Neural correlates of deficits in pain-related affective meaning construction in patients with chronic pain disorder

Psychosomatic Medicine

Volumn 75, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 124-136

  Noll Hussong, Michael ^a,f   Otti, Alexander ^b   Wohlschlaeger, Afra M ^b   Zimmer, Claus ^b   Henningsen, Peter ^b   Lahmann, Claas ^b   Ronel, Joram ^b   Subic Wrana, Claudia ^c   Lane, Richard D ^d   Decety, Jean ^e   Guendel, Harald ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL ULM   (Germany)

^b TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^c JOHANNES GUTENBERG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF ULM   (Germany)

Author keywords

affective meaning; affective neuroscience; empathy; functional magnetic resonance imaging; pain disorder; somatoform pain disorder

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ALEXITHYMIA; ANTERIOR CINGULATE; ARTICLE; BECK DEPRESSION INVENTORY; CHRONIC PAIN; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEPRESSION; EMPATHY; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HUMAN; INSULA; INTERPERSONAL REACTIVITY INDEX; NAMED INVENTORIES, QUESTIONNAIRES AND RATING SCALES; NEUROIMAGING; NOCICEPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOGENIC PAIN; PSYCHOMETRY; TASK PERFORMANCE; TORONTO ALEXITHYMIA SCALE;

EID: 84873990785     PISSN: 00333174     EISSN: 15347796     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e31827e60f3     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. Wise TN. Pain: the most common psychosomatic problem [case reports]. Med Clin North Am 1977;61:771-80. (Pubitemid 8139988)
2. Stohler CS, Kowalski CJ. Spatial and temporal summation of sensory and affective dimensions of deep somatic pain. Pain [Clinical Trial Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, US Government, PHS] 1999;79:165-73. (Pubitemid 29076751)
3. Price DD. Psychological and neural mechanisms of the affective dimension of pain. Science 2000;288:1769-72. (Pubitemid 30399009)
4. Craig AD. A new viewof pain as a homeostatic emotion. Trends Neurosci 2003;26:303-7. (Pubitemid 36700414)
5. Gundel H, Valet M, Sorg C, Huber D, Zimmer C, Sprenger T, Tolle TR. Altered cerebral response to noxious heat stimulation in patients with somatoform pain disorder. Pain 2008;137:413-21. (Pubitemid 351853303)
6. APA. Diagnostic and StatisticManual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.
7. WHO. ICD 10 International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems: Tenth Revision. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2005.
8. Duddu V, Isaac MK, Chaturvedi SK. Somatization, somatosensory amplification, attribution styles and illness behaviour: a review. Int Rev Psychiatry 2006;18:25-33. (Pubitemid 43201018)
9. Sifneos PE. Alexithymia: past and present. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153:137-42. (Pubitemid 26235226)
10. Wessely S, Nimnuan C, Sharpe M. Functional somatic syndromes: one or many? Lancet 1999;354:936-9. (Pubitemid 29424033)
11. Subic-Wrana C, Beutel ME, Knebel A, Lane RD. Theory of mind and emotional awareness deficits in patients with somatoform disorders. Psychosom Med 2010;72:404-11.
12. Subic-Wrana C, Bruder S, Thomas W, Lane RD, Kohle K. Emotional awareness deficits in inpatients of a psychosomatic ward: a comparison of two different measures of alexithymia. Psychosom Med 2005; 67:483-9. (Pubitemid 40727164)
13. Waller E, Scheidt CE. Somatoform disorders as disorders of affect regulation: a development perspective. Int Rev Psychiatry 2006;18:13-24. (Pubitemid 43201017)
14. Mabe PA, Jones LR, Riley WT. Managing somatization phenomena in primary care [Review]. Psychiatr Med 1990;8:117-27.
15. Silton RL, Heller W, Engels AS, Towers DN, Spielberg JM, Edgar JC, Sass SM, Stewart JL, Sutton BP, Banich MT, Miller GA. Depression and anxious apprehension distinguish frontocingulate cortical activity during top-down attentional control. J Abnorm Psychol 2011;120:272-85.
16. de Greck M, Scheidt L, Bolter AF, Frommer J, Ulrich C, Stockum E, Enzi B, Tempelmann C, Hoffmann T, Han S, Northoff G. Altered brain activity during emotional empathy in somatoform disorder. Hum Brain Mapp [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't] 2012;33:2666-85.
17. Pedrosa Gil F, Ridout N, Kessler H, Neuffer M, Schoechlin C, Traue HC, Nickel M. Facial emotion recognition and alexithymia in adults with somatoform disorders. Depression Anxiety 2009;26:E26-33.
18. Moriguchi Y, Ohnishi T, Lane RD, Maeda M, Mori T, Nemoto K, Matsuda H, Komaki G. Impaired self-awareness and theory of mind: an fMRI study of mentalizing in alexithymia. Neuroimage 2006;32:1472-82. (Pubitemid 44294772)
19. Clore GL, Pappas J. The affective regulation of social interaction. Soc Psychol Q 2007;70:333-9.
20. Apkarian AV, Hashmi JA, Baliki MN. Pain and the brain: specificity and plasticity of the brain in clinical chronic pain. Pain [Research Support, NIH, Extramural Research Support, Non-US Government Review] 2011;152:S49-64.
21. Roy M, Shohamy D, Wager TD. Ventromedial prefrontal-subcortical systems and the generation of affective meaning. Trends Cogn Sci 2012;16:147-56.
22. Mehling WE, Krause N. Are difficulties perceiving and expressing emotions associated with low-back pain? The relationship between lack of emotional awareness (alexithymia) and 12-month prevalence of lowback pain in 1180 urban public transit operators. J Psychosom Res [Comparative Study Research Support, NIH, Extramural Research Support, US Government, PHS] 2005;58:73-81. (Pubitemid 40354345)
23. Verkuil B, Brosschot JF, Thayer JF. A sensitive body or a sensitive mind? Associations among somatic sensitization, cognitive sensitization, health worry, and subjective health complaints. J Psychosom Res 2007;63:673-81. (Pubitemid 350186021)
24. Rief W, Broadbent E. Explaining medically unexplained symptomsV models and mechanisms. Clin Psychol Rev 2007;27:821-41. (Pubitemid 47410330)
25. Chaturvedi SK, Desai G. What's 'in the body' is actually 'in the mind'! Int Rev Psychiatry 2006;18:1-3.
26. Beauregard M. Mind does really matter: evidence from neuroimaging studies of emotional self-regulation, psychotherapy, and placebo effect. Prog Neurobiol 2007;81:218-36. (Pubitemid 46498899)
27. Browning M, Fletcher P, Sharpe M. Can neuroimaging help us to understand and classify somatoform disorders? A systematic and critical review. Psychosom Med [Research Support, Non-US Government Review] 2011;73:173-84.
28. Parr LA, Waller BM, Fugate J. Emotional communication in primates: implications for neurobiology. Curr Opin Neurobiol [Research Support, NIH, Extramural Research Support, US Government, Non-PHS Review] 2005;15:716-20. (Pubitemid 41682314)
29. Bailey PE, Henry JD. Alexithymia, somatization and negative affect in a community sample. Psychiatry Res 2007;150:13-20. (Pubitemid 46281339)
30. Lim SL, Kim JH. Cognitive processing of emotional information in depression, panic, and somatoform disorder. J Abnorm Psychol 2005; 114:50-61.
31. Danziger N, Faillenot I, Peyron R. Can we share a pain we never felt? Neural correlates of empathy in patients with congenital insensitivity to pain. Neuron 2009;61:203-12.
32. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, deGruy FV III, Hahn SR, Linzer M,Williams JB, Brody D, Davies M. Multisomatoform disorder. An alternative to undifferentiated somatoform disorder for the somatizing patient in primary care. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997;54:352-8. (Pubitemid 27171921)
33. Noll-Hussong M, Otti A, Laeer L,Wohlschlaeger A, Zimmer C, Lahmann C, Henningsen P, Toelle T, Guendel H. Aftermath of sexual abuse history on adult patients suffering from chronic functional pain syndromes: an fMRI pilot study. J Psychosom Res 2010;68:483-7.
34. Jackson PL, Brunet E, Meltzoff AN, Decety J. Empathy examined through the neural mechanisms involved in imagining how I feel versus how you feel pain. Neuropsychologia 2006;44:752-61. (Pubitemid 43327398)
35. Lamm C, Batson CD, Decety J. The neural substrate of human empathy: effects of perspective-taking and cognitive appraisal. J Cogn Neurosci 2007;19:42-58. (Pubitemid 46106022)
36. Lane RD, Quinlan DM, Schwartz GE, Walker PA, Zeitlin SB. The Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale: a cognitive-developmental measure of emotion. J Pers Assess 1990;55:124-34. (Pubitemid 20296552)
37. Lane RD, Reiman EM, Axelrod B, Yun LS, Holmes A, Schwartz GE. Neural correlates of levels of emotional awareness. Evidence of an interaction between emotion and attention in the anterior cingulate cortex. J Cogn Neurosci 1998;10:525-35. (Pubitemid 28377239)
38. Lamm C, Decety J, Singer T. Meta-analytic evidence for common and distinct neural networks associated with directly experienced pain and empathy for pain. Neuroimage 2011;54:2492-502.
39. Decety J. The neurodevelopment of empathy in humans. Dev Neurosci 2010;32:257-67.
40. Otti A, Guendel H, Laer L, Wohlschlaeger AM, Lane RD, Decety J, Zimmer C, Henningsen P, Noll-Hussong M. I know the pain you feelVhow the human brain's default mode predicts our resonance to another's suffering. Neuroscience 2010;169:143-8.
41. Otti A, Guendel H, Henningsen P, Zimmer C, Wohlschlaeger AM, Noll-Hussong M. Functional network connectivity of pain-related resting state networks in somatoform pain disorder: an exploratory fMRI study. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2012;37:110187.
42. Sattel H, Lahmann C, Gundel H, Guthrie E, Kruse J, Noll-Hussong M, Ohmann C, Ronel J, Sack M, Sauer N, Schneider G, Henningsen P. Brief psychodynamic interpersonal psychotherapy for patients with multisomatoform disorder: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. [Multicenter Study Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-US Government] 2012;200:60-7.
43. Jackson JL, Kroenke K. Prevalence, impact, and prognosis of multisomatoform disorder in primary care: a 5-year follow-up study. Psychosom Med 2008;70:430-4.
44. Premkumar P, Ettinger U, Inchley-Mort S, Sumich A, Williams SC, Kuipers E, Kumari V. Neural processing of social rejection: the role of schizotypal personality traits. Hum Brain Mapp 2011.
45. Yanagisawa K, Masui K, Furutani K, Nomura M, Ura M, Yoshida H. Does higher general trust serve as a psychosocial buffer against social pain? An NIRS study of social exclusion. Soc Neurosci 2011;6:190-7.
46. Radbruch L, Loick G, Kiencke P, Lindena G, Sabatowski R, Grond S, Lehmann KA, Cleeland CS. Validation of the German version of the Brief Pain Inventory. J Pain Symptom Manage 1999;18:180-7. (Pubitemid 29459123)
47. Oldfield RC. The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh Inventory. Neuropsychologia 1971;9:97-113.
48. Wittchen HU, Wunderlich U, Gruschwitz S, Zaudig M. Strukturiertes klinisches Interview für DSM-IV, Achse I (SKID). Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe Verlag; 1997.
49. Cleeland CS, Ryan KM. Pain assessment: global use of the Brief Pain Inventory. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1994;23:129-38.
50. Keller S, Bann CM, Dodd SL, Schein J, Mendoza TR, Cleeland CS. Validity of the Brief Pain Inventory for use in documenting the outcomes of patients with noncancer pain. Clin J Pain 2004;20:309-18. (Pubitemid 39108843)
51. McHorney CA, Ware JE Jr, Raczek AE. The MOS 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), II: Psychometric and clinical tests of validity in measuring physical and mental health constructs. Med Care 1993; 31:247-63.
52. Alonso J, Ferrer M, Gandek B, Ware JE Jr, Aaronson NK, Mosconi P, Rasmussen NK, Bullinger M, Fukuhara S, Kaasa S, Leplege A. Healthrelated quality of life associated with chronic conditions in eight countries: results from the International Quality of Life Assessment (IQOLA) Project. Qual Life Res 2004;13:283-98. (Pubitemid 38392257)
53. Bullinger M. German translation and psychometric testing of the SF-36 Health Survey: preliminary results from the IQOLA Project. International Quality of Life Assessment. Soc Sci Med 1995;41:1359-66.
54. Bullinger M. Generic quality of life assessment in psychiatry. Potentials and limitations. Eur Psychiatry 1997;12:203-9.
55. Keller SD, Ware JE Jr, Gandek B, Aaronson NK, Alonso J, Apolone G, Bjorner JB, Brazier J, Bullinger M, Fukuhara S, Kaasa S, Leplege A, Sanson-Fisher RW, Sullivan M, Wood-Dauphinee S. Testing the equivalence of translations of widely used response choice labels: results from the IQOLA Project. International Quality of Life Assessment. J Clin Epidemiol 1998;51:933-44. (Pubitemid 28527148)
56. Fink P, Schroder A. One single diagnosis, bodily distress syndrome, succeeded to capture 10 diagnostic categories of functional somatic syndromes and somatoform disorders. J Psychosom Res 2010;68:415-26.
57. Benuzzi F, Lui F, Duzzi D, Nichelli PF, Porro CA. Brain networks responsive to aversive visual stimuli in humans. Magn Reson Imaging 2009;27:1088-95.
58. Merz J, Lehrl S, Galster V, Erzigkeit H. [The Multiple Selection Vocabulary Test (MSVT-B)Van accelerated intelligence test]. Psychiatr Neurol Med Psychol (Leipz) 1975;27:423-8.
59. Lehrl S, Triebig G, Fischer B. Multiple choice vocabulary test MWTas a valid and short test to estimate premorbid intelligence. Acta Neurol Scand 1995;91:335-45.
60. Bach M, Bach D, de Zwaan M, Serim M, Bohmer F. [Validation of the German version of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale in normal persons and psychiatric patients]. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 1996;46:23-8. (Pubitemid 26050394)
61. Taylor GJ, Bagby RM, Parker JD. The 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale, IV: Reliability and factorial validity in different languages and cultures. J Psychosom Res 2003;55:277-83. (Pubitemid 38366232)
62. Davis MH. Measuring individual differences in empathy: evidence for a multidimensional approach. J Pers Soc Psychol 1983;44:113-26.
63. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1961;4:561-71.
64. Hautzinger M. [The Beck Depression Inventory in clinical practice]. Nervenarzt 1991;62:689-96.
65. Yu C, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Jiang T, Dong H, Zhang Y, Walter M. Functional segregation of the human cingulate cortex is confirmed by functional connectivity based neuroanatomical parcellation. Neuroimage 2011; 54:2571-81.
66. Eisenberger NI, Lieberman MD. Why rejection hurts: a common neural alarm system for physical and social pain. Trends Cogn Sci 2004; 8:294-300. (Pubitemid 38887445)
67. Xu X, Zuo X, Wang X, Han S. Do you feel my pain? Racial group membership modulates empathic neural responses. J Neurosci 2009; 29:8525-9.
68. Singer T, Seymour B, O'Doherty J, Kaube H, Dolan RJ, Frith CD. Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain. Science 2004;303:1157-62. (Pubitemid 38233574)
69. Tzourio-Mazoyer N, Landeau B, Papathanassiou D, Crivello F, Etard O, Delcroix N, Mazoyer B, Joliot M. Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the MNI MRI single-subject brain. Neuroimage 2002;15:273-89. (Pubitemid 34852226)
70. Laux L, Glanzmann P, Schaffner P, Spielberger C. Das State-Trait- Angstinventar. Theoretische Grundlagen und Handlungsanweisung. Weinheim, Germany: Beltz Testgesellschaft; 1981.
71. Cederblad M, Dahlin L, Hagnell O, Hansson K. Intelligence and temperament as protective factors for mental health. A cross-sectional and prospective epidemiological study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1995;245:11-9.
72. Kingma EM, Tak LM, Huisman M, Rosmalen JG. Intelligence is negatively associated with the number of functional somatic symptoms. J Epidemiol Community Health 2009;63:900-5.
73. Chumbley JR, Friston KJ. False discovery rate revisited: FDR and topological inference using Gaussian random fields. Neuroimage 2009; 44:62-70.
74. Craft RM, Mogil JS, Aloisi AM. Sex differences in pain and analgesia: the role of gonadal hormones. Eur J Pain 2004;8:397-411. (Pubitemid 39485765)
75. Lumley MA, Cohen JL, Borszcz GS, Cano A, Radcliffe AM, Porter LS, Schubiner H, Keefe FJ. Pain and emotion: a biopsychosocial review of recent research. J Clin Psychol [Research Support, NIH, Extramural Research Support, Non-US Government Research Support, US Government, Non-PHS Review] 2011;67:942-68.
76. Valeriani M, Betti V, Le Pera D, De Armas L, Miliucci R, Restuccia D, Avenanti A, Aglioti SM. Seeing the pain of others while being in pain: a laser-evoked potentials study. Neuroimage 2008;40:1419-28.
77. Lamm C, Meltzoff AN, Decety J. How do we empathize with someone who is not like us? A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Cogn Neurosci 2010;22:362-76.
78. Stein N, Fruchter HJ, Trief P. Experiences of depression and illness behavior in patients with intractable chronic pain. J Clin Psychol [Research Support, Non-US Government] 1983;39:31-3. (Pubitemid 13122103)
79. Critchfield KL, Benjamin LS. Internalized representations of early interpersonal experience and adult relationships: a test of copy process theory in clinical and non-clinical settings. Psychiatry [Research Support, NIH, Extramural] 2008;71:71-92. (Pubitemid 351549277)
80. Sanders K. Bion's 'protomental system' and psychosomatic illness in general practice [case reports]. Br J Med Psychol 1984;57:167-72. (Pubitemid 14060131)
81. Melzack R. Pain and the neuromatrix in the brain. J Dent Educ 2001;65:1378-82.
82. Schweinhardt P, Bushnell MC. Pain imaging in health and diseaseVhow far have we come? J Clin Invest [Research Support, Non-US Government Review] 2010;120:3788-97.
83. Apkarian AV, Bushnell MC, Treede RD, Zubieta JK. Human brain mechanisms of pain perception and regulation in health and disease. Eur J Pain 2005;9:463-84. (Pubitemid 40836040)
84. Tracey I, Mantyh PW. The cerebral signature for pain perception and its modulation. Neuron 2007;55:377-91. (Pubitemid 47161056)
85. Baliki MN, Chialvo DR, Geha PY, Levy RM, Harden RN, Parrish TB, Apkarian AV. Chronic pain and the emotional brain: specific brain activity associated with spontaneous fluctuations of intensity of chronic back pain. J Neurosci 2006;26:12165-73. (Pubitemid 44808383)
86. Henningsen P, Zipfel S, Herzog W. Management of functional somatic syndromes. Lancet 2007;369:946-55. (Pubitemid 46400832)
87. Leiknes KA, Finset A, Moum T, Sandanger I. Current somatoform disorders in Norway: prevalence, risk factors and comorbidity with anxiety, depression and musculoskeletal disorders. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2007;42:698-710. (Pubitemid 47343009)
88. Muller JE, Wentzel I, Nel DG, Stein DJ. Depression and anxiety in multisomatoform disorder: prevalence and clinical predictors in primary care. S Afr Med J 2008;98:473-6. (Pubitemid 351911772)
89. Means-Christensen AJ, Roy-Byrne PP, Sherbourne CD, Craske MG, Stein MB. Relationships among pain, anxiety, and depression in primary care. Depress Anxiety 2008;25:593-600.
90. Hanel G, Henningsen P, Herzog W, Sauer N, Schaefert R, Szecsenyi J, Lowe B. Depression, anxiety, and somatoform disorders: vague or distinct categories in primary care? Results from a large cross-sectional study. J Psychosom Res 2009;67:189-97.
91. Lieb R, Meinlschmidt G, Araya R. Epidemiology of the association between somatoform disorders and anxiety and depressive disorders: an update. Psychosom Med 2007;69:860-3. (Pubitemid 350158827)
92. Leiknes KA, Finset A, Moum T. Commonalities and differences between the diagnostic groups: current somatoform disorders, anxiety and/or depression, and musculoskeletal disorders. J Psychosom Res 2010;68: 439-46.
93. Henningsen P, Zimmermann T, Sattel H. Medically unexplained physical symptoms, anxiety, and depression: a meta-analytic review. Psychosom Med 2003;65:528-33. (Pubitemid 36900246)
94. Mattila AK, Kronholm E, Jula A, Salminen JK, Koivisto AM, Mielonen RL, Joukamaa M. Alexithymia and somatization in general population. Psychosom Med 2008;70:716-22.
95. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-15: validity of a new measure for evaluating the severity of somatic symptoms. Psychosom Med 2002;64:258-66. (Pubitemid 34260463)
96. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Lowe B. The Patient Health Questionnaire Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptom Scales: a systematic review. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2010;32:345-59.
97. Lane RD, Carmichael C, Reis HT. Differentiation in the momentary rating of somatic symptoms covaries with trait emotional awareness in patients at risk for sudden cardiac death. Psychosom Med 2011; 73:185-92.
98. Jensen KB, Petzke F, Carville S, Fransson P, Marcus H, Williams SC, Choy E, Mainguy Y, Gracely R, Ingvar M, Kosek E. Anxiety and depressive symptoms in fibromyalgia are related to poor perception of health but not to pain sensitivity or cerebral processing of pain. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62:3488-95.
99. Kroenke K. Patients presenting with somatic complaints: epidemiology, psychiatric comorbidity and management. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2003;12:34-43. (Pubitemid 36675446)
100. Abbass A, Kisely S, Kroenke K. Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy for somatic disorders. Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Psychother Psychosom 2009;78:265-74.
101. Bird G, Silani G, Brindley R, White S, Frith U, Singer T. Empathic brain responses in insula are modulated by levels of alexithymia but not autism. Brain 2010;133:1515-25.
102. Iannetti GD, Mouraux A. From the neuromatrix to the pain matrix (and back). Exp Brain Res 2010;205:1-12.
103. Devinsky O, Morrell MJ, Vogt BA. Contributions of anterior cingulate cortex to behaviour. Brain 1995;118:279-306.
104. Vogt BA, Finch DM, Olson CR. Functional heterogeneity in cingulate cortex: the anterior executive and posterior evaluative regions. Cereb Cortex 1992;2:435-43.
105. Whalen PJ, Bush G, McNally RJ,Wilhelm S, McInerney SC, Jenike MA, Rauch SL. The emotional counting Stroop paradigm: a functional magnetic resonance imaging probe of the anterior cingulate affective division. Biol Psychiatry 1998;44:1219-28. (Pubitemid 29015861)
106. Spielberger CD, Gorsuch RL, Lushene RE. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press; 1970.
107. Derbyshire SW, Jones AK, Gyulai F, Clark S, Townsend D, Firestone LL. Pain processing during three levels of noxious stimulation produces differential patterns of central activity. Pain 1997;73:431-45. (Pubitemid 28021849)
108. Lorenz J, Minoshima S, Casey KL. Keeping pain out of mind: the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in pain modulation. Brain 2003; 126:1079-91. (Pubitemid 36522951)
109. Lui F, Duzzi D, Corradini M, Serafini M, Baraldi P, Porro CA. Touch or pain? Spatio-temporal patterns of cortical fMRI activity following brief mechanical stimuli. Pain 2008;138:362-74.
110. Aziz Q, Thompson DG, Ng VW, Hamdy S, Sarkar S, Brammer MJ, Bullmore ET, Hobson A, Tracey I, Gregory L, Simmons A,Williams SC. Cortical processing of human somatic and visceral sensation. J Neurosci 2000;20:2657-63. (Pubitemid 30220353)
111. Fan J, Wu X, Cao Z, Chen S, Owyang C, Li Y. Up-regulation of anterior cingulate cortex NR2B receptors contributes to visceral pain responses in rats. Gastroenterology 2009;136:1732-40.e3.
112. Vogt BA, Derbyshire S, Jones AK. Pain processing in four regions of human cingulate cortex localized with co-registered PET and MR imaging. Eur J Neurosci 1996;8:1461-73. (Pubitemid 26239825)
113. Frewen P, Lane RD, Neufeld RW, Densmore M, Stevens T, Lanius R. Neural correlates of levels of emotional awareness during trauma scriptVimagery in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychosom Med [Research Support, Non-US Government] 2008;70:27-31.
114. Mohr C, Binkofski F, Erdmann C, Buchel C, Helmchen C. The anterior cingulate cortex contains distinct areas dissociating external from selfadministered painful stimulation: a parametric fMRI study. Pain 2005; 114:347-57. (Pubitemid 40385874)
115. Rennefeld C, Wiech K, Schoell ED, Lorenz J, Bingel U. Habituation to pain: further support for a central component. Pain 2010;148:503-8.
116. Danziger N, Prkachin KM, Willer JC. Is pain the price of empathy? The perception of others' pain in patients with congenital insensitivity to pain. Brain 2006;129:2494-507. (Pubitemid 44522133)
117. Pessoa L. On the relationship between emotion and cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci 2008;9:148-58.
118. Ochsner KN, Knierim K, Ludlow DH, Hanelin J, Ramachandran T, Glover G, Mackey SC. Reflecting upon feelings: an fMRI study of neural systems supporting the attribution of emotion to self and other. J Cogn Neurosci [Clinical Trial Comparative Study Research Support, Non-US Government Research Support, US Government, Non-PHS Research Support, US Government, PHS] 2004;16:1746-72. (Pubitemid 40052456)
119. McRae K, Hughes B, Chopra S, Gabrieli JD, Gross JJ, Ochsner KN. The neural bases of distraction and reappraisal. J Cogn Neurosci [Research Support, NIH, Extramural] 2010;22:248-62.
120. Sergent J. The cerebral balance of power: confrontation or cooperation? J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 1982;8:253-72.
121. Robertson LC, Lamb MR. Neuropsychological contributions to theories of part/whole organization. Cogn Psychol 1991;23:299-330.
122. Van Kleeck MH. Hemispheric differences in global versus local processing of hierarchical visual stimuli by normal subjects: new data and a meta-analysis of previous studies. Neuropsychologia 1989;27:1165-78. (Pubitemid 19256784)
123. McGilchrist I. Reciprocal organization of the cerebral hemispheres. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2010;12:503-15.
124. Minio-Paluello I, Avenanti A, Aglioti SM. Left hemisphere dominance in reading the sensory qualities of others' pain? Soc Neurosci 2006; 1:320-33.
125. Brown CA, Seymour B, El-Deredy W, Jones AK. Confidence in beliefs about pain predicts expectancy effects on pain perception and anticipatory processing in right anterior insula. Pain [Research Support, Non-US Government] 2008;139:324-32.
126. Ogino Y, Nemoto H, Inui K, Saito S, Kakigi R, Goto F. Inner experience of pain: imagination of pain while viewing images showing painful events forms subjective pain representation in human brain. Cerebral Cortex [Research Support, Non-US Government] 2007;17:1139-46. (Pubitemid 46598854)
127. Kwan CL, Diamant NE, Pope G, Mikula K, Mikulis DJ, Davis KD. Abnormal forebrain activity in functional bowel disorder patients with chronic pain. Neurology [Research Support, Non-US Government] 2005;65:1268-77. (Pubitemid 41508222)
128. Mazzola V, Latorre V, Petito A, Gentili N, Fazio L, Popolizio T, Blasi G, Arciero G, Bondolfi G. Affective response to a loved one's pain: insula activity as a function of individual differences. PLoS One 2010;5:e15268.
129. Chaudhry AM, Parkinson JA, Hinton EC, Owen AM, Roberts AC. Preference judgements involve a network of structures within frontal, cingulate and insula cortices. Eur J Neurosci [Research Support, Non-US Government] 2009;29:1047-55.