Retention of hunter-gatherer economies among maritime foragers from Caleta Vitor, northern Chile, during the late Holocene: Evidence from stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic analysis of skeletal remains

Journal of Archaeological Science

Volumn 40, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 2360-2372

  Roberts, Amy ^a   Donald Pate, F ^a   Petruzzelli, Bianca ^a   Carter, Chris ^b   Westaway, Michael C ^c,h   Santoro, Calogero M ^d,e   Swift, Jaime ^b   Maddern, Todd ^f   Jacobsen, Geraldine E ^g   Bertuch, Fiona ^g   Rothhammer, Francisco ^d,e  

^a FLINDERS UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^c QUEENSLAND MUSEUM   (Australia)

^d UNIVERSIDAD DE TARAPACÁ   (Chile)

^e Centro de Investigaciones del Hombre en el Desierto   (Chile)

^f CSIRO   (Australia)

^g AUSTRALIAN NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANISATION   (Australia)

^h GRIFFITH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Atacama; Caleta Vitor; Chile; Diet; Human remains; Isotope analysis; Marine economy

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS; ARID ENVIRONMENT; CARBON ISOTOPE; DIET; HOLOCENE; HUNTER-GATHERER; ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS; NITROGEN ISOTOPE; RADIOCARBON DATING; RETENTION; SKELETAL REMAINS; STABLE ISOTOPE;

ATACAMA; CHILE;

CALETA;

EID: 84873963534     PISSN: 03054403     EISSN: 10959238     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2013.01.009     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. Alfonso M.P., Standen V.G., Castro M.V. The adoption of agriculture among northern Chile populations in the Azapa Valley, 9000-1000 BP. Ancient Health 2007, 113-129. University Press of Florida, Florida. M.N. Cohen, G.M.M. Crane-Kramer (Eds.).
2. Allison M., Focacci G., Arriaza B., Standen V., Rivera M., Loweinstein J. Chinchorro momias de preparación complicada. Chungara 1984, 13:155-173.
3. Ambrose S.H. Preparation and characterization of bone and tooth collagen for isotopic analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science 1990, 17:431-451.
4. Ambrose S.H. Effects of diet, climate and physiology on nitrogen isotope abundances in terrestrial foodwebs. Journal of Archaeological Science 1991, 18:293-318.
5. Ambrose S.H. Isotopic analysis of paleodiets: methodological and interpretive considerations. Investigations of Ancient Human Tissue: Chemical Analysis in Anthropology 1993, 59-130. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Pennsylvania. M.K. Sandford (Ed.).
6. Ambrose S.H., Butler B.M., Hanson D.B., Hunter-Anderson R.L., Krueger H.W. Stable isotope analysis of human diet in the Marianas Archipelago, Western Pacific. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1997, 104:343-361.
7. Ambrose S.H., DeNiro M.J. The isotope ecology of East African mammals. Oecologia 1986, 69:395-406.
8. 14C dating of their bones. Radiocarbon 1999, 41(2):157-168.
9. Arriaza B.T. Modelo bioarqueológico para la búsqueda y acercamiento al individual social. Chungara 1988, 21:9-32.
10. Arriaza B.T. Chinchorro bioarchaeology: chronology and mummy seriation. Latin American Antiquity 1995, 6:35-55.
11. Arriaza B.T., Standen V.G. Death, Mummies, and Ancestral Rites: the Chinchorro Culture 2002, Universidad de Tarapaca, Arica.
12. Arriaza B.T., Standen V.G., Belmonte E., Rosello E., Nials F. The peopling of the Arica coast during the preceramic: a preliminary view. Chungara 2001, 33(1):16-31.
13. Arriaza B.T., Standen V.G., Cassman V., Santoro C.M. Chichorro culture: pioneers of the coast of the Atacama Desert. Handbook of South American Archaeology 2008, 45-58. Springer, New York. H. Silverman, W.H. Isbell (Eds.).
14. Araujo de A.J.G., Ferreira L.F., Contalonieri V.E.C., Riberiro Filho B.M., Núñez L. The finding of enteroblus vernicularis eggs in pre-columbian human coprolites. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 1985, 80:141-143.
15. Aufderheide A.C. Reconstrucción química de la dieta del hombre de Acha. Acha 2 y los Orígenes del Poblamiento Humano en Arica, Ediciones 1993, 65-80. Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica. I. Muñoz, B. Arriaza, A. Aufderheide (Eds.).
16. Aufderheide A.C., Allison M.J. Chemical dietary reconstruction of north Chile prehistoric populations by trace mineral analysis. Manuscript Read at the First World Congress on Mummy Studies, Puerto de la Cruz, Canary Islands, Spain, 3-6 February 1992.
17. Aufderheide A.C., Kelly M.A., Rivera M.A., Gray L., Tiezen L.L., Iversen E., Krouse H.R., Carevic A. Contributions of chemical dietary reconstructions to the assessment of adaptations by highland immigrants to coastal conditions at Pisagua, North Chile. Journal of Archaeological Science 1994, 21:515-524.
18. Aufderheide A.C., Munoz I., Arriaza B. Seven Chinchorro mummies and the prehistory of northern Chile. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1993, 91:189-201.
19. Aufderheide A.C., Santoro C.M. Chemical paleodietary reconstruction: human populations at late prehistoric sites in the Lluta Valley of northern Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 1999, 72:237-250.
20. Barberena R., Gil A.F., Neme G.A., Tykot R.H. Stable isotopes and archaeology in Southern South America. Hunter-gatherers, pastoralism and agriculture: an introduction. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 2009, 19:127-129.
21. Bittmann B., Munizaga J. The earliest artificial mummification in the world? A study of the Chinchorro complex in northern Chile. Folk 1976, 18:61-92.
22. Brock F., Bronk Ramsey C., Highham T.F.G. Quality assurance of ultrafiltered bone dating. Radiocarbon 2007, 49(2):187-192.
23. Bronk Ramsey C. Development of the radiocarbon calibration program OxCal. Radiocarbon 2001, 43(2A):355-363.
24. Bronk Ramsey C., Higham T., Bowles A., Hedges R. Improvements to the pretreatment of bone at Oxford. Radiocarbon 2004, 46(1):155-163.
25. Brown T.A., Nelson D.E., Vogel J.S., Southon J.R. Improved collagen extraction by modified Longin method. Radiocarbon 1988, 30(2):171-177.
26. Castelleti, J., 2007. Patrón de asentamiento y uso de recursos a través de la secuencia ocupacional prehispánica de la costa de Taltal. Tesis de Magíster en Antropología con mención en Arqueología, Programa de Postgrado Universidad Católica del Norte-Universidad de Tarapacá, Antofagasta-Arica.
27. 13C measurements. Analytical Chemistry 2006, 78:2439-2441.
28. 13C values of ancient humans. Journal of Archaeological Science 2005, 32(3):321-330.
29. DeFrance S.D., Umire A. Quebrada Tacahuay: un sitio marítimo del Pleistoceno tardío en la costa sur del Perú. Chungara Revista de Antropología Chilena 2004, 36:257-278.
30. Deines P. The isotopic composition of reduced organic carbon. Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry 1980, vol. 1:329-406. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
31. DeNiro M.J. Postmortem preservation and alteration of in-vivo bone collagen isotope ratios in relation to paleodietary reconstructions. Nature 1985, 317:806-809.
32. DeNiro M.J., Epstein S. Influence of diet on the distribution of carbon isotopes in animals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1978, 42:495-506.
33. DeNiro M.J., Epstein S. Influence of diet on the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in animals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1981, 45:341-351.
34. DeNiro M.J., Weiner S. Chemical, enzymatic and spectroscopic characterisation of "collagen" and other organic fractions from archaeological bones. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1988, 52:2425-2431.
35. Dorsey Vinton S., Perry L., Reinhard K.J., Santoro C.M., Teixeira-Santos I. Impact of empire expansion on household diet: the Inka in northern Chile's Atacama Desert. PLoS ONE 2009, 4(11):e8069.
36. Ehleringer J.R. Carbon isotope ratios and physiological processes in arid-land plants. Stable Isotopes in Ecological Research 1989, 41-54. Springer-Verlag, New York. P.W. Rundel, J.R. Ehleringer, K.A. Nagy (Eds.).
37. Falabella F., Planella M.T., Aspillaga E., Sanhueza L., Tykot R.H. Dieta en sociedades alfareras de Chile central: aporte de analisis de isotopos estables. Chungara Revista de Antropologia 2007, 39:5-27.
38. Fink D., Hotchkis M., Hua Q., Jacobsen G., Smith A.M., Zoppi U., Child D., Mifsud C., van der Gaast H., Williams A., Williams M. The ANTARES AMS facility at ANSTO. Nuclear Instruments and Methods B 2004, 223-224:109-115.
39. Fontugne M., Carré M., Bentaleb I., Julien M., Lavallée D. Radiocarbon reservoir age variations in the south Peruvian upwelling during the Holocene. Radiocarbon 2004, 46:531-537.
40. Gil A.F., Neme G.A., Tykot R.H. Isótopos Estables y Consumo de Maíz en el Centro Occidente Argentino: Tendencias Temporales y Espaciales. Chungara Revista de Antropología Chilena 2010, 42:497-513.
41. Grosjean M., Núñez L., Cartajena I., Messerli B. Mid-Holocene climate and culture change in the Atacama Desert, Northern Chile. Quaternary Research 1997, 48:239-246.
42. Heaton T.H.E., Vogel J.C., von la Chevallerie G., Collett G. Climatic influence on the isotopic composition of bone nitrogen. Nature 1986, 322:822-823.
43. Heiemeier J., Rud N. Danske arkæologiske AMS 14C dateringer, århus 1996. Arkæologiske Udgravninger I Danmark 1997, 1996:300-305.
44. Higham T.F.G., Jacobi R.M., Bronk Ramsey C. AMS radiocarbon dating of ancient bone using ultrafiltration. Radiocarbon 2006, 48(2):179-195.
45. Hoefs J. Stable Isotope Geochemistry 1987, Springer-Verlag, New York.
46. Hua Q., Jacobsen G.E., Zoppi U., Lawson E.M., Williams A.A., Smith A.M., McMann M.J. Progress in radiocarbon target preparation at the ANTARES AMS Centre. Radiocarbon 2001, 43(2a):275-282.
47. Iacumin P., Bocherens H., Delgado Huertas A., Mariotti A., Longinelli A. A stable isotope study of fossil mammal remains from the Paglicci cave, Southern Italy. N and C as palaeoenvironmental indicators. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1997, 148:349-357.
48. Janusek J.W. Ancient Tiwanaku 2008, Cambridge University Press, New York.
49. Katzenberg M.A. Stable isotope analysis: a tool for studying past diet, demography and life history. Biological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton 2000, 305-327. Wiley, New York. M.A. Katzenberg, S.R. Saunders (Eds.).
50. Kelley M.A., Levesque D.R., Weidl E. Contrasting patterns of dental disease in five early northern Chilean groups. Advances in Dental Anthropology 1991, 203-213. Wiley-Liss, New York. M.A. Kelley, C.S. Larson (Eds.).
51. Knudson K.J., Aufderheide A.E., Buikstra J.E. Seasonality and paleodiet in the Chiribaya polity of southern Peru. Journal of Archaeological Science 2007, 23(3):451-462.
52. Latorre C., Betancourt J.L., Rylander K.A., Quade J., Matthei O. A vegetation history from the arid Prepuna of Northern Chile (22-23°S) over the last 13,500 years. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2003, 194:223-246.
53. Latorre C., Betancourt J.L., Rech J.A., Quade J., Holmgren C., Placzek C., Maldonado A., Vuille M., Rylander K.A. Late Quaternary history of the Atacama desert. 23° South: The Archaeology and Environmental History of the Southern Desert 2005, 73-90. National Museum of Australia, Canberra. M. Smith, P. Hesse (Eds.).
54. Larsen C.S. Bioarchaeology: Interpreting Behavior from the Human Skeleton 1997, Cambridge University Press, New York.
55. Lee-Thorp J.A. On isotopes and old bones. Archaeometry 2008, 50(6):925-950.
56. Libby W.F., Berger R., Mead J.F., Alexander G.V., Ross J.F. Replacement rates for human tissue from atmospheric radiocarbon. Science 1964, 146:1170-1172.
57. Little E.A., Schoeninger M.J. The Late Woodland diet on Nantucket Island and the problem of maize in coastal New England. American Antiquity 1995, 60(2):351-368.
58. Llagostera A. 9,700 years of maritime subsistence on the Pacific: an analysis by means of bioindicators in the north of Chile. Society for American Archaeology 1979, 44:309-324.
59. Longin R. New method of collagen extraction for radiocarbon dating. Nature 1971, 230:241-242.
60. Marquet P.A., Santoro C.M., Latorre C., Standen V.G., Abades S.R., Rivadeneira M.M., Arriaza B., Hochberg M.E. Emergence of social complexity among coastal hunter-gatherers in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile. PNAS 2012, 109:14754-14760.
61. McCormac F.G., Hogg A.G., Blackwell P.G., Buck C.E., Higham T.F.G., Reimer P.J. SHCal04 Southern Hemisphere calibration 0-11.0 cal kyr BP. Radiocarbon 2004, 46:1087-1092.
62. Moraga M., Santoro C.M., Standen V., Carvallo P., Rothhammer F. Microevolution in prehistoric Andean populations: chronologic mtDNA variation in the desert valleys of northern Chile. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2005, 127:170-181.
63. Nester P., Gayó E., Latorre C., Jordan T.E., Blanco N. Perennial stream discharge in the hyperarid Atacama Desert of northern Chile during the latest Pleistocene. PNAS 2007, 104:19724-19729.
64. Núñez L., Grosjean M., Cartajena I. Human occupations and climate change in the Puna de Atacama, Chile. Science 2002, 298:821-824.
65. Núñez L., Hall H.J. Análisis de dieta y movilidad en un campamento arcaico del norte de Chile. Boletín del Instituto Francés de Estudios Andinos 1982, 11(3-4):91-113.
66. Núñez L., Santoro C.M. El tránsito Arcaico-Formativo en la circunpuna y valles occidentales del Centro Sur Andino: hacia los cambios "neolíticos". Chungara Revista de Antropología Chilena 2011, 43:487-531.
67. O'Leary M.H. Carbon isotope fractionation in plants. Phytochemistry 1981, 20:553-567.
68. O'Leary M.H. Carbon isotopes in photosynthesis. BioScience 1988, 38:328-336.
69. Ortlieb L., Vargas G., Saliege J.-L. Marine radiocarbon reservoir effect along the northern Chile-southern Peru coast (14-24oS) throughout the Holocene. Quaternary Research 2011, 75:91-103.
70. Osorio D., Jackson D., Ugalde P.C., Latorre C., de Pol-Holz R., Santoro C.M. Lithic analyses from a late Pleistocene logistical camp, the Hakenasa cave and its relevance for the peopling of the southern Andean Altiplano. Antiquity 2011, 85:1194-1208.
71. Owen B.D. Marine carbon reservoir age estimates for the far south coast of Peru. Radiocarbon 2002, 44(3):701-708.
72. Pate F.D. Bone chemistry and paleodiet. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 1994, 1:161-209.
73. Pate F.D. Bone chemistry and paleodiet: reconstructing prehistoric subsistence-settlement systems in Australia. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 1997, 16:103-120.
74. Pate F.D. The use of human skeletal remains in landscape archaeology. Handbook of Landscape Archaeology 2008, 502-520. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, California. B. David, J. Thomas (Eds.).
75. Pate F.D., Anson T.J. Stable nitrogen isotope values in arid-land kangaroos correlated with mean annual rainfall: potential as a palaeoclimatic indicator. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 2008, 18:317-326.
76. Peterson B.J., Fry B. Stable isotopes in ecosystem studies. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1987, 18:293-320.
77. 13C of NBS 22 oil. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 2003, 17:2483-2487.
78. Reimer P.J., Baillie M.G.L., Bard E., Bayliss A., Beck J.W., Blackwell P.G., Bronk Ramsey C., Buck C.E., Burr G.S., Edwards R.L., Friedrich M., Grootes P.M., Guilderson T.P., Hajdas I., Heaton T.J., Hogg A.G., Hughen K.A., Kaiser K.F., Kromer B., McCormac F.G., Manning S.W., Reimer R.W., Richards D.W., Southon J.R., Talamo S., Turney C.S.M., van der Plicht J., Weyhenmeyer C.E. IntCal09 and Marine09 radiocarbon age calibration curves, 0-50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 2009, 51:1111-1150.
79. Rivadeneira M., Santoro C.M., Marquet P.A. Reconstructing the history of human impacts on coastal biodiversity in Chile: constraints and opportunities. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 2010, 20:74-82.
80. Rivera M.A. The prehistory of northern Chile: a Synthesis. Journal of World Prehistory 1991, 5:1-47.
81. Rothhammer F., Cocilovo J.A. Microdiferenciación craneana en la costa de Arica y valle de Azapa, norte de Chile. Resumen de resultados y conclusions. Chungara Revista de Antropología Chilena 2008, 40:309-315.
82. Rothhammer F., Santoro C.M., Poulin E., Moraga M., Standen V.G. Archeological and mtDNA evidence for tropical lowland migrations and cultural change during the Late Archaic/Formative in northern Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 2009, 82:543-552.
83. Sandweiss D.H., McInnis H., Burger R., Cano A., Ojeda B., Paredes R., del Carmen Sandweiss M., Glascock M. Quebrada Jaguay: early South American maritime adaptations. Science 1998, 281:1830-1832.
84. Sandweiss D.H., Richardson J.B., Reitz E.J., Rollins H.B., Maasch K.A. Geoarchaeological evidence from Peru for a 5000 years B.P. onset of El Niño. Science 1996, 273:1531-1533.
85. Santoro C., Arriaza B., Standen V., Marquet P. People of the coastal Atacama Desert: living between sand dunes and waves of the Pacific Ocean. Desert Peoples: Archaeological Perspectives 2005, 243-260. Blackwell Publishing, Melbourne. P. Veth, M. Smith, P. Hiscock (Eds.).
86. Santoro C.M., Dorsey Vinton S., Reinhard K.J. Inka expansion and parasitism in the Lluta valley: preliminary data. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 2003, 98(Supp. I):161-163.
87. Santoro C., Latorre C., Salas C., Osorio D., Ugalde P., Jackson D., Gayó E. Ocupación humana pleistocénica en el desierto de atacama. Primeros resultados de la aplicación de un modelo predictivo interdisciplinario. Chungara Revista de Antropologia Chilena 2011, 43:353-366.
88. Santoro C.M., Rivadeneira M.M., Latorre C., Rothhammer F., Standen V.G. Rise and decline of Chinchorro sacred landscapes along the hyperarid coast of the Atacama desert. Chungara Revista de Antropología Chilena 2012, 44:637-653.
89. Santoro C.M., Standen V.G., Arriaza B.T., Marquet P.A. Hunter gatherers on the coast and hinterland of the Atacama Desert 17-278° south latitude. 23° South: The Archaeology and Environmental History of the Southern Desert 2005, 172-185. National Museum of Australia, Canberra. M. Smith, P. Hesse (Eds.).
90. Santoro C.M., Williams V., Valenzuela D., Romero Á., Standen V.G. An archaeological perspective on the Inka provincial administration from the South Central Andes. Distant Provinces in the Inka Empire: Toward a Deeper Understanding of Inka Imperialism 2010, 44-74. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City. M.A. Malpass, S. Alconini (Eds.).
91. Schoeninger M.J., DeNiro M.J. Nitrogen and carbon isotopic composition of bone collagen from marine and terrestrial animals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1984, 48:625-639.
92. Schoeninger M., DeNiro M., Tauber H. Stable nitrogen isotope ratios of bone collagen reflect marine and terrestrial components of prehistoric human diet. Science 1983, 220:1381-1383.
93. Schoeninger M.J., Moore K.M., Murray M.L., Kingston J.D. Detection of bone preservation in archaeological and fossil samples. Applied Geochemistry 1989, 4:281-292.
94. Sealy J.C. Stable Carbon Isotopes and Prehistoric Diets in the Southwestern Cape Province, South Africa. British Archaeological Reports, International Series 293 1986, Oxford.
95. Sealy J.C., Armstrong R., Shrire C. Beyond life-time averages: tracing life histories through isotopic analysis of different calcified tissues from archaeological human skeletons. Antiquity 1995, 69:290-300.
96. Sealy J.C., van der Merwe N.J., Lee-Thorp J.A., Lanham J.L. Nitrogen isotopic ecology in southern Africa: implications for environmental and dietary tracing. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1987, 51:2707-2717.
97. Sillen A., Parkington J. Digenesis of bones from Eland's Bay Cave. Journal of Archaeological Science 1996, 23:535-542.
98. Slovak N.M., Paytan A. Fisherfolk and farmers: carbon and nitrogen isotope evidence from Middle Horizon Ancón, Peru. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 2009, 21(3):253-267.
99. Southon J.R., Oakland Rodman A., True D. A comparison of marine and terrestrial radiocarbon ages from northern Chile. Radiocarbon 1995, 37:389-393.
100. 14C dating with Arizona TAMS. Radiocarbon 1987, 29(1):24-44.
101. Standen V.G., Santoro C.M. Patrón funerario arcaico temprano del sitio Acha-3 y su relación con Chinchorro (costa norte de Chile). Latin American Antiquity 2004, 15:89-109.
102. Standen V.G., Santoro C.M., Arriaza B.T. Síntesis y propuestas para el período Arcaico en el extremo norte de Chile. Chungara Revista de Antropología Chilena Volumen Especial 2004, 201-212.
103. 14C in humans. Radiocarbon Dating 1979, 324-341. University of California Press, Berkeley. R. Berger, H.E. Suess (Eds.).
104. 14C ages of marine samples to 10,000 BC. Radiocarbon 1993, 35(1):137-189.
105. 14C age calibration program. Radiocarbon 1993, 35:215-230.
106. Taylor R.E., Berger R. Radiocarbon content of marine shells from the Pacific coasts of Central and South America. Science 1967, 158(3805):1180-1182.
107. Tieszen L.L., Boutton T.W. Stable carbon isotopes in terrestrial ecosystem research. Stable Isotopes in Ecological Research 1988, 167-195. Springer-Verlag, New York. P.W. Rundel, J.R. Ehleringer, K.A. Nagy (Eds.).
108. Tieszen L.L., Chapman M. Carbon and nitrogen isotopic status of the major marine and terrestrial resources in the Atacama desert of northern Chile. Proceedings of the First World Congress on Mummy Studies (February 3-6, 1992) 1995.
109. Tisnérat-Laborde N., Valladas H., Kaltnecker E., Arnold M. AMS radiocarbon dating of bones at LSCE. Radiocarbon 2003, 45(3):409-419.
110. Tripp J.A., McCullagh J.S.O., Hedges R.E.M. Preparative separation of underivatized amino acids for compound-specific stable isotope analysis and radiocarbon dating of hydrolyzed bone collagen. Journal of Separation Science 2006, 29:41-48.
111. Turner B.L., Kingston J.D., Armelagos G.J. Variation in dietary histories among the immigrants of Machu Picchu: carbon and nitrogen isotope evidence. Chungara Revista de Antropología Chilena 2010, 42:515-534.
112. Tykot R.H., Falabella F., Planella M.T., Aspillaga E., Sanhueza L., Becker C. Stable isotopes and archaeology in central Chile: methodological insights and interpretative problems for dietary reconstruction. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 2009, 19:156-170.
113. Ugalde P.C., Salas C., Latorre C., Osorio D., Jackson D., Santoro C.M. Poblamiento temprano del norte de Chile (18-25°s): estudio interdisciplinario arqueológico y paleoambiental. Actas XVIII Congreso Nacional de Arqueología Chilena 2012, 197-206. V. Castro, B. Cases (Eds.).
114. Uarrota V.G., Schmidt E.C., Bouzon Z.L., Maaschin M. Histochemical analysis and protein content of maize landraces (Zea mays L.). Journal of Agronomy 2011, 10(3):93-98.
115. Urey H.C. The thermodynamic properties of isotopic substances. Journal of the Chemical Society 1947, 562.
116. Van der Merwe N.J. Carbon isotopes, photosynthesis, and archaeology. American Scientist 1982, 70:596-606.
117. Van Klinken G.J. Bone quality indicators for palaeodietary and radiocarbon measurements. Journal of Archaeological Science 1999, 26:687-695.
118. Van Klinken G.J., Hedges R.E.M. Experiments on collagen-humic interactions: speed of humic uptake, and effects of diverse chemical treatments. Journal of Archaeological Science 1995, 22:263-270.
119. Van Klinken G.J., Mook W.G. Preparative high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of individual amino acids derived from fossil bone. Radiocarbon 1990, 32(2):155-164.
120. Vogel J.S., Southon J.R., Nelson D.E., Brown T.A. Performance of catalytically condensed carbon for use in accelerator mass spectrometry. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 1984, 5(2):289-293.
121. Williams A., Santoro C., Smith M., Latorre C. The impact of ENSO in the Atacama Desert and the Australian Arid Zone: exploratory time-series analysis of archaeological records. Chungara Revista de Antropología Chilena 2008, 40:245-259.