8 646 649
37. Bruix J., Llovet J. M. Major achievements in hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet: 2009; 373 9664 614 616
38. Marrero J. A., Fontana R. J., Barrat A., et al. Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison of 7 staging systems in an American cohort. Hepatology: 2005; 41 4 707 716 (Pubitemid 40462931)
39. Llovet J. M., Di Bisceglie A. M., Bruix J., et al. Panel of Experts in HCC-Design Clinical Trials Design and endpoints of clinical trials in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst: 2008; 100 10 698 711
40. Llovet J. M., Fuster J., Bruix J.; for the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Group. Intention-to-treat analysis of surgical treatment for early hepatocellular carcinoma: resection versus transplantation. Hepatology: 1999; 30 6 1434 1440
41. Imamura H., Matsuyama Y., Tanaka E., et al. Risk factors contributing to early and late phase intrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy. J Hepatol: 2003; 38 2 200 207 (Pubitemid 36169630)
42. Shirabe K., Kanematsu T., Matsumata T., Adachi E., Akazawa K., Sugimachi K. Factors linked to early recurrence of small hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy: univariate and multivariate analyses. Hepatology: 1991; 14 5 802 805
43. Poon R. T., Fan S. T., Lo C. M., Liu C. L., Wong J. Intrahepatic recurrence after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: long-term results of treatment and prognostic factors. Ann Surg: 1999; 229 2 216 222 (Pubitemid 30191795)
44. Adachi E., Maeda T., Matsumata T., et al. Risk factors for intrahepatic recurrence in human small hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology: 1995; 108 3 768 775
45. Okada S., Shimada K., Yamamoto J., et al. Predictive factors for postoperative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology: 1994; 106 6 1618 1624 (Pubitemid 24163135)
46. Morimoto O., Nagano H., Sakon M., et al. Diagnosis of intrahepatic metastasis and multicentric carcinogenesis by microsatellite loss of heterozygosity in patients with multiple and recurrent hepatocellular carcinomas. J Hepatol: 2003; 39 2 215 221 (Pubitemid 36920557)
47. Mazzaferro V., Romito R., Schiavo M., et al. HCC Italian Task Force Prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence with alpha-interferon after liver resection in HCV cirrhosis. Hepatology: 2006; 44 6 1543 1554 (Pubitemid 44970357)
48. Breitenstein S., Dimitroulis D., Petrowsky H., Puhan M. A., Müllhaupt B., Clavien P-A. Systematic review and meta-analysis of interferon after curative treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with viral hepatitis. Br J Surg: 2009; 96 9 975 981
49. Majno P. E., Sarasin F. P., Mentha G., Hadengue A. Primary liver resection and salvage transplantation or primary liver transplantation in patients with single, small hepatocellular carcinoma and preserved liver function: an outcome-oriented decision analysis. Hepatology: 2000; 31 4 899 906 (Pubitemid 30169937)
50. Sala M., Fuster J., Llovet J. M., et al. Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) Group High pathological risk of recurrence after surgical resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: an indication for salvage liver transplantation. Liver Transpl: 2004; 10 10 1294 1300 (Pubitemid 39406086)
51. Mazzaferro V., Regalia E., Doci R., et al. Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med: 1996; 334 11 693 699 (Pubitemid 26079803)
52. Yao F. Y., Ferrell L., Bass N. M., et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: expansion of the tumor size limits does not adversely impact survival. Hepatology: 2001; 33 6 1394 1403 (Pubitemid 32496976)
53. Ioannou G. N., Perkins J. D., Carithers R. L. Jr. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: impact of the MELD allocation system and predictors of survival. Gastroenterology: 2008; 134 5 1342 1351 (Pubitemid 351615357)
54. Llovet J. M., Mas X., Aponte J. J., et al. Cost effectiveness of adjuvant therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma during the waiting list for liver transplantation. Gut: 2002; 50 1 123 128 (Pubitemid 34028315)
55. Stone M. J., Klintmalm G. B., Polter D., et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a pilot study in 20 patients. Gastroenterology: 1993; 104 1 196 202 (Pubitemid 23040023)
56. Pokorny H., Gnant M., Rasoul-Rockenschaub S., et al. Does additional doxorubicin chemotherapy improve outcome in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated by liver transplantation? Am J Transplant: 2005; 5 4 Pt 1 788 794 (Pubitemid 40461289)
57. Majno P. E., Adam R., Bismuth H., et al. Influence of preoperative transarterial lipiodol chemoembolization on resection and transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Ann Surg: 1997; 226 6 688 701, discussion 701-703
58. Millonig G., Graziadei I. W., Freund M. C., et al. Response to preoperative chemoembolization correlates with outcome after liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transpl: 2007; 13 2 272 279 (Pubitemid 46351654)
59. Clavien P. A., Lesurtel M., Bossuyt P. M., Gores G-J, Langer B., Perrier A. on behalf of the OLT for HCC Consensus Group Recommendations for liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: an international consensus conference report. Lancet Oncol: 2012; 13 1 e11 e22
60. United States Department of Health and Human Services Organ Procurement and Transplant Network. Available at: www.optn.transplant.hrsa.gov. Accessed June 28, 2012
61. Cho Y. K., Kim J. K., Kim M. Y., Rhim H., Han J. K. Systematic review of randomized trials for hepatocellular carcinoma treated with percutaneous ablation therapies. Hepatology: 2009; 49 2 453 459
62. Lencioni R., Crocetti L. Local-regional treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiology: 2012; 262 1 43 58
63. N'Kontchou G., Mahamoudi A., Aout M., et al. Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: long-term results and prognostic factors in 235 Western patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology: 2009; 50 5 1475 1483
64. Chen M-S, Li J-Q, Zheng Y., et al. A prospective randomized trial comparing percutaneous local ablative therapy and partial hepatectomy for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg: 2006; 243 3 321 328 (Pubitemid 43327762)
65. Livraghi T., Meloni F., Di Stasi M., et al. Sustained complete response and complications rates after radiofrequency ablation of very early hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: Is resection still the treatment of choice? Hepatology: 2008; 47 1 82 89 (Pubitemid 351171044)
66. Lu D. S., Yu N. C., Raman S. S., et al. Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: treatment success as defined by histologic examination of the explanted liver. Radiology: 2005; 234 3 954 960 (Pubitemid 40250843)
67. Llovet J. M., Bruix J. Systematic review of randomized trials for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: chemoembolization improves survival. Hepatology: 2003; 37 2 429 442 (Pubitemid 36152543)
68. Llovet J. M., Real M. I., Montaña X., et al. Barcelona Liver Cancer Group Arterial embolisation or chemoembolisation versus symptomatic treatment in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet: 2002; 359 9319 1734 1739 (Pubitemid 34607087)
69. Lo C. M., Ngan H., Tso W. K., et al. Randomized controlled trial of transarterial lipiodol chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology: 2002; 35 5 1164 1171 (Pubitemid 34454013)
70. Malagari K. Drug-eluting particles in the treatment of HCC: chemoembolization with doxorubicin-loaded DC Bead. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther: 2008; 8 10 1643 1650
71. Grosso M., Vignali C., Quaretti P., et al. Transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma with drug-eluting microspheres: preliminary results from an Italian multicentre study. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol: 2008; 31 6 1141 1149
72. Song M. J., Park C. H., Kim J. D., et al. Drug-eluting bead loaded with doxorubicin versus conventional lipiodol-based transarterial chemoembolization in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-control study of Asian patients. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol: 2011; 23 6 521 527
73. Malagari K., Chatzimichael K., Alexopoulou E., et al. Transarterial chemoembolization of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with drug eluting beads: results of an open-label study of 62 patients. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol: 2008; 31 2 269 280
74. Malagari K., Pomoni M., Kelekis A., et al. Prospective randomized comparison of chemoembolization with doxorubicin-eluting beads and bland embolization with BeadBlock for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol: 2010; 33 3 541 551
75. Lammer J., Malagari K., Vogl T., et al. PRECISION V Investigators Prospective randomized study of doxorubicin-eluting-bead embolization in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: results of the PRECISION V study. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol: 2010; 33 1 41 52
76. Salem R., Lewandowski R. J., Mulcahy M. F., et al. Radioembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma using Yttrium-90 microspheres: a comprehensive report of long-term outcomes. Gastroenterology: 2010; 138 1 52 64
77. Ihde D. C., Kane R. C., Cohen M. H., McIntire K. R., Minna J. D. Adriamycin therapy in American patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Treat Rep: 1977; 61 7 1385 1387 (Pubitemid 8204112)
78. Sciarrino E., Simonetti R. G., Le Moli S., Pagliaro L. Adriamycin treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. Experience with 109 patients. Cancer: 1985; 56 12 2751 2755 (Pubitemid 16216280)
79. 2) for hepatocellular carcinoma: clinical and pharmacokinetic results. Cancer Treat Rep: 1984; 68 3 487 491 (Pubitemid 14134096)
80. Qin S., Bai Y., Ye S., et al. Phase III study of oxaliplatin plus 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin (FOLFOX4) versus doxorubicin as palliative systemic chemotherapy in advanced HCC in Asian patients. J Clin Oncol: 2010; 28 15S: Abstract 4008
81. Llovet J. M., Ricci S., Mazzaferro V., et al. SHARP Investigators Study Group Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med: 2008; 359 4 378 390
82. Cheng A. L., Kang Y. K., Chen Z., et al. Efficacy and safety of sorafenib in patients in the Asia-Pacific region with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase III randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol: 2009; 10 1 25 34
83. Lencioni R., Llovet J. M. Modified RECIST (mRECIST) assessment for hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Liver Dis: 2010; 30 1 52 60
84. Edeline J., Boucher E., Rolland Y., et al. Comparison of tumor response by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) and modified RECIST in patients treated with sorafenib for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer: 2012; 118 1 147 156
85. Marrero J., Lencioni R., Kudo M., et al. Global Investigation of Therapeutic Decisions in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and of Its Treatment with Sorafenib (GIDEON) second interim analysis in more than 1,500 patients: clinical findings in patients with liver dysfunction. J Clin Oncol: 2011; 29 (Suppl): Abstract 4001