Management of multidrug resistant tuberculosis

Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

Volumn 34, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 44-59

  Daley, Charles L ^a,b   Caminero, Jose A ^c,d  

^a DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^c Hospital General de Gran Canaria   (Spain)

^d MDR TB Unit   (France)

Author keywords

drug resistant; management; MDR TB; tuberculosis; XDR TB

Indexed keywords

AMIKACIN; AMINOSALICYLIC ACID; AMOXICILLIN; BEDAQUILINE; CAPREOMYCIN; CLARITHROMYCIN; CLAVULANIC ACID; CLOFAZIMINE; CYCLOSERINE; DELAMANID; ETHAMBUTOL; ETHIONAMIDE; IMIPENEM; ISONIAZID; KANAMYCIN; LEVOFLOXACIN; LINEZOLID; MOXIFLOXACIN; N (2 ADAMANTYL) N' GERANYLETHYLENEDIAMINE; OFLOXACIN; PROTIONAMIDE; PYRAZINAMIDE; PYRIDOXINE; QUINOLONE DERIVATIVE; RIFABUTIN; RIFAMPICIN; STREPTOMYCIN; TERIZIDONE; THIOACETAZONE; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; ARTHRALGIA; ARTICLE; CROSS REACTION; DIARRHEA; DRUG COST; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG MONITORING; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCE; GASTRITIS; HEPATITIS; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; HYPOTHYROIDISM; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MULTIDRUG RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS; NAUSEA AND VOMITING; NEPHROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; PALLIATIVE THERAPY; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SUICIDAL IDEATION; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (TOPIC); TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT RESPONSE; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS; EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS; HUMANS; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; TUBERCULOSIS, MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT; WORLD HEALTH; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

EID: 84874397415     PISSN: 10693424     EISSN: 10989048     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1333546     Document Type: Article

References (106)

1. Global Tuberculosis Control, WHO WHO Report 2011. Geneva, Switzerland World Health Organization: 2011
2. WHO Global Tuberculosis Report 2012. Geneva, Switzerland WHO: 2012
3. Migliori G. B., De Iaco G., Besozzi G., Centis R., Cirillo D. M. First tuberculosis cases in Italy resistant to all tested drugs. Euro Surveill: 2007; 12 5 E070517.1
4. Velayati A. A., Masjedi M. R., Farnia P., et al. Emergence of new forms of totally drug-resistant tuberculosis bacilli: super extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis or totally drug-resistant strains in Iran. Chest: 2009; 136 2 420 425
5. Udwadia Z. F., Amale R. A., Ajbani K. K., Rodrigues C. Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis in India. Clin Infect Dis: 2012; 54 4 579 581
6. Boehme C. C., Nabeta P., Hillemann D., et al. Rapid molecular detection of tuberculosis and rifampin resistance. N Engl J Med: 2010; 363 11 1005 1015
7. Hillemann D., Rüsch-Gerdes S., Richter E. Evaluation of the GenoTypeMTBDRplus assay for rifampin and isoniazid susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains and clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol: 2007; 45 8 2635 2640 (Pubitemid 47295497)
8. WHO Towards Universal Access to Diagnosis and Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant and Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis by 2015. WHO Progress Report 2011. Geneva, Switzerland World Health Organization: 2011
9. WHO Guidelines for the Programmatic Management of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis. 2011 Update. Geneva, Switzerland World Health Organization: 2011
10. WHO Guidelines for the Programmatic Management of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis. Emergency Update 2008. Geneva, Switzerland World Health Organization: 2008
11. Orenstein E. W., Basu S., Shah N. S., et al. Treatment outcomes among patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis: 2009; 9 3 153 161
12. WHO Treatment of Tuberculosis: Guidelines for National Programmes. 4th ed. Geneva, Switzerland World Health Organization 2010. http://whqlibdoc.who. int/publications/2010/9789241547833-eng.pdf. Accessed July 30, 2010
13. Dooley K. E., Mitnick C. D., Ann DeGroote M., et al. Efficacy Subgroup, RESIST-TB Old drugs, new purpose: retooling existing drugs for optimized treatment of resistant tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis: 2012; 55 4 572 581
14. Gagneux S., Burgos M. V., DeRiemer K., et al. Impact of bacterial genetics on the transmission of isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog: 2006; 2 6 e61
15. Morlock G. P., Metchock B., Sikes D., Crawford J. T., Cooksey R. C. ethA, inhA, and katG loci of ethionamide-resistant clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother: 2003; 47 12 3799 3805 (Pubitemid 37484992)
16. Banerjee A., Dubnau E., Quemard A., et al. inhA, a gene encoding a target for isoniazid and ethionamide in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Science: 1994; 263 5144 227 230 (Pubitemid 24067929)
17. Caminero J. A., Sotgiu G., Zumla A., Migliori G. B. Best drug treatment for multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Lancet Infect Dis: 2010; 10 9 621 629
18. Warren R. M., Streicher E. M., Gey van Pittius N. C., et al. The clinical relevance of Mycobacterial pharmacogenetics. Tuberculosis (Edinb): 2009; 89 3 199 202
19. Müller B., Streicher E. M., Hoek K. G., et al. inhA promoter mutations: a gateway to extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in South Africa? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis: 2011; 15 3 344 351
20. Cynamon M. H., Zhang Y., Harpster T., Cheng S., DeStefano M. S. High-dose isoniazid therapy for isoniazid-resistant murine Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother: 1999; 43 12 2922 2924
21. Katiyar S. K., Bihari S., Prakash S., Mamtani M., Kulkarni H. A randomized controlled trial of high-dose isoniazid adjuvant therapy for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis: 2008; 12 129 145
22. Schaaf H. S., Moll A. P., Dheda K. Multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in Africa and South America: epidemiology, diagnosis and management in adults and children. Clin Chest Med: 2009; 30 4 667 683, vii-viii
23. Van Deun A., Maug A. K., Salim M. A., et al. Short, highly effective, and inexpensive standardized treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med: 2010; 182 5 684 692
24. Zhang Y., Telente A. Genetics of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In: Hatfull G. F., Jacobs W. R. Jr., eds. Molecular Genetics of Mycobacteria. Washington, DC ASM Press: 2000; 235 254
25. Williams D. L., Spring L., Collins L., et al. Contribution of rpoB mutations to development of rifamycin cross-resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother: 1998; 42 7 1853 1857 (Pubitemid 28311593)
26. Sintchenko V., Chew W. K., Jelfs P. J., Gilbert G. L. Mutations in rpoB gene and rifabutin susceptibility of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated in Australia. Pathology: 1999; 31 3 257 260 (Pubitemid 29417609)
27. Uzun M., Erturan Z., Anǧ O. Investigation of cross-resistance between rifampin and rifabutin in Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis: 2002; 6 2 164 165 (Pubitemid 34263709)
28. Cavusoglu C., Hilmioglu S., Guneri S., Bilgic A. Characterization of rpoB mutations in rifampin-resistant clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Turkey by DNA sequencing and line probe assay. J Clin Microbiol: 2002; 40 12 4435 4438 (Pubitemid 35434927)
29. Yoshida S., Suzuki K., Iwamoto T., et al. Comparison of rifabutin susceptibility and rpoB mutations in multi-drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains by DNA sequencing and the line probe assay. J Infect Chemother: 2010; 16 5 360 363
30. Shi W., Zhang X., Jiang X., et al. Pyrazinamide inhibits trans-translation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Science: 2011; 333 6049 1630 1632
31. Tousek J., Jancik E., Zelenka M., Jancikova-Máková M. The results of treatment in patients with cultures resistant to streptomycin, isoniazid and PAS: a five-year follow-up. Tubercle: 1967; 48 1 27 31
32. Zierski M., Zachara A. Late results in re-treatment of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Tubercle: 1970; 51 2 172 177
33. Somner A. R., Brace A. A. Late results of treatment of chronic drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. BMJ: 1966; 1 5490 775 778
34. Mitnick C., Bayona J., Palacios E., et al. Community-based therapy for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Lima, Peru. N Engl J Med: 2003; 348 2 119 128 (Pubitemid 36056718)
35. Migliori G. B., Besozzi G., Girardi E., et al. SMIRA/TBNET Study Group Clinical and operational value of the extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis definition. Eur Respir J: 2007; 30 4 623 626 (Pubitemid 351194820)
36. Crowle A. J., Sbarbaro J. A., Judson F. N., Douvas G. S., May M. H. Inhibition by streptomycin of tubercle bacilli within cultured human macrophages. Am Rev Respir Dis: 1984; 130 5 839 844 (Pubitemid 15209571)
37. Caminero J. A. World Health Organization; American Thoracic Society; British Thoracic Society Treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: evidence and controversies. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis: 2006; 10 8 829 837 (Pubitemid 44197841)
38. Heifets L., Lindholm-Levy P. Comparison of bactericidal activities of streptomycin, amikacin, kanamycin, and capreomycin against Mycobacterium avium and M. tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother: 1989; 33 8 1298 1301 (Pubitemid 19191975)
39. Alangaden G. J., Kreiswirth B. N., Aouad A., et al. Mechanism of resistance to amikacin and kanamycin in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother: 1998; 42 5 1295 1297 (Pubitemid 28227943)
40. Krüüner A., Jureen P., Levina K., Ghebremichael S., Hoffner S. Discordant resistance to kanamycin and amikacin in drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother: 2003; 47 9 2971 2973 (Pubitemid 37040278)
41. Maus C. E., Plikaytis B. B., Shinnick T. M. Molecular analysis of cross-resistance to capreomycin, kanamycin, amikacin, and viomycin in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother: 2005; 49 8 3192 3197 (Pubitemid 41060560)
42. Georghiou S. B., Magana M., Garfein R. S., Catanzaro D. G., Catanzaro A., Rodwell T. C. Evaluation of genetic mutations associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to amikacin, kanamycin and capreomycin: a systematic review. PLoS ONE: 2012; 7 3 e33275
43. Migliori G. B., Lange C., Girardi E., et al. SMIRA/TBNET Study Group Fluoroquinolones: are they essential to treat multidrug-resistant tuberculosis? Eur Respir J: 2008; 31 4 904 905
44. Chan E. D., Laurel V., Strand M. J., et al. Treatment and outcome analysis of 205 patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med: 2004; 169 10 1103 1109 (Pubitemid 38624789)
45. Chiang C. Y., Enarson D. A., Yu M. C., et al. Outcome of pulmonary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a 6-yr follow-up study. Eur Respir J: 2006; 28 5 980 985 (Pubitemid 46331968)
46. Ziganshina L. E., Squire S. B. Fluoroquinolones for treating tuberculosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: 2008; 1 CD004795
47. Ginsburg A. S., Grosset J. H., Bishai W. R. Fluoroquinolones, tuberculosis, and resistance. Lancet Infect Dis: 2003; 3 7 432 442 (Pubitemid 36791119)
48. Yew W. W., Chan C. K., Leung C. C., et al. Comparative roles of levofloxacin and ofloxacin in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: preliminary results of a retrospective study from Hong Kong. Chest: 2003; 124 4 1476 1481 (Pubitemid 37290060)
49. Johnson J. L., Hadad D. J., Boom W. H., et al. Early and extended early bactericidal activity of levofloxacin, gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin in pulmonary tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis: 2006; 10 6 605 612 (Pubitemid 43845020)
50. Peloquin C. A., Hadad D. J., Molino L. P., et al. Population pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, and moxifloxacin in adults with pulmonary tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother: 2008; 52 3 852 857 (Pubitemid 351358362)
51. Rustomjee R., Lienhardt C., Kanyok T., et al. Gatifloxacin for TB (OFLOTUB) study team A phase II study of the sterilising activities of ofloxacin, gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin in pulmonary tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis: 2008; 12 2 128 138 (Pubitemid 351212403)
52. Lee J., Lee C. H., Kim D. K., et al. Retrospective comparison of levofloxacin and moxifloxacin on multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment outcomes. Korean J Intern Med: 2011; 26 2 153 159
53. Kam K. M., Yip C. W., Cheung T. L., Tang H. S., Leung O. C., Chan M. Y. Stepwise decrease in moxifloxacin susceptibility amongst clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis: correlation with ofloxacin susceptibility. Microb Drug Resist: 2006; 12 1 7 11
54. Cheng A. F., Yew W. W., Chan E. W., Chin M. L., Hui M. M., Chan R. C. Multiplex PCR amplimer conformation analysis for rapid detection of gyrA mutations in fluoroquinolone-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother: 2004; 48 2 596 601 (Pubitemid 38141721)
55. Epstein I. G., Nair K. G., Boyd L. J., Auspitz P. Cycloserine-isoniazid combination therapy in virgin cases of pulmonary tuberculosis. Dis Chest: 1958; 33 4 371 381
56. Angel J. H., Bhati A. L., Devadatta S., et al. A controlled comparison of cycloserine plus ethionamide with cycloserine plus thiacetazone in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis despite prolonged previous chemotherapy. Tubercle: 1963; 44 215 224
57. Mathys V., Wintjens R., Lefevre P., et al. Molecular genetics of para-aminosalicylic acid resistance in clinical isolates and spontaneous mutants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother: 2009; 53 5 2100 2109
58. The Therapeutics Trials Committee of the Swedish National Association Against Tuberculosis. Para-aminosalicylic acid treatment in pulmonary tuberculosis. Am Rev Tuberc: 1950; 61 5 597 612
59. Barry V. C., Belton J. G., Conalty M. L., et al. A new series of phenazines (rimino-compounds) with high antituberculosis activity. Nature: 1957; 179 4568 1013 1015
60. Dooley K. E., Obuku E. A., Durakovic N., Belitsky V., Mitnick C., Nuermberger E. L. on behalf of the Efficacy Subgroup, RESIST-TB World Health Organization Group 5 drugs for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis: unclear efficacy or untapped potential? J Infect Dis: 2012
61. Xu J., Lu Y., Fu L., et al. In vitro and in vivo activity of clofazimine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis persisters. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis: 2012; 16 8 1119 1125
62. Dey T., Brigden G., Cox H., Shubber Z., Cooke G., Ford N. Outcomes of clofazimine for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother: 2012
63. Xu H. B., Jiang R. H., Tang S. J., Li L., Xiao H. P. Role of clofazimine in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a retrospective observational cohort assessment. J Antimicrob Chemother: 2012
64. Van Deun A., Salim M. A., Das A. P., Bastian I., Portaels F. Results of a standardised regimen for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Bangladesh. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis: 2004; 8 5 560 567 (Pubitemid 38656041)
65. Sotgiu G., Centis R., D'Ambrosio L., et al. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of linezolid containing regimens in treating MDR-TB and XDR-TB: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J: 2012
66. Cox H., Ford N. Linezolid for the treatment of complicated drug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis: 2012; 16 4 447 454
67. Koh W. J., Kwon O. J., Gwak H., et al. Daily 300. mg dose of linezolid for the treatment of intractable multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. J Antimicrob Chemother: 2009; 64 2 388 391
68. Xu H. B., Jiang R. H., Li L., Xiao H. P. Linezolid in the treatment of MDR-TB: a retrospective clinical study. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis: 2012; 16 3 358 363
69. Migliori G. B., Eker B., Richardson M. D., et al. TBNET Study Group A retrospective TBNET assessment of linezolid safety, tolerability and efficacy in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Eur Respir J: 2009; 34 2 387 393
70. Singla R., Caminero J. A., Jaiswal A., et al. Linezolid: an effective, safe and cheap drug for patients failing multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment in India. Eur Respir J: 2012; 39 4 956 962
71. Chambers H. F., Turner J., Schecter G. F., Kawamura M., Hopewell P. C. Imipenem for treatment of tuberculosis in mice and humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother: 2005; 49 7 2816 2821 (Pubitemid 40917596)
72. De Lorenzo S., Alffenaar J. W., Sotgiu G., et al. Efficacy and safety of meropenem/clavunate added to linezolid containing regimens in the treatment of M/XDR-TB. Eur Respir J: 2012
73. Andini N., Nash K. A. Intrinsic macrolide resistance of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex is inducible. Antimicrob Agents Chemother: 2006; 50 7 2560 2562 (Pubitemid 43993206)
74. Cavalieri S. J., Biehle J. R., Sanders W. E. Jr. Synergistic activities of clarithromycin and antituberculous drugs against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother: 1995; 39 7 1542 1545
75. Mitnick C. D., Shin S. S., Seung K. J., et al. Comprehensive treatment of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. N Engl J Med: 2008; 359 6 563 574
76. Tahaoǧlu K., Törün T., Sevim T., et al. The treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Turkey. N Engl J Med: 2001; 345 3 170 174 (Pubitemid 32662125)
77. Xu H. B., Jiang R. H., Li L. Pulmonary resection for patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother: 2011; 66 8 1687 1695
78. Kempker R. R., Vashakidze S., Solomonia N., Dzidzikashvili N., Blumberg H. M. Surgical treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Lancet Infect Dis: 2012; 12 2 157 166
79. Pomerantz B. J., Cleveland J. C. Jr, Olson H. K., Pomerantz M. Pulmonary resection for multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg: 2001; 121 3 448 453 (Pubitemid 32230212)
80. Blumberg H. M., Burman W. J., Chaisson R. E., et al. American Thoracic Society, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Infectious Diseases Society American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America: treatment of tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med: 2003; 167 4 603 662
81. Seddon J. A., Hesseling A. C., Marais B. J., et al. Paediatric use of second-line anti-tuberculosis agents: a review. Tuberculosis (Edinb): 2012; 92 1 9 17
82. Schaaf H. S., Marais B. J. Management of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in children: a survival guide for paediatricians. Paediatr Respir Rev: 2011; 12 1 31 38
83. Ettehad D., Schaaf H. S., Seddon J. A., Cooke G. S., Ford N. Treatment outcomes for children with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis: 2012; 12 6 449 456
84. Gandhi N. R., Moll A., Sturm A. W., et al. Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis as a cause of death in patients co-infected with tuberculosis and HIV in a rural area of South Africa. Lancet: 2006; 368 9547 1575 1580 (Pubitemid 44780738)
85. Blanc F. X., Sok T., Laureillard D., et al. CAMELIA (ANRS 1295-CIPRA KH001) Study Team Earlier versus later start of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected adults with tuberculosis. N Engl J Med: 2011; 365 16 1471 1481
86. Havlir D. V., Kendall M. A., Ive P., et al. AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study A5221 Timing of antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 infection and tuberculosis. N Engl J Med: 2011; 365 16 1482 1491
87. Abdool Karim S. S., Naidoo K., Grobler A., et al. Integration of antiretroviral therapy with tuberculosis treatment. N Engl J Med: 2011; 365 16 1492 1501
88. Johnston J. C., Shahidi N. C., Sadatsafavi M., Fitzgerald J. M. Treatment outcomes of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE: 2009; 4 9 e6914
89. Jacobson K. R., Tierney D. B., Jeon C. Y., Mitnick C. D., Murray M. B. Treatment outcomes among patients with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis: 2010; 51 1 6 14
90. Jeon D. S., Kim D. H., Kang H. S., et al. Survival and predictors of outcomes in non-HIV-infected patients with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis: 2009; 13 5 594 600
91. Kwon Y. S., Kim Y. H., Suh G. Y., et al. Treatment outcomes for HIV-uninfected patients with multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis: 2008; 47 4 496 502
92. Kurbatova E. V., Taylor A., Gammino V. M., et al. Predictors of poor outcomes among patients treated for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis at DOTS-plus projects. Tuberculosis (Edinb): 2012; 92 5 397 403
93. Kurbatova E. V., Gammino V. M., Bayona J., et al. Frequency and type of microbiological monitoring of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis: 2011; 15 11 1553 1555, i
94. Holtz T. H., Sternberg M., Kammerer S., et al. Time to sputum culture conversion in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: predictors and relationship to treatment outcome. Ann Intern Med: 2006; 144 9 650 659 (Pubitemid 46780649)
95. Gammino V. M., Taylor A. B., Rich M. L., et al. Bacteriologic monitoring of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients in five DOTS-Plus pilot projects. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis: 2011; 15 10 1315 1322
96. Nathanson E., Gupta R., Huamani P., et al. Adverse events in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: results from the DOTS-Plus initiative. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis: 2004; 8 11 1382 1384 (Pubitemid 39611587)
97. Bloss E., Kuksa L., Holtz T. H., et al. Adverse events related to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment, Latvia, 2000-2004. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis: 2010; 14 3 275 281
98. WHO Management of MDR-TB: A Field Guide. Geneva, Switzerland World Health Organization: 2008
99. Palliative Care, WHO Symptom Management and End-of-Life Care. Geneva, Switzerland World Health Organization. 2004
100. Temel J. S., Greer J. A., Muzikansky A., et al. Early palliative care for patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med: 2010; 363 8 733 742
101. Fitzpatrick C., Floyd K. A systematic review of the cost and cost effectiveness of treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Pharmacoeconomics: 2012; 30 1 63 80
102. Grosset J. H., Singer T. G., Bishai W. R. New drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis: hope and reality. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis: 2012; 16 8 1005 1014
103. Diacon A. H., Pym A., Grobusch M., et al. The diarylquinoline TMC207 for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. N Engl J Med: 2009; 360 23 2397 2405
104. Diacon A. H., Donald P. R., Pym A., et al. Randomized pilot trial of eight weeks of bedaquiline (TMC207) treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: long-term outcome, tolerability, and effect on emergence of drug resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother: 2012; 56 6 3271 3276
105. Gler M. T., Skripconoka V., Sanchez-Garavito E., et al. Delamanid for multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. N Engl J Med: 2012; 366 23 2151 2160
106. Diacon A. H., Dawson R., von Groote-Bidlingmaier F., et al. 14-day bactericidal activity of PA-824, bedaquiline, pyrazinamide, and moxifloxacin combinations: a randomised trial. Lancet: 2012; 380 9846 986 993