Policy Entrepreneurship in China's Response to Urban Poverty

Policy Studies Journal

Volumn 41, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 119-146

  Hammond, Daniel R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

China; MLG; Policy entrepreneur; Social assistance

Indexed keywords

ENTREPRENEUR; POLICY STRATEGY; POVERTY ALLEVIATION; SOCIAL POLICY; URBAN AREA;

CHINA;

EID: 84874141564     PISSN: 0190292X     EISSN: 15410072     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/psj.12005     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Baumgartner, Frank, and Bryan Jones 1993. Agendas and Instability in American Politics. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
2. Baumgartner, Frank, and Bryan D. Jones 1991. "Agenda Dynamics and Policy Subsystems." The Journal of Politics 53: 1044-1074.
3. Beland, Daniel, and Ka Man Yu 2004. "A Long Financial March: Pension Reform in China." Journal of Social Policy 33: 267-288.
4. Bentley, Arthur F. 1908. The Process of Government: A Study of Social Pressures. Evanston, IL: The Principia Press of Illinois.
5. Bryman, Alan. 2001. Social Research Methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
6. Burnham, Peter, Karin Gilland, Wyn Grant, and Zig Layton-Henry 2004. Research Methods in Politics. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
7. Devine, Fiona. 2002. "Qualitative Methods." In Theory and Method in Political Science, 2nd ed., eds. D. Arsh, and G. Stoker New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 197-215.
8. Duckett, Jane. 2001. "Political Interests and the Implementation of China's Urban Health Insurance Reform." Social Policy and Administration 35: 290-306.
9. Duckett, Jane. 2003. "Bureaucratic Interests and Institutions in the Making of China's Social Policy." Public Administration Quarterly 27: 210-237.
10. Duoji, Cairang. 1995a. "Actively Promote the Urban Minimum Livelihood Guarantee Line System. Effectively Resolve the Practical Difficulties of Life for Residents and Promote Social Stability" [Jiji tuijin chengshi zuidi shenghuo baozhang xian zhidu. Qieshi jiejue jumin shenghuo kunnan, cujin shehui wending]. China Society [Zhongguo Shehui Bao], 8 June.
11. Duoji, Cairang. 1995b. "Minister of Civil Affairs Duoji Cairang's Work Report to the 10th National Civil Affairs Congress" [Minzhengbu Buzhang Duoji Cairang zai Di Shi Ci Quanguo Minzheng Huiyi shang de Gongzuo Baogao]. In Minzheng Gongzuo Wenjian Xuanbian 1994 Nian, ed. M. F. Bangongshi Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Chubanshe, 12-33.
12. Duoji, Cairang. 1995c. New Era Chinese Social Security System Reform in Theory and Practice [Xinshiqi Zhongguo Shehui Baozhang Tizhi Gaige de Lilun yu Shijian]. Beijing: China Central Party Publishers.
13. Duoji, Cairang. 1995d. "Positively Push the Urban Minimum Livelihood Guarantee Line System to Effectively Resolve Residents Livelihood Difficulties, Ensure Social Stability" [Jiji tuijin chengshi zuidi shenghuo baozhang xian zhidu qieshi jiejue jumin shenghuo kunnan, cuijin shehui wending]. Jinji Ribao, 15 June.
14. Duoji, Cairang. 1997. "Actively Establish Urban and Rural Minimum Livelihood Guarantee Systems" [Jiji jianli chengxiang zuidi shenghuo baozhang zhidu]. China Society [Zhongguo Shehui Bao], 16 August.
15. Duoji, Cairang. 1998a. "Minister Duoji Cairang's Instructions for Urban Resident Minimum Livelihood Guarantee Line Investigation Work" [Duoji Cairang Buzhang dui Chengshi Zuidi Shenghuo Baozhang Xian Diaoyan Gongzuo de Zhishi 29/05/1995]. In Chengshi Jumin Zuidi Shenghuo Baozhang Zhidu Wenjian Zike Huibian 1, ed. M. J. Jiujisi Beijing: Minzhengbu Jiuzai Jiuji Si, 29-31.
16. Duoji, Cairang. 1998b. "Minister Duoji Cairang's Speech at the Eastern Briefing on Social Secuirty" [Duoji Cairang Buzhang zai Shehui Baozhang Dongpian Gongzuo Huibaohui Shang de Jianghua 15-05-1997]. In Chengshi Jumin Zuidi Shenghuo Baozhang Zhidu Wenjian Zike Huibian 1, ed. Minzhengbujiuzaijiujisi. Beijing: Minzhengbu Jiuzai Jiujisi, 38-47.
17. Duoji, Cairang. 1998c. "Minister Duoji Cairang's Speech to the Western Area Social Secuirty Work Briefing" [Duoji Cairang Buzhang zai Minzheng Shehui Baozhang Xipian Gongzuo Huibaohui Shang de Jianghua 31/08/1997]. In Chengshi Jumin Zuidi Shenghuo Baozhang Zhidu Wenjian Zike Huibian, ed. Minzhengbujiuzaijiujisi. Beijing: Minzhengbu Jiuzai Jiujisi, 48-57.
18. Duoji, Cairang. 1998d. "Minister Duoji Cairang Speech at Symposium of Province, City and District Civil Affairs Office Heads Regarding Urban Resident MLG Line Problems" [Duoji Cairang Buzhang zai Bufen Sheng, Shi, Qu Minzheng Ting(Ju) Zhang Yantanhui Shang Guanyu Chengshi Jumin Zuidi Shenghuo Baozhangxian Wenti de Jianghua 01/08/1995]. In Chengshi Jumin Zuidi Shenghuo Baozhang Zhidu Wenjian Zike Huibian 1, ed. Minzhengbujiuzaijiujisi. Beijing: Minzhengbu Jiuzai Jiuji Si, 32-37.
19. Duoji, Cairang. 1998e. "Positively Establish An Urban Minimum Livelihood Guarantee System" [Jiji Jianli Chengxiang Zuidi Shenghuo Baozhang Zhidu 07/08/1997]. In Chengshi Jumin Zuidi Shenghuo Baozhang Zhidu Wenjian Zike Huibian 1, ed. Minzhengbujiuzaijiujisi. Beijing: Minzhengbu Jiuzai Jiuji Si, 95-100.
20. Duoji, Cairang. 2001. China's Minimum Living Standard System Research and Practice [Zhongguo Zuidi Shenghuo Baozheng Zhidu Yanjiu Yu Shijian]. Beijing: Renmin Chubanshe (People's Publishing).
21. Fan, Baojun. 2000. "Fan Baojun: Perfect the Urban Resident MLG System System As the Final Security Net" [Fan Baojun: Wanshan chengshi Jumin Zuidi Shenghuo Baozhang Zhidu Shehui Baozhang Tixide Zuihou Yidao Anquanwang (26/11/1999)]. In Chengshi Jumin Zuidi Shenghuo Baozhang Zhidu Wenjian Zike Huibian 4, ed. Minzhengbujiuzaijiujisi. Beijing: Minzhengbu Jiuzai Jiuji Si, 1-12.
22. Fewsmith, Joseph. 2008. China since Tiananmen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
23. Flyvbjerg, Bent. 2006. "Five Misunderstandings About Case-Study Research." Qualitative Inquiry 12 (2): 219-245.
24. Frazier, Mark W. 2004a. "After Pension Reform: Navigating the 'Third Rail' in China." Studies in Comparative International Development 39: 45-70.
25. Frazier, Mark W. 2004b. "China's Pension Reform and Its Discontents." China Journal 51: 97-114.
26. Gao, Qin. 2006. "The Social Benefit System in Urban China: Reforms and Trends from 1988 to 2002." Journal of East Asian Studies 6: 31-67.
27. Gao, Qin, Irwin Garfinkel, and Fuhua Zhai 2009. "Anti-Poverty Effectiveness of the Minimum Living Standard Assistance Policy in Urban China." The Review of Income and Wealth 55: 630-655.
28. Gao, Qin, Jiyoung Yoo, Sook-Mee Yan, and Fuhua Zhai 2011. "Welfare Residualism: A Comparative Study of the Basic Livelihood Security Systems in China and South Korea." International Journal of Social Welfare 20: 113-124.
29. George, Alexander, and Andrew Bennett 2004. Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
30. Goodman, D. S. (ed.). 1984. Groups and Politics in the People's Republic of China. Cardiff: University College Press.
31. Guan, Xinping, and Bing Xu 2011. "Central-Local Relations in Social Policy and the Develpment of Urban and Rural Social Assistance Programmes." In China's Changing Welfare Mix: Local Perspectives, eds. B. Carrillo, and J. Duckett London: Routledge, 20-35.
32. Hammond, Daniel R. 2009. "Explaining Policy Making in the People's Republic of China: The Case of the Urban Resident Minimum Livelihood Guarantee System, 1992-2003, "PhD Manuscript, University of Glasgow.
33. Hammond, Daniel R. 2011a. "Local Variation in Urban Social Assistance Policy: The Community Public Service Agency in Dalian City." In China's Changing Welfare Mix: Local Perspectives, eds. B. Carrillo, and J. Duckett London: Routledge, 64-81.
34. Hammond, Daniel R. 2011b. "Social Assistance in China 1993-2002: Institutions, Feedback and Policy Actors in the Chinese Policy Process." Asian Politics and Policy 3 (1): 69-93.
35. Heimer, Maria, and Stig Thøgersen, eds. 2006. Doing Fieldwork in China. Copenhagen: NIAS Press.
36. Innes, Martin. 2001. "Exemplar: Investigating the Investigators-Studying Detective Work." In Researching Social Life, ed. N. Gilbert London: Sage Publications, 211-226.
37. Jabareen, Yosef Rafeq. 2009. "Building A Conceptual Framework: Philosophy, Definitions, and Procedure." International Journal of Qualitative Methods 8 (4): 50-62.
38. Jiang, Zemin. 1998. "General Secretary Jiang Zemin's Report to the 15th National Party Congress" [Jiang Zemin Zongshuji zai Zhongguo Gongchandang Di Shiwu Ci Quangguo Daibiao Dahui Shang de Baogao 12/09/1997]. In Chengshi Jumin Zuidi Shenghuo Baozhang Zhidu Wenjian Zike Huibian 1, ed. Minzhengbujiuzaijiujisi. Beijing: Minzhengbu Jiuzai Jiuji Si, 4.
39. King, Gary, Robert Keohane, and Sidney Verba 1994. Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
40. Kingdon, John W. 1984. Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies. Boston, MA: Little Brown.
41. Lampton, David M. 1987a. "Chinese Politics: The Bargaining Treadmill." Issues and Studies 23: 11-41.
42. Lampton, David M. ed. 1987b. Policy Implementation in Post-Mao China. Berkeley, CA: University of Calfornia Press.
43. Lampton, David M. 1992. "A Plum for A Peach: Bargaining, Interest, and Bureaucratic Politics in China." In Bureaucracy, Politics, and Decision Making in Post-Mao China, eds. G. Lieberthal, and M. Lampton Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 33-58.
44. Leung, Joe C. B. 2006. "The Emergence of Social Assistance in China." International Journal of Social Welfare 15: 188-198.
45. Leung, Joe C. B., and Hilda S. W. Wong 1999. "The Emergence of Community-Based Social Assistance Programs in Urban China." Social Policy and Administration 33: 39-54.
46. Li, Peng. 1995. "Premier Li Peng's Speech at the 10th National Civil Affairs Congress" [Li Peng Zongli zai Di Shi Ci Quanguo Minzheng Huiyi Daibiao Shang de Jianghua]. In Minzheng Gongzuo Wenjian Xuanbian 1994 Nian, ed. Zhengbufazhibangongshi. Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Chubanshe, 2-8.
47. Li, Peng. 1998a. "Premier Li Peng's Important Instructions Regarding the Second Part of the State Council Office Secretary 'Reflections'" [Li Peng Zongli zai Guowuyuan Bangongting Mishu Si Ju "Qingkuang Fanying" Di Er Qi Shang de Zhongyao Pishi 22/05/1997]. In Chengshi Jumin Zuidi Shenghuo Baozhang Zhidu Wenjian Zike Huibian 1, ed. Minzhengbujiuzaijiujisi. Beijing: Minzhengbu Jiuzai Jiuji Si, 8.
48. Li, Peng. 1998b. "Premier Li Peng's Report Regarding the Ninth National Economic and Social Development Five Year Plan and 2010 Development Goals" [Li Peng Zongli "Guanyu Guomin Jingji he Shehui Fazhan Jiuwu Jihua he 2010 Nian Yuanying Mubiao Gangyao de Baogao" 15/03/1996]. In Chengshi Jumin Zuidi Shenghuo Baozhang Zhidu Wenjian Zike Huibian 1, ed. Minzhengbujiuzaijiujisi. Beijing: Minzhengbu Jiuzai Jiuji Si, 6.
49. Li, Peng. 1998c. "Premier Li Peng's Speech at Work Meeting on Enterprise Worker's Basic Old Age Insurance System" [Li Peng Zongli zai Quanguo Tongyi Qiye Zhigong Jiben Yanglao Baoxian Zhidu Gongzuo Huiyi Shang de Jianghua 30/07/1997]. In Chengshi Jumin Zuidi Shenghuo Baozhang Zhidu Wenjian Zike Huibian 1, ed. Minzhengbujiuzaijiujisi. Beijing: Minzhengbu Jiuzai Jiuji Si, 9-11.
50. Lieberthal, Kenneth, and Michael Oksenberg 1988. Policy Making in China: Leaders, Structures, and Processes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
51. Lieberthal, Kenneth G. 1992. "Introduction: The "Fragmented Authoritarianism" Model and Its Limitations." In Bureaucracy, Politics, and Decision Making in Post-Mao China, eds. K. G. Lieberthal, and D. M. Lampton Berkeley: University of California Press, 1-30.
52. Liu, Baocheng. 1997. "The Practice of Establishing Urban Resident Minimum Livelihood Guarantee System" [Jianli chengzhen jumin zuidi shenghuo baozhang zhidu de zuofa]. Zhongguo Minzheng 4: 15.
53. Meier, Kenneth J. 2009. "Policy Theory, Policy Theory Everywhere: Ravings of A Deranged Policy Scholar." The Policy Studies Journal 37: 5-11.
54. Mertha, Andrew. 2009. "'Fragmented Authortarianism 2.0': Political Pluralization in the Chinese Policy Process." The China Quarterly 200: 995-1012.
55. Ministry of Finance. 2005. Ministry of Finance Statistical Yearbook (Caizheng Tongji Nianjian). Beijing: China MoF Press (Zhongguo Caizhengbu Chubanshe).
56. Mintrom, Michael, and Phillipa Norman 2009. "Policy Entrepreneurship and Policy Change." The Policy Studies Journal 37: 649-667.
57. Nathan, Andrew J. 1973. "A Factionalism Model for CCP Politics." The China Quarterly 53: 34-66.
58. Nathan, Andrew J. 1976. "Reply." The China Quarterly 65: 114-117.
59. Nowlin, Matthew C. 2011. "Theories of the Policy Process: State of the Research and Emerging Trends." The Policy Studies Journal 39: 41-60.
60. Oksenberg, Michel. 2002. "China's Political System: Challenges of the Twenty-First Century." In The Nature of Chinese Politics: From Mao to Jiang, ed. J. Unger Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe, 193-208.
61. Ostrom, Elinor. 2007. "Institutional Rational Choice: An Assessment of the Institutional Analysis and Development Framework." In Theories of the Policy Process, 2nd ed., ed. P. A. Sabatier Oxford: Westview Press, 21-64.
62. Sabatier, Paul A. 1988. "An Advocacy Coalition Framework of Policy Change and the Role of Policy-Orientated Learning There-in." Policy Sciences 21: 129-168.
63. Sabatier, Paul A. 2007. "The Need for Better Theories." In Theories of the Policy Process, 2nd ed., ed. P. A. Sabatier Oxford: Westview Press, 3-20.
64. Sabatier, Paul A., and Hank C. Jenkins-Smith 1999. "The Advocacy Coalition Framework: An Assessment." In Theories of the Policy Process, ed. P. A. Sabatier Oxford: Westview Press, 117-166.
65. Saunders, Peter, and Xiaoyuan Shang 2001. "Social Security Reform in China's Transition to A Market Economy." Social Policy and Administration 35: 274-289.
66. Saunders, Peter, and Lujun Sun 2006. "Poverty and Hardship among the Aged in Urban China." Social Policy and Administration 40: 138-157.
67. Schlager, Edella. 2007. "A Comparison of Frameworks, Theories, and Models of the Policy Processes." In Theories of the Policy Process, 2nd ed., ed. P. A. Sabatier Oxford: Westview Press, 293-320.
68. Shanahan, Elizabeth A., Michael D. Jones, and Mark K. McBeth 2011. "Policy Narratives and Policy Processes." Policy Studies Journal 39 (3): 535-561.
69. Shang, Xiayuan, and Xiaoming Wu 2004. "Changing Approaches of Social Protection: Social Assistance Reform in Urban China." Journal of Social Policy and Society 3: 259-271.
70. Skilling, H. Gordon. 1970. "Group Conflict and Political Change." In Change in Communist Systems, ed. C. Johnson Stanford: Stanford University Press, 215-234.
71. Skilling, H. Gordon. 1983. "Interest Groupsand Communist Politics Revisited." World Politics 36 (1): 1-27.
72. Skilling, H. Gordon, and Franklyn Griffiths 1971. Interest Groups in Soviet Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
73. Solinger, Dorothy J. 2001. "Why We Cannot Count the 'Unemployed'." The China Quarterly 167: 671-688.
74. Solinger, Dorothy J. 2005. "Path Dependency Reexamined: Chinese Welfare Policy in the Transition to Unemployment." Comparative Politics 38: 83-101.
75. Solinger, Dorothy J. 2011. "Dibaohu in Distress: The Meagre Minimum Livelihood Guarantee System in Wuhan." In China's Social Welfare Mix, eds. B. Carrillo, and J. Duckett London: Routledge, 36-63.
76. Stake, Robert E. 1978. "The Case Study Method in Social Inquiry." Educational Researcher 7 (2): 5-8.
77. Stanley, Laim. 2012. "The Difference Between An Analytical Framework and A Theoretical Claim: A Reply to Martin Carstensen." Political Studies 60 (2): 474-482.
78. State-Council. 1997. State Council Publication Number 29 (1997): State Council Circular Regarding the Establishing of a National Urban Resident Minimum Livelihood Guarantee System [Guofa (1997) 29 Hao: Guowuyuan Guanyu Quanguo Jianli Chengshi Jumin Zuidi Shenghuo Baozhang Zhidu de Tongzhi]. Beijing: MCA [Online]. http://www.mca.gov.cn/article/zwgk/fvfg/zdshbz/200711/20071110003522.shtml. Accessed March 16, 2007.
79. Tang, Jun. 2003. Report on Poverty and Anti-Poverty in Urban China (Zhongguo Chengshi Pinkun Yu Fupinkun Baogao). Beijing: Huaxia Publishers.
80. Tang, Jun. 2005. Urban MLG System, History, Current Situation and Future. [Chengxiang dibao zhidu, lishi, xianzhuang yu qianzhan] [Online]. Beijing: CASS. http://www.sociology.cass.cn/shxw/shzc/P020051002830994538742.pdf. Accessed June 23, 2007.
81. Teodoro, Manuel P. 2009. "Bureaucratic Job Mobility and the Diffusion of Innovations." American Journal of Political Science 53: 175-189.
82. Thomas, Gary. 2010. "Doing Case Study: Abduction Not Induction, Phronesis Not Theory." Qualitative Inquiry 16 (7): 575-582.
83. Thomas, Gary. 2011. "A Typology for the Case Study in Social Science Following A Review of Definition, Discourse, and Structure." Qualitative Inquiry 17 (6): 511-521.
84. Tsou, Tang. 1976. "Prolegomenon to the Study of Informal Groups in CCP Politics." The China Quarterly 65: 98-114.
85. Xi, Ruixin. 1998. "Vice Minister Xi Ruixin's Speech at National Meeting of Civil Affairs Department and Bureaux Heads Regarding Establishing and Implementing the Urban Resident Minimum Livelihood Guarantee Line System" [Xi Ruixin Fubuzhang zai Quanguo Minzhengting(ju) Zhang Huiyi Shang guanyu Jianli he Shishi Chengshi Zuidi Shenghuo Baozhangxian Zhidu de Jianghua 01/1996]. In Chengshi Jumin Zuidi Shenghuo Baozhang Zhidu Wenjian Zike Huibian 1, ed. Minzhengbujiuzaijiujisi. Beijing: Minzhengbu Jiuzai Jiuji Si, 82-94.
86. Zhang, Yongyin. 2002. Trans-Global China Matters: Liaoning Volume. (Kuashijiede Zhongguo zheng shiye: Liaoning juan), Beijing: China Social Press.
87. Zhao, Guochao. 1997. "Minister Duoji Cairang at Inspection of Henan's Work with Elderly Points Out, from Start to Finish Establish a Minimum Living Standard Security System, Establish a Rural Social Security System" [Duoji Cairang buzhang zai Henan laocha gongzuo shizhichu, cong jianli zuidi shenghuo baozhang zhidu qibu, jianli nongcun shehui baozhang tixi]. China Society [Zhongguo Shehui Bao], 6 May.
88. Zhu, Xufeng. 2008. "Strategy of Chinese Policy Entrepreneurs in the Third Sector: Challenges of "Technical Infeasibility." Policy Sciences 41: 315-334.