Optimal loading dose of warfarin for the initiation of oral anticoagulation

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2021, Issue 9, 2012, Pages

  Mahtani, Kamal R ^a   Heneghan, Carl J ^a   Nunan, David ^a   Bankhead, Clare ^a   Keeling, David ^b   Ward, Alison M ^a   Harrison, Sian E ^a   Roberts, Nia W ^c   Hobbs, FD Richard ^a   Perera, Rafael ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b CHURCHILL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; WARFARIN;

AGE; HUMAN; INTERNATIONAL NORMALIZED RATIO; META ANALYSIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW;

AGE FACTORS; ANTICOAGULANTS; HUMANS; INTERNATIONAL NORMALIZED RATIO; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; WARFARIN;

EID: 84874187820     PISSN: 14651858     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008685.pub2     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Ageno W, Turpie AG, Steidl L, Ambrosini F, Cattaneo R, Codari RL, et al. Comparison of a daily fixed 2.5-mg warfarin dose with a 5-mg, international normalized ratio adjusted, warfarin dose initially following heart valve replacement. American Journal of Cardiology 2001;88(1):40-4. x-wiley/crsRef/18776132
2. Anderson JL, Horn BD, Stevens, SC Grove AS, Barton SB, Nicholas ZP, et al. Randomized trial of genotype-guided versus standard warfarin dosing in patients initiating oral anticoagulation. Circulation 2007;116:2563-70. x-wiley/crsRef/18776134
3. Burmester JK, Berg RL, Yale SH, Rottscheit CM, Glurich IE, Schmelzer JR, et al. A randomised controlled trial of genotype-based Coumadin initiation. Genetics in Medicine 2011;13(6):509-18. x-wiley/crsRef/18776136
4. Caraco Y, Blotnick S and Muszkat M. CYP2C9 Gentotype-guided warfarin prescribing enhances the efficacy and safety of anticoagulation: A prospective randomized controlled study. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2008;83:460-70. x-wiley/crsRef/18776138
5. Crowther MA, Ginsberg JB, Kearon C, Harrison L, Johnson J, Massicotte MP, et al. A randomised trial comparing 5mg and 10mg warfarin loading doses. Archives of Internal Medicine 1999;159:46-8. x-wiley/crsRef/18776140
6. Gedge J, Orme S, Hampton KK, Channer KS, Hendra TJ. A comparison of a low-dose warfarin induction regimen with the modified Fennerty regimen in elderly patients. Age and Ageing 2000;29:31-34. x-wiley/crsRef/18776142
7. Harrison L, Johnston M, Massicotte MP, Crowther M, Moffat K, Hirsh J. Comparison of 5-mg and 10-mg loading doses in initiation of warfarin therapy. Annals of Internal Medicine 1997;126(2):133-6. x-wiley/crsRef/18776144
8. Hillman MA, Wilke RA, Yale SH, Vidaillet HJ, Caldwell MD, Glurich I, et al. A prospective, randomized pilot trial of model-based warfarin dose initiation using CYP2C9 genotype and clinical data. Clinical Medicine and Research 2005;3:137-45. x-wiley/crsRef/18776146
9. Kovacs MJ, Rodger M, Anderson DR, Morrow B, Kells G, Kovacs J, et al. Comparison of 10mg and 5mg warfarin initiation nomograms together with low-molecular-weight heparin for outpatient treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. Annals of Internal Medicine 2003;138:714-9. x-wiley/crsRef/18776148
10. Quiroz R, Gerhard-Herman M, Kosowsky JM, DeSantis SM, Kucher N, McKean SC, et al. Comparison of a single end point to determine optimal initial warfarin dosing (5 mg versus 10 mg) for venous thromboembolism. American Journal of Cardiology 2006;98:535-7. x-wiley/crsRef/18776150
11. Roberts GW, Druskeit T, Jorgensen LE, Wing LM, Gallus AS, Miller C, et al. Comparison of an age-adjusted warfarin loading protocol with empirical dosing and Fennertys protocol. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 1999;29:731-6. x-wiley/crsRef/18776152
12. Shine D, Patel J, Kumar J, Malik A, Jaeger J, Maida M, et al. A randomized trial of initial warfarin dosing based on simple clinical criteria. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2003;89:297-304. x-wiley/crsRef/18776154
13. Doecke CJ, Cosh DG, Gallus AS. Standardised initial warfarin treatment: evaluation of initial treatment response and maintenance dose prediction by randomised trial, and risk factors for an excessive warfarin response. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 1991;21:319-24. x-wiley/crsRef/18776156
14. Hameed MS, Nafziger AN, Gartung MS, Bertino JS. Pharmacodynamics of uniform versus non uniform warfarin dosages. Pharmacotherapy 2008;28(6):707-11. x-wiley/crsRef/18776158
15. Iguchi A, Sato K. Protein C response to induction of warfarin treatment after coronary bypass operation. The Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon 1994;42:222-4. x-wiley/crsRef/18776160
16. Kovacs MJ, Cruickshank M, Wells PS, Kim H, Chin-yee I, Morrow B, et al. Randomised assessment of a warfarin nomogram for initial oral anticoagulation after venous thromboembolic disease. Haemostasis 1998;28:62-9. x-wiley/crsRef/18776162
17. Schulman S, Lockner D, Bergstrom K, Blomback M. Intensive initial oral anticoagulation and shorter heparin treatment in deep vein thrombosis. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 52;2:276-80. x-wiley/crsRef/18776164
18. Van Den Bemt P, Beinema M, Van Roon E, Sijtsma J, Baars W, Mencke H, et al. Initiation of oral anticoagulant therapy in orthopedic and surgical patients: An algorithm compared with routine dosing. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2002;58(3):203-8. x-wiley/crsRef/18776166
19. van Schie RMF, Wessels JAM, le Cessie S, de Boer A, Schalekamp T, van der Meer FJM, et al. Loading and maintenance dose algorithms for phenprocoumon and acenocoumarol using patient characteristics and pharmacogenetic data. European Heart Journal 2011;32(15):1909-17. x-wiley/crsRef/18776168
20. Adelman M D. Warfarin: less may be better. Annals of Internal Medicine 1997;127(4):332; author reply 333.
21. Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Adjusted-dose warfarin versus low-intensity, fixed-dose warfarin plus aspirin for high-risk patients with atrial fibrillation: Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation III randomised clinical trial. Lancet 1996;348:633-8.
22. Ansell JE. Optimizing the efficacy and safety of oral anticoagulant therapy: high-quality dose management, anticoagulation clinics, and patient self-management. Seminars in Vascular Medicine 2003;3(3):261-70.
23. Ansell J. Long-term, secondary treatment of deep venous thrombosis: do we know the appropriate duration of treatment or therapeutic regimen? Current Hematology Reports 2004;3(5):355-6.
24. Ansell J. Personalizing health care--is this the right time for warfarin? Journal of General Internal Medicine 2009;24(5):690-1. [1525-1497: (Electronic)]
25. Atrial Fibrillation Investigators: Atrial Fibrillation Aspirin Anticoagulation Study, Boston Area Anticoagulation Trial for Atrial Fibrillation Study, Canadian Atrial Fibrillation Anticoagulation Study, Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Study, Veterans Affairs Stroke Prevention in Nonrheumatic Atrial Fibrillation Study. Risk Factors for Stroke and Efficacy of Antithrombotic Therapy in Atrial Fibrillation: Analysis of Pooled Data From Five Randomized Controlled Trials. Archives of Internal Medicine 1994;154(13):1449-57.
26. Baglin TP, Cousins D, Keeling DM, Perry DJ, Watson HG. Safety indicators for inpatient and outpatient oral anticoagulant care: [corrected] Recommendations from the British Committee for Standards in Haematology and National Patient Safety Agency. British Journal of Haematology 2007;136(1):26-9.
27. Barritt DW, Jordan SC. Anticoagulant drugs in the treatment of pulmonary embolism: a controlled trial. Lancet 1960;275(7138):1309-12.
28. The Boston Area Anticoagulation Trial for Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. The effect of low-dose warfarin on the risk of stroke in patients with non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation. The New England Journal of Medicine 1990;323(22):1505-11.
29. Chan YC, Valenti D, Mansfield AO, Stansby G. Warfarin induced skin necrosis. The British Journal of Surgery 2000;87(3):266-72. [0007-1323: (Print)]
30. Darkow T, Vanderplas AM, Lew KH, Kim J, Hauch O. Treatment patterns and real-world effectiveness of warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation within a managed care system. Current Medical Research and Opinion 2005;21(10):1583-94.
31. Fennerty A, Dolben J, Thomas P, Backhouse G, Bentley D P, Campbell I A, et al. Flexible induction dose regimen for warfarin and prediction of maintenance dose. BMJ 1984;288(6426):1268-70.
32. Fitzmaurice DA, Machin SJ. Recommendations for patients undertaking self management of oral anticoagulation. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 2001;323(7319):985-9.
33. Fitzmaurice DA, Gardiner C, Kitchen S, Mackie I, Murray ET, Machin SJ. An evidence-based review and guidelines for patient self-testing and management of oral anticoagulation. British Journal of Haematology 2005;131(2):156-65.
34. Harper P, Monahan K, Baker B. Warfarin induction at 5 mg daily is safe with a low risk of anticoagulant overdose: results of an audit of patients with deep vein thrombosis commencing warfarin. Internal Medicine Journal 2005;35(12):717-20.
35. Heneghan C, Tyndel S, Bankhead C, Wan Y, Keeling D, Perera R, et al. Optimal loading dose for the initiation of warfarin: a systematic review. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders 2010;10:18.
36. Higgins JP, Altman DG, Gotzsche PC, Juni P, Moher D, Oxman AD, et al. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 2011;343:d5928. [1756-1833: (Electronic)]
37. Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Sterne JAC (editors). Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
38. Hirsh J, Dalen J, Anderson DR, Poller L, Bussey H, Ansell J, et al. Oral anticoagulants: mechanism of action, clinical effectiveness, and optimal therapeutic range. Chest 2001;119(1 Suppl):8S-21S. [0012-3692: (Print)]
39. Janes S, Challis R, Fisher F. Safe introduction of warfarin for thrombotic prophylaxis in atrial fibrillation requiring only a weekly INR. Clinical and Laboratory Haematology 2009;26(1):43-7.
40. Kangelaris KN, Bent S, Nussbaum RL, Garcia DA, Tice JA. Genetic testing before anticoagulation? A systematic review of pharmacogenetic dosing of warfarin. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2009;24(5):656-64. [1525-1497: (Electronic)]
41. Kearon C, Kahn SR, Agnelli G, Goldhaber S, Raskob GE, Comerota AJ. Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease. Chest 2008;133(6 Suppl):454S-545S.
42. Keeling D, Baglin T, Tait C, Watson H, Perry D, Baglin C, et al. Guidelines on oral anticoagulation with warfarin - fourth edition. British Journal of Haematology 2011;154(3):311-24. [1365-2141: (Electronic)]
43. Klein TE, Altman RB, Eriksson N, Gage BF, Kimmel SE, Lee MT, et al. Estimation of the warfarin dose with clinical and pharmacogenetic data. The New England Journal of Medicine 2009;360(8):753-64. [1533-4406: (Electronic)]
44. Kovacs MJ, Anderson DA, Wells PS. Prospective assessment of a nomogram for the initiation of oral anticoagulation therapy for outpatient treatment of venous thromboembolism. Pathophysiology of Haemostasis and Thrombosis 2002;32(3):131-3.
45. Lefebvre C, Manheimer E, Glanville J. Chapter 6: Searching for Studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 5.1.0. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011, updated March 2011.
46. Monagle P, Chan AK, Goldenberg NA, Ichord RN, Journeycake JM, Nowak-Gottl U, et al. Antithrombotic therapy in neonates and children: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 2012;141(2 Suppl):e737S-801S. [1931-3543: (Electronic)]
47. NHS Improvement. Atrial fibrillation in primary care:making an impact on stroke prevention [Heart and Stroke Improvement]. http://www.improvement.nhs.uk/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=%2BLIKN1gSgOA%3D&tabid=62 October 2009.
48. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Assumptions used in estimating a population benchmark. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. http://www.nice.org.uk/usingguidance/commissioningguides/anticoagulationtherapyservice/popbench.jsp (accessed 15 March 2010).
49. Roberts GW, Druskeit T, Jorgensen LE, Wing LM, Gallus AS, Miller C, et al. Comparison of an age adjusted warfarin loading protocol with empirical dosing and Fennerty's protocol. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 1999;29(5):731-6.
50. Schulman S, Beyth RJ, Kearon C, Levine MN. Hemorrhagic complications of anticoagulant and thrombolytic treatment: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (8th edition). Chest 2008;133(6 Suppl):257S-98S.
51. Shurin SB, Nabel EG. Pharmacogenomics--ready for prime time? The New England Journal of Medicine 2008;358(10):1061-3.
52. Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Warfarin versus aspirin for prevention of thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation: Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation II Study. Lancet 1994;343(8899):687-91.
53. van Walraven C, Hart RG, Connolly S, Austin PC, Mant J, Hobbs FD, et al. Effect of age on stroke prevention therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation: the atrial fibrillation investigators. Stroke 2009;1940:1410-6.
54. Wadelius M, Chen LY, Lindh JD, Eriksson N, Ghori MJ, Bumpstead S, et al. The largest prospective warfarin-treated cohort supports genetic forecasting. Blood 2009;113:784-92.
55. Wan Y, Heneghan C, Perera R, Roberts N, Hollowell J, Glasziou P, et al. Anticoagulation control and prediction of adverse events in patients with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review. Circulation. Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes 2008;1(2):84-91.
56. Whitlock RP, Sun JC, Fremes SE, Rubens FD, Teoh KH. Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for valvular disease: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 2012;141(2 Suppl):e576S-600S. [1931-3543: (Electronic)]