Maternal vitamin K deficient embryopathy: Association with hyperemesis gravidarum and Crohn disease

American Journal of Medical Genetics, Part A

Volumn 161, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 417-429

  Toriello, Helga V ^a,b   Erick, Miriam ^c   Alessandri, Jean Luc ^d   Bailey, Diana ^e   Brunetti Pierri, Nicola ^e,f,g   Cox, Helen ^h   Fryer, Alan ⁱ   Marty, Denise ^j   Mccurdy, Charles ^e   Mulliken, John B ^k   Murphy, Helen ^l   Omlor, Joseph ^b   Pauli, Richard M ^m   Ranells, Judith D ⁿ   Sanchez Valle, Amarillis ⁿ   Tobiasz, Ana ^a   Van Maldergem, Lionel ^o   Lin, Angela E ^p  

^a Genetic Services   (United States)

^b MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^d Service de Réanimation Néonatale None   (Italy)

^e UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

^f TELETHON INSTITUTE OF GENETICS AND MEDICINE TIGEM   (Italy)

^g BIRMINGHAM WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^h ALDER HEY CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

ⁱ Virginia Piper Cancer Institute   (United States)

^j HealthPark Medical Center   (United States)

^k BOSTON CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^l MANCHESTER UNIVERSITY NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^m Genetics Center   (United States)

ⁿ UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

^o INSTITUTE OF PATHOLOGY AND GENETICS   (Belgium)

^p MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

Binder phenotype; Chondrodysplasia punctata; Maxillonasal dysplasia; Vitamin K deficiency; Warfarin embryopathy phenocopy

Indexed keywords

ANTIEMETIC AGENT; AZATHIOPRINE; METOCLOPRAMIDE; ONDANSETRON; PREDNISOLONE; PROTHROMBIN; VITAMIN K GROUP;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANEMIA; ARTICLE; BONE RADIOGRAPHY; BRACHYDACTYLY; CALCIFICATION; CALCIFYING CHONDRODYSTROPHY; CHILD; CHROMOSOME ANALYSIS; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COMPRESSION THERAPY; CROHN DISEASE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; ECHOGRAPHY; ELECTROLYTE INTAKE; EMBRYOPATHY; EPISTAXIS; FAINTNESS; FEMALE; FETUS DISTRESS; GESTATION PERIOD; HETEROTOPIA; HUMAN; HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM; HYPOALBUMINEMIA; HYPOKALEMIA; HYPOMAGNESEMIA; HYPONATREMIA; HYPOPROTEINEMIA; KETONURIA; LABORATORY TEST; MALE; MIDFACE HYPOPLASIA; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; NEWBORN JAUNDICE; NOSE OBSTRUCTION; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OBESITY; PHOTOTHERAPY; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY DISTRESS; RESPIRATORY FAILURE; SCHOOL CHILD; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; SPINAL CORD COMPRESSION; SPINE SURGERY; SUBGLOTTIC STENOSIS; TRACHEOSTOMY; UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; VITAMIN K DEFICIENCY; VOMITING;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA; CROHN DISEASE; FEMALE; FETAL DISEASES; HUMANS; HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM; INFANT; MALE; PREGNANCY; VITAMIN K DEFICIENCY;

EID: 84874210147     PISSN: 15524825     EISSN: 15524833     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35765     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Alessandri JL, Ramful D, Cuillier F. 2010. Binder phenotype and brachytelephalangic chondrodysplasia punctata secondary to maternal vitamin K deficiency. Clin Dysmorph 19: 65-67.
2. Aloman C, Friedman SL, Merad M. 2011. Dendritic cells in alcohol liver injury and fibrosis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 35: 776-781.
3. Basu TK, Donaldson D. 2003. Intestinal absorption in health and disease: Micronutrients. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 17: 957-979.
4. Bersani I, De Carolis MP, Salvi S, Zecca E, Romagnoli C, De Carolis S. 2011. Maternal-neonatal vitamin K deficiency secondary to maternal biliopancreatic diversion. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 22: 334-336.
5. Biesecker LG, Aase JM, Clericuzio C, Gurrieri F, Temple IK, Toriello H. 2009. Elements of morphology: Standard terminology for the hands and feet. Am J Med Genet Part A 149A: 93-127.
6. Boulet S, Dieterich K, Althuser M, Nugues F, Durand C, Charra C, Schaal JP, Jouk PS. 2010. Brachtelephalangic chondrodysplasia punctata: Prenatal diagnosis and postnatal outcome. Fetal Diagn Ther 28: 186-190.
7. Brenner B, Sanchez-Vega B, Wu SM, Lanir N, Stafford DW, Solera J. 1998. A missense mutation in a gamma-glutamyl carboxylase gene causes combined deficiency of all vitamin K-dependent blood coagulation factors. Blood 92: 4554-4559.
8. Brunetti-Pierri N, Hunter JV, Boerkoel CF. 2007. Gray matter heterotopias and brachytelephalangic chondrodysplasia punctata: A complication of hyperemesis gravidarum induced vitamin K deficiency. Am J Med Genet Part A 143A: 200-204.
9. Cañueto J, Girós M, Ciria S, Pi-Castán G, Artigas M, Garcia-Dorado J, Garcia-Patos V, Virós A, Vendrell T, Torrelo A, Hernández-Martin A, Martin-Hernández E, Garcia-Silva MT, Fernández-Burriel M, Rosell J, Tejedor M, Martinez F, Valero J, Garcia JL, Sánchez-tapia EM, Unamuno P, González-Sarmiento R. 2012. Clinical, molecular and biochemical characterization of nine Spanish families with Conradi-Hünermann-Happle syndrome: New insights into X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata with a comprehensive review of the literature. Br J Dermatol 166: 830-838.
10. Chandra J, Chaudhury S, Narayan S, Singh V. 2001. Short bowel syndrome: Unusual cause of vitamin K deficiency. Ind Pediatr 38: 665-667.
11. Chitayat D, Keating S, Zand DJ, Costa T, Zackai Eh, Silverman E, Tiller G, Unger S, Miller S, Kingdom J, Toi A, Curry CJ. 2008. Chondrodysplasia punctata associated with maternal autoimmune diseases: Expanding the spectrum from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) to mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) and scleroderma report of eight cases. Am J Med Genet Part A 146A: 3038-3053.
12. Cornelissen M, Steegers-Theunissen R, Kollée L, Eskes T, Vogels-Mentink G, Motohara K, De Abreu R, Monnens L. 1993. Increased incidence of neonatal vitamin K deficiency resulting from maternal anticonvulsant therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 168: 923-928.
13. Craneberg ECM, Schurgers L, Vermeer C. 2007. Vitamin K: The coagulation vitamin that became omnipotent. Thromb Haemost 98: 120-125.
14. Dam H, Schonheyder F. 1934. A deficiency disease in chicks resembling scurvy. Biochem J 28: 1355-1359.
15. Devignes J, Grare M, Raft J, Vial F, Hacquard M, Bouaziz H, Lecompte T, de Maistre E. 2009. Un cas d'hémorragie cutanéomuqueuse secondaire à un déficit d'apport en vitamine K dans le syndrome d'hyperemesis gravidarum. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 28: 697-700.
16. Djuric Z, Zivic S, Katic V. 2007. Celiac disease with diffuse cutaneous vitamin K-deficient bleeding. Adv Therap 24: 1286-1289.
17. Dutta SK, Bustin MP, Russell RM, Costa BS. 1982. Deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins in treated patients with pancreatic insufficiency. Ann Int Med 97: 549-552.
18. Eash DD, Weaver DD, Brunetti-Pierri N. 2003. Cervical spine stenosis and possible vitamin K deficiency embryopathy in an unusual case of chondrodysplasia punctata and an updated classification system. Am J Med Genet Part A 122A: 70-75.
19. Eddy JJ, Gideonsen MD, Song JY, Grobman WA, O'Halloran P. 2008. Pancreatitis in pregnancy: A 10 year retrospective of 15 Midwest hospitals. Obstet Gynecol 112: 1075-1081.
20. Edes TE, Walk BE, Thornton WH Jr, Fritsche KL. 1991. Essential fatty acid sufficiency does not preclude fat-soluble-vitamin deficiency in short-bowel syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr 53: 499-502.
21. Eerdekens A, Debeer A, Van Hoey G, De Borger C, Sachar V, Guilinckx I, Devlieger R, Hanssens M, Vanhole C. 2010. Maternal bariatric surgery: adverse outcomes in neonates. Eur J Pediatr 169: 191-196.
22. Elcioglu N, Hall CM. 1998. Maternal systemic lupus erythematosus and chrondrodysplasia (sic) punctata in two sibs: Phenocopy or coincidence? J Med Genet 35: 690-694.
23. Eventor-Friedman S, Klinger G, Shinwell ES. 2009. Third trimester fetal intracranial hemorrhage owing to vitamin K deficiency associated with hyperemesis gravidarum. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 31: 985-988.
24. Fisher L, Byrnes E, Fisher AA. 2009. Prevalence of vitamin K and vitamin D deficiency in patients with hepatobiliary and pancreatic disorders. Nutr Res 29: 676-683.
25. Ford SJ, Webb A, Payne R, Biesing N. 2008. Iatrogenic vitamin K deficiency and life threatening coagulopathy. BMJ Case Rep DOI: 10.1136/bcr.06.2008.0008.
26. Franco B, Meroni G, Parenti G, Levilliers J, Bernard L, Gebbia M, Cox L, Maroteaux P, Sheffield L, Rappold GA, Andria G, Petit C, Ballabio A. 1995. A cluster of sulfatase genes on Xp22.3: Mutations in chondrodysplasia punctata (CDPX) and implications for warfarin embryopathy. Cell 81: 15-25.
27. Freeman HJ. 2010. Reproductive changes associated with celiac disease. World J Gastroenterol 16: 5810-5814.
28. Grange DK, Kratz LE, Braverman NE, Kelley RI. 2000. CHILD syndrome caused by deficiency of 3beta-hydroxysteroid-delta8, delta7-isomerase. Am J Med Genet 90: 328-335.
29. Greer FR. 2010. Vitamin K the basics-What's new? Early Hum Devel 86: S43-S47.
30. Harden CL, Pennell PB, Koppel BS, Hovinga CA, Gidal B, Meador KJ, Hopp J, Ting TY, Hauser WA, Thurman D, Kaplan PW, Robinson JN, French JA, Wiebe S, Wilner AN, Vazquez B, Holmes L, Krumholz A, Finnell R, Shafer PO, Le Guen CL. 2009. Management issues for women with epilepsy-Focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): III. Vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breast feeding. Epilepsia 50: 1247-1255.
31. Harrod MJE, Sherrod PS. 1981. Warfarin embryopathy in siblings. Obstet Gynecol 57: 673-676.
32. Hennekam RC, Cormier-Daire V, Hall JG, Méhes K, Patton M, Stevenson RE. 2009. Elements of morphology: Standard terminology for the nose and philtrum. Am J Med Genet Part A 149A: 61-76.
33. Herman TE, Lee BCP, McAlister WH. 2002. Brachytelephalangic chondrodysplasia punctata with marked cervical stenosis and cord compression: Report of two cases. Pediatr Radiol 32: 452-456.
34. Hirose M, Akiyama M, Takakura K, Noda Y. 2001. Active Crohn disease with maternal vitamin K deficiency and fetal subdural hematoma. Obstet Gynecol 98: 919-921.
35. Holley JL, Reddy SS. 2003. Pregnancy in dialysis patients: A review of outcomes, complications, and management. Sem Dialysis 16: 384-387.
36. Howe AM, Webster WS, Lipson AH, Halliday JL, Sheffield LJ. 1992. Binder's syndrome due to prenatal vitamin K deficiency: A theory of pathogenesis. Austral Dent J 37: 453-460.
37. Howe AM, Lipson AH, Sheffield LJ, Haan EA, Halliday JL, Jenson F, David DJ, Webster WS. 1995. Prenatal exposure to phenytoin, facial development, and a possible role for vitamin K. Am J Med Genet 58: 238-244.
38. Hur DJ, Raymond GV, Kahler SG, Riegert-Johnson DL, Cohen BA, Boyadjiev SA. 2005. A novel MGP mutation in a consanguineous family: Review of the clinical and molecular characteristics of Keutel syndrome. Am J Med Genet Part A 135A: 36-40.
39. Iber FL, Shamszad M, Miller PA, Jacob R. 1986. Vitamin K deficiency in chronic alcoholic males. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 10: 679-681.
40. Irons M. 2007. Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. 1998 Nov 13 [Updated 2007 Oct 24]. In: Pagon RA, Bird TD, Dolan CR, et al., editors. GeneReviews™ [Internet]. Seattle, WA: University of Washington, Seattle. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1143/
41. Ismael SK, Kenny L. 2007. Review on hyperemesis gravidarum. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 21: 755-769.
42. Itzkovitz B, Jiralerspong S, Nimmo G, Loscalzo M, Horovitz DD, Snowden A, Moser A, Steinberg S, Braverman N. 2012. Functional characterization of novel mutations in GNPAT and AGPS, causing rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP) types 2 and 3. Hum Mutat 33: 189-197.
43. Jaillet J, Robert-Gnansia E, Till M, Vinciguerra C, Edery P. 2005. Biliary lithiasis in early pregnancy and abnormal development of facial and distal limb bones (Binder syndrome): A possible role for vitamin K deficiency. Birth Def Res 73: 188-193.
44. Joshi D, James A, Quaglia A, Westbrook RH, Heneghan MA. 2010. Liver disease in pregnancy. Lancet 375: 594-605.
45. Kang L, Marty D, Pauli RM, Mendelsohn NJ, Prachand V, Waggoner D. 2010. Chondrodysplasia punctata associated with malabsorption from bariatric procedures. Surg Obes Relat Dis 6: 99-101.
46. Kawamura Y, Kawamata K, Shinya M, Higashi M, Niiro M, Douchi T. 2008. Vitamin K deficiency in hyperemesis gravidarum as a potential cause of fetal intracranial hemorrhage and hydrocephalus. Prenat Diagn 28: 59-61.
47. Keppler-Noreuil KM, Wenzel TJ. 2010. Binder phenotype: Associated findings and etiologic mechanisms. J Craniofacial Surg 21: 1339-1345.
48. Khau Van Kien P, Nivelon-Chevallier A, Spagnolo G, Douvier S, Maingueneau C. 1998. Vitamin K deficiency embryopathy. Am J Med Genet 79: 66-68.
49. Kidd PM. 2010. Vitamins D and K as pleiotropic nutrients: Clinical importance to the skeletal and cardiovascular systems and preliminary evidence for synergy. Altern Med Rev 15: 199-222.
50. Kozlowski K, Basel D, Beighton P. 2004. Chondrodysplasia punctata in two siblings and maternal lupus erythematosus. 2004. Clin Genet 66: 545-549.
51. Krasinski SD, Russell RM, Furie BC, Kruger SF, Jacques PF, Furie B. 1985. The prevalence of vitamin K deficiency in chronic gastrointestinal disorders. Am J Clin Nutr 41: 639-643.
52. Leicher-Düber A, Schumacher R, Spranger J. 1990. Stippled epiphyses in fetal alcohol syndrome. Pediatr Radiol 20: 369-370.
53. LeMyre E, Russo P, Melançon SB, Gagné R, Potier M, Lambert M. 1999. Clinical spectrum of infantile free sialic acid storage disease. Am J Med Genet 82: 385-391.
54. Levaillant JM, Moeglin D, Zouiten K, Bucourt M, Burglen L, Soupre V, Baumann C, Jaquemont ML, Touraine R, Picard A, Vuillard E, Belarbi N, Oury JF, Verloes A, Vazquez MP, Labrune P, Delezoide AL, Gérard-Blanluet M. 2009. Binder phenotype: Clinical and etiological heterogeneity of the so-called Binder maxillonasal dysplasia in prenatally diagnosed cases, and review of the literature. Prenat Diagn 29: 140-150.
55. Levy P, Barthet M, Mollard BR, Amouretti M, Marion-Audibert AM, Dyard F. 2006. Estimation of the prevalence of chronic pancreatitis and its complications. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 30: 838-844.
56. Lim K, Pugash D, Friedman JM, Ensworth S, Dahlgren L, Kent N. 2005. Four consecutive pregnancies affected by chondrodysplasia punctata in a woman with mixed connective tissue disease. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 26: 337 (abstract).
57. Lipsky JJ. 1994. Nutritional sources of vitamin K. Mayo Clin Proc 69: 462-466.
58. Mager DR, McGee PL, Furuya KN, Roberts EA. 2006. Prevalence of vitamin K deficiency in children with mild to moderate chronic liver disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 42: 71-76.
59. Malevani J, Mobascher J, Cordes J, Mobascher A. 2008. Differential diagnosis of coagulation abnormalities in borderline personality disorder. World J Biol Psychiatr 9: 78-80.
60. Maroteaux P, Lavollay B, Bomsell F, Gautry P, Vigneron J, Walbaum R. 1984. Chondrodysplasie ponctuée et intoxication alcoolique maternelle. A propos de 7 observations. Arch Fr Pediatr 41: 547-550.
61. Menger H, Lin AE, Toriello HV, Bernert G, Spranger JW. 1997. Vitamin K deficiency embryopathy: A phenocopy of the warfarin embryopathy due to a disorder of embryonic vitamin K metabolism. Am J Med Genet 72: 129-134.
62. Micali N, Simonoff E, Treasure J. 2007. Risk of major adverse perinatal outcomes in women with eating disorders. Br J Psychiatr 190: 255-259.
63. Munroe PB, Olgunturk RO, Fryns JP, van Maldergem L, Ziereisen F, Yuksul B, Gardiner RM, Chumg E. 1999. Mutations in the gene encoding the human matrix Gla protein cause Keutel syndrome. Nat Genet 21: 142-144.
64. Nakajima S, Iijima H, Egawa S, Shinzaki S, Kondo J, Inoue T, Hayashi Y, Ying J, Mukai A, Akasaka T, Nishida T, Kanto T, Tsujii M, Hayashi N. 2011. Association of vitamin K deficiency with bone metabolism and clinical disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease. Nutrition 27: 1023-1028.
65. Nakamura T, Takebe K, Imamura KI, Tando Y, Yamada N, Arai Y, Terada A, Ishii M, Kikuchi H, Suda T. 1996. Fat-soluble vitamins in patients with chronic pancreatitis (pancreatic insufficiency). Acta Gastroenterol Belg 59: 10-14.
66. Niiya K, Kitagawa T, Fujishita M, Yoshimoto S, Kobayashi M, Kubonishi I, Taguchi H, Miyoshi I. 1983. Bulimia nervosa complicated by deficiency of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. JAMA 250: 792-793.
67. Nino M, Matos-Miranda C, Maeda M, Chen L, Allanson J, Armour C, Greene C, Kamaluddeen M, Rita D, Medne L, Zackai E, Mansour S, Superti-Furga A, Lewanda A, Bober M, Rosenbaum K, Braverman N. 2008. Clinical and molecular analysis of arylsulfatase E in patients with brachytelephalangic chondrodysplasia punctata. Am J Med Genet Part A 146A: 997-1008.
68. Nomoto H, Hatta K, Usui C, Ito M, Kita Y, Arai H. 2011. Vitamin K deficiency due to prolongation of antibiotic treatment and decrease in food intake in a catatonia patient. Psychosomatics 52: 486-487.
69. Okundaye I, Abrinko P, Hou S. 1998. Registry of pregnancy in dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 31: 766-773.
70. Pauli RM. 1997. Anticoagulants. In: Kavlock R, Daston G, editors. Drug toxicity in embryonic development, Vol 124-2. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 191-229.
71. Robinson JN, Banerjee R, Thiet M-P. 1998. Coagulopathy secondary to vitamin K deficiency in hyperemesis gravidarum. Obstet Gynecol 92: 673-675.
72. Rost S, Fregin A, Ivaskevicius V, Conzelmann E, Hortnagel K, Pelz HJ, Lappegard K, Seifried E, Scharrer I, Tuddenham EGD, Muller CR, Strom TM, Oldenburg J. 2004. Mutations in VKORC1 cause warfarin resistance and multiple coagulation factor deficiency type 2. Nature 427: 537-541.
73. Sakai M, Yoneda S, Sasaki Y, Saito S. 2003. Maternal total parenteral nutrition and fetal subdural hematoma. Obstet Gynecol 101: 1142-1144.
74. Schulz SW, Bober M, Johnson C, Braverman N, Jimenez SA. 2010. Maternal mixed connective tissue disease and offspring with chondrodysplasia punctata. Semin Arthritis Rheum 39: 410-416.
75. Shearer MJ. 2009. Vitamin K in parenteral nutrition. Gastroenterol 137: S105-S118.
76. Shearer MJ, Newman P. 2008. Metabolism and cell biology of vitamin K. Thromb Haemost 100: 530-547.
77. Shearer MJ, Bechtold H, Andrassy K, Koderisch J, McCarthy PT, Trenk D, Jähnchen E, Ritz E. 1988. Mechanism of cephalosporin-induced hypoprothrombinemia: Relation to cephalosporin side chain, vitamin K metabolism, and vitamin K status. J Clin Pharmacol 28: 88-95.
78. Shearer MJ, Fu X, Booth SL. 2012. Vitamin K nutrition, metabolism, and requirements: Current concepts and future research. Adv Nutr 3: 182-195.
79. Sheffield LJ, Danks DM, Mayne V, Hutchinson LA. 1976. Chondrodysplasia punctata-23 cases of a mild and relatively common variety. J Pediatr 89: 916-923.
80. Slater GH, Ren CJ, Siegel N, Williams T, Barr D, Wolf B, Dolan K, Fielding GA. 2004. Serum fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and abnormal calcium metabolism after malabsorptive bariatric surgery. J Gastrointest Surg 8: 48-55.
81. Stankowiak-Kulpa H, Krzyżanowska P, Koziol L, Grzymislawski M, Wanic-Kossowska M, Moczko J, Walkowiak J. 2011. Vitamin K status in peritoneally dialyzed patients with chronic kidney disease. Acta Biochim Pol 58: 617-620.
82. Steinberg SJ, Dodt G, Raymond GV, Braverman NE, Moser AB, Moser HW. 2006. Peroxisomal biogenesis disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta 1763: 1733-1748.
83. Thomas SV. 2006. Management of epilepsy and pregnancy. J Postgrad Med 52: 57-64.
84. Tie JK, Stafford DW. 2008. Structure and function of vitamin K epoxide reductase. Vitamins Hormones 78: 103-130.
85. Tim-aroon T, Jaovisidha S, Wattanasirichaigoon D. 2011. A new case of maternal lupus-associated chondrodysplasia punctata with extensive spinal anomalies. Am J Med Genet Part A 155A: 1487-1491.
86. Toriello HV, Higgins JV, Miller T. 1993. Provisionally-unique autosomal recessive chondrodysplasia punctata syndrome. Am J Med Genet 47: 797-799.
87. Usui Y, Tanimura H, Nishimura N, Kobayashi N, Okanoue T, Ozawa K. 1990. Vitamin K concentrations in the plasma and liver of surgical patients. Am J Clin Nutr 51: 846-852.
88. Vaynshtein G, Rosenbaum H, Groisman GM, Markel A. 2004. Celiac sprue presenting as severe hemorrhagic diathesis due to vitamin K deficiency. Isr Med Assoc J 6: 781-783.
89. Wessels MW, Den Hollander NJ, De Krijger RR, Nikkels PGJ, Brandenburg H, Hennekam R, Willems PJ. 2003. Fetus with an unusual form of nonrhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata: Case report and review. Am J Med Genet Part A 120A: 97-104.
90. Wester U, Brandberg G, Larsson M, Lönnerholm T, Annerén G. 2002. Chondrodysplasia punctata (CDP) with features of the tibia-metacarpal type and maternal phenytoin treatment during pregnancy. Prenat Diagn 22: 663-668.