Anger, exit, and assertion: Do people see protest toward God as morally acceptable?

Psychology of Religion and Spirituality

Volumn 4, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 264-277

  Exline, Julie J ^a   Kaplan, Kalman J ^b   Grubbs, Joshua B ^a  

^a CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS   (United States)

Author keywords

anger; assertiveness; God; religion; spiritual struggle

Indexed keywords

EID: 84874093520     PISSN: 19411022     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0027667     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Ai, A. L., Pargament, K., Kronfol, Z., Tice, T. N., & Appel, H. (2010). Pathways to postoperative hostility in cardiac patients: Mediation of coping, spiritual struggle and interleukin-6. Journal of Health Psychology, 15, 186-195.
2. Altemeyer, B., & Hunsberger, B. (1992). Authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism, quest, and prejudice. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2, 113-133. doi:10.1207/s15327582ijpr0202-5
3. Ano, G. G., & Vasconcelles, E. B. (2005). Religious coping and psychological adjustment to stress: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 461-480. doi:10.1002/jclp.20049 (Pubitemid 40577354)
4. Beck, R. (2006). Communion and complaint: Attachment, object-relations, and triangular love perspectives on relationship with God. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 34, 43-52. (Pubitemid 43864371)
5. Blaine, B., & Crocker, J. (1995). Religiousness, race, and psychological well-being: Exploring social psychological mediators. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 1031-1041. doi:10.1177/01461672952110004
6. Bradbury, T. N., & Fincham, F. D.(1990). Attributions in marriage: Review and critique. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 3-33, doi:10.1037/0033-2909. 107.1.3.
7. Compact Oxford English Dictionary. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.askoxford.com/?view=uk
8. Cotton, S., Puchalski, C. M., Sherman, S. N., Mrus, J. M., Peterman, A. H., Feinberg, J., . . . Tsevat, J. (2006). Spirituality and religion in patients with HIV/AIDS. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21 (Suppl. 5), S5-S13. (Pubitemid 44657032)
9. Enright, R. D., Eastin, D. L. Golden, S., Sarinopoulos, I., & Freedman, S. (1991). Interpersonal forgiveness within the helping professions: An attempt to resolve differences of opinion. Counseling and Values, 36, 84-103. doi:10.1002/j.2161-007X.1991.tb00966.x
10. Exline, J. J. (in press-a). Religious and spiritual struggles. In K. I. Pargament, J. J. Exline, & J. W. Jones (Eds.), APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality (Vol. 1). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
11. Exline, J. J. (in press-b). Anger toward God: A new frontier in the study of forgiveness. In M. Maamri (Ed.), Mapping forgiveness. Oxford, UK: Interdisciplinary Press.
12. Exline, J. J., & Grubbs, J. (2011). "If I tell others about my anger toward God, how will they respond?" Predictors, associated behaviors, and outcomes in an adult sample. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 39, 304-315.
13. Exline, J. J., Grubbs, J., & Homolka, S. (2012). The God-10: A brief measure to assess views of God as loving, cruel, and distant. Manuscript in preparation.
14. Exline, J. J., & Martin, A. (2005). Anger toward God: A new frontier in forgiveness research. In E. L. Worthington, Jr. (Ed.), Handbook of forgiveness (pp. 73-88). New York, NY: Routledge.
15. Exline, J. J., Park, C. L., Smyth, J. M., & Carey, M. P. (2011). Anger toward God: Five foundational studies emphasizing predictors, doubts about God's existence, and adjustment to bereavement and cancer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 129-148. doi:10.1037/a0021716
16. Exline, J. J., Yali, A. M., & Sanderson, W. C. (2000). Guilt, discord, and alienation: The role of religious strain in depression and suicidality. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 1481-1496. doi:10.1002/1097- 4679(200012)56:123.0.CO; 2-A
17. Fincham, F. D., Paleari, G, & Regalia, C. (2002). Forgiveness in marriage: The role of relationship quality, attributions, and empathy. Personal Relationships, 9, 27-37. doi:10.1111/1475-6811.00002 (Pubitemid 36836894)
18. Finkel, E. J., Rusbult, C. E., Kumashiro, M., & Han-non, P. (2002). Dealing with betrayal in close relationships: Does commitment promote forgiveness? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 956-974. doi:10.1037/0022-3514 .82.6.956
19. Fitchett, G., Rybarczyk, B. D., DeMarco, G. A., & Nicholas, J. J. (1999). The role of religion in rehabilitation outcomes: A longitudinal study. Rehabilitation Psychology, 44, 333-353. doi: 10.1037/0090-5550.44.4.333
20. Graham, J., Haidt, J., & Nosek, B. (2009). Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 1029-1046. doi:10.1037/a0015141
21. Haidt, J. (2008). Morality. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 65-72. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2008.00063.x
22. Haidt, J., & Graham, J. (2007). When morality opposes justice: Conservatives have moral intuitions that liberals may not recognize. Social Justice Research, 20, 98-116. doi:10.1007/s11211-007-0034-z
23. Haidt, J., & Joseph, C. (2004). Intuitive ethics: How innately prepared intuitions generate culturally variable virtues. Daedalus, 133, 55-66. doi: 10.1162/0011526042365555
24. Hall, T. W., & Edwards, K. J. (1996). The initial development and factor analysis of the spiritual assessment inventory. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 24, 233-246. (Pubitemid 126696067)
25. Hall, T. W., & Edwards, K. J. (2002). The spiritual assessment inventory: A theistic model and measure for assessing spiritual development. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41, 341-357. doi:10.1111/1468- 5906.00121
26. Hall, T. W., & Fujikawa, A. (in press). God images and the sacred. In K. I. Pargament, J. J. Exline, & J. W. Jones (Eds.), APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality (Vol. 1). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
27. Janoff-Bulman, R., Sheikh, S., & Hepp, S. (2009). Proscriptive versus prescriptive morality: Two faces of moral regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 521-537. doi:10.1037/a0013779
28. Kaplan, K. J. (1998). TILT: Teaching individuals to live together. Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & Francis.
29. Kaplan, K. J. (2009). Towards a Biblical psychology: Ten commandments for mental health, Filsosofia Oggi, XXXII-N. 128-E-14(Oct.-Dec.), 279-303.
30. Kaplan, K. J. (2011). Obedience and disobedience/rebellion in Biblical versus Greek narratives: Toward a Biblical psychology. Pastoral Psychology, 60, 659-670. doi:10.1007/s11089-011-0343-x
31. Kaplan, K. J., & Schwartz, M. W. (1993). A psychology of hope: An antidote to the suicidal pathology of Western civilization. Westport, CT: Praeger.
32. Kaplan, K. J., & Schwartz, M. B. (2008). A psychology of hope: A Biblical response to tragedy and suicide. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.
33. Kelley, H. H., & Thibaut, J. (1978). Interpersonal relations: A theory of interdependence. New York, NY: Wiley.
34. McConnell, K. M., Pargament, K. I., Ellison, C. G., & Flannelly, K. J. (2006). Examining the links between spiritual struggles and symptoms of psy-chopathology in a national sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 1469-1484. doi:10.1002/jclp.20325 (Pubitemid 44862640)
35. Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to authority: An experimental view. New York, NY: Harper Collins.
36. Moriarty, G., & Hoffman, M. (Eds.). (2007). God image handbook for spiritual counseling and psychotherapy: Research, theory, and practice. Philadelphia, PA: Haworth Press.
37. Pargament, K. I., Koenig, H. G., Tarakeshwar, N., & Hahn, J. (2001). Religious struggle as a predictor of mortality among medically elderly patients: A two-year longitudinal study. Archives of Internal Medicine, 161, 1881-1885. doi:10.1001/archinte .161.15.1881 (Pubitemid 32762735)
38. Pargament, K. I., Murray-Swank, N., Magyar, G. M., & Ano, G. G. (2004). Spiritual struggle: A phenomenon of interest to psychology and religion. In W. R. Miller & H. Delaney (Eds.), Judeo-Christian perspectives on psychology: Human nature, motivation, and change (pp. 245-268). Washington, DC: APA Books.
39. Pastore, N. (1952). The role of arbitrariness in the frustration- aggression hypothesis. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 47, 728-731. doi: 10.1037/h0060884
40. Reynolds, W. M. (1982). Development of reliable and valid short forms of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 119-125. doi:10.1002/10974679(198201)38:13.0.CO;2-I (Pubitemid 12135561)
41. Rusbult, C. E., Verette, J., Whitney, G. A., Slovik, L. F., & Lipkus, I. (1991). Accommodation processes in close relationships: Theory and preliminary empirical evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 53-78. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.1.53
42. Skitka, L. J., Bauman, C. W., & Lytle, B. L. (2009). Limits on legitimacy: Moral and religious convictions as constraints on deference to authority. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 567-578. doi:10.1037/a0015998
43. Thibaut, J. W., & Kelley, H. H. (1959). The social psychology of groups. New York, NY: Wiley.
44. Trevino, K. M., Pargament, K. I., Cotton, S., Leonard, A. C, Hahn, J., Caprini-Faigin, C. A., & Tsevat, J. (2010). Religious coping and physiological, psychological, social, and spiritual outcomes in patients with HIV/AIDS: Cross-sectional and longitudinal findings. AIDS and Behavior, 14, 379-389. doi:10.1007/s10461-007-9332-6
45. van den Bos, K., Wilke, H. A. M., & Lind, E. A. (1998). When do we need procedural fairness? The role of trust in authority. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1449-1458. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.75.6.1449
46. Wood, B. T., Worthington, E. L., Jr., Exline, J. J., Yali, A. M., Aten, J. D., & McMinn, M. R. (2010). Development, refinement, and psychometric properties of the Attitudes toward God Scale (ATGS-9). Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 2, 148-167. doi:10.1037/a0018753