Gender difference in age at onset of schizophrenia: A meta-analysis

Psychological Medicine

Volumn 43, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 155-167

  Eranti, S V ^a   MacCabe, J H ^b   Bundy, H ^b   Murray, R M ^b  

^a EAST LONDON NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^b KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Age at onset; gender difference; schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; META ANALYSIS; ONSET AGE; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEX DIFFERENCE;

AGE OF ONSET; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEX FACTORS;

EID: 84873918203     PISSN: 00332917     EISSN: 14698978     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S003329171200089X     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Albus M, Scherer J, Hueber S, Lechleuthner T, Kraus G, Zausinger S, Burkes S (1994). The impact of familial loading on gender differences in age at onset of schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 89, 132-134.
2. Angermeyer MC, Kuhn L (1988). Gender differences in age at onset of schizophrenia. An overview. European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences 237, 351-364.
3. Barrett R, Loa P, Jerah E, Nancarrow D, Chant D, Mowry B (2005). Rates of treated schizophrenia and its clinical and cultural features in the population isolate of the Iban of Sarawak: A tri-diagnostic approach. Psychological Medicine 35, 281-293.
4. Bradburn MJ, Deeks JJ, Altman DG (1998). sbe24 : metan-an alternative meta-analysis command. Stata Technical Bulletin 44, 4-15.
5. Castle D, Sham P, Murray R (1998). Differences in distribution of ages of onset in males and females with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 33, 179-183.
6. Chaves AC, Seeman MV, Mari JJ, Maluf A (1993). Schizophrenia : Impact of positive symptoms on gender social role. Schizophrenia Research 11, 41-45.
7. Cohen RZ, Gotowiec A, Seeman MV (2000). Duration of pretreatment phases in schizophrenia : women and men. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry-Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie 45, 544-547.
8. Cohen RZ, Seeman MV, Gotowiec A, Kopala L (1999). Earlier puberty as a predictor of later onset of schizophrenia in women. American Journal of Psychiatry 156, 1059-1064.
9. Dernovsek MZ, Tavcar R (1999). Age at onset of schizophrenia and neuroleptic dosage. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 34, 622-626.
10. Everitt B (2003). Bayesian methods and meta-analysis. In Modern Medical Statistics-A Practical Guide (ed. B. Everitt), pp. 133-153. Oxford University Press Inc. : London.
11. Faraone SV, Chen WJ, Goldstein JM, Tsuang MT (1994). Gender differences in age at onset of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 164, 625-629.
12. Folnegovic-Smalc V, Folnegovic Z, Kulcar Z (1994). Age of disease onset in Croatia's hospitalized schizophrenics. British Journal of Psychiatry 156, 368-372.
13. Gangadhar BN, Panner Selvan C, Subbakrishna DK, Janakiramaiah N (2002). Age-at-onset and schizophrenia : Reversed gender effect. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 105, 317-319.
14. Goldstein JM, Faraone SV, Chen WJ, Tsuang MT (1989). Gender and the familial risk for schizophrenia. Disentangling confounding factors. Schizophrenia Research 7, 135-140.
15. Gorwood P, Leboyer M, Jay M, Payan C, Feingold J (1995). Gender and age at onset in schizophrenia : Impact of family history. American Journal of Psychiatry 152, 208-212.
16. Guerguerian R, Lewine RR (1998). Brain torque and sex differences in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 30, 175-181.
17. Gureje O, Bamidele RW (1998). Gender and schizophrenia : Association of age at onset with antecedent, clinical and outcome features. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 32, 415-423.
18. Harbord RM, Higgins JPT (2008). Meta-regression in STATA. Stata Journal 8, 293-519.
19. Kebede D, Alem A, Shibre T, Negash A, Fekadu A, Fekadu D, Deyassa N, Jacobsson L, Kullgren G (2003). Onset and clinical course of schizophrenia in Butajira-Ethiopia-a community-based study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 38, 625-631.
20. Kendler KS, Walsh D (1995). Gender and schizophrenia. Results of an epidemiologically-based family study. British Journal of Psychiatry 167, 184-192.
21. Kennedy N, Boydell J, Kalidindi S, Fearon P, Jones PB, van Os J, Murray RM, Kennedy N, Boydell J, Kalidindi S, Fearon P, Jones PB, van Os J, Murray RM (2005). Gender differences in incidence and age at onset of mania and bipolar disorder over a 35-year period in Camberwell, England. American Journal of Psychiatry 162, 257-262.
22. Kirkbride JB, Fearon P, Morgan C, Dazzan P, Morgan K, Tarrant J, Lloyd T, Holloway J, Hutchinson G, Leff JP, Mallett RM, Harrison GL, Murray RM, Jones PB (2006). Heterogeneity in incidence rates of schizophrenia and other psychotic syndromes: Findings from the 3-center AeSOP study. Archives of General Psychiatry 63, 250-258.
23. Kleinhaus K, Harlap S, Perrin M, Manor O, Weiser M, Lichtenberg P, Malaspina D (2011). Age, sex and first treatment of schizophrenia in a population cohort. Journal of Psychiatric Research 45, 136-141.
24. Lane A, Colgan K, Moynihan F, Burke T, Waddington JL, Larkin C, O'Callaghan E (1996). Schizophrenia and neurological soft signs : gender differences in clinical correlates and antecedent factors. Psychiatry Research 64, 105-114.
25. Larsen TK, McGlashan TH, Johannessen JO, Vibe-Hansen L (1996). First-episode schizophrenia : II. Premorbid patterns by gender. Schizophrenia Bulletin 22, 257-269.
26. Lauriello J, Hoff A, Wieneke MH, Blankfeld H, Faustman WO, Rosenbloom M, DeMent S, Sullivan EV, Lim KO, Pfefferbaum A (1997). Similar extent of brain dysmorphology in severely ill women and men with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 154, 819-825.
27. Leboyer M, Filteau MJ, Jay M, Campion D, Rochet T, D'Amato T, Feingold J, Des Lauriers A, Widlocher D (1992). No gender effect on age at onset in familial schizophrenia ? American Journal of Psychiatry 149, 1409.
28. Lee KY, Ahn YM, Joo E-J, Joo YH, Chang JS, Yoo HY, Kim YS (2006). Partial evidence of an association between epidermal growth factor A61G polymorphism and age at onset in male schizophrenia. Neuroscience Research 56, 356-362.
29. Lewine R, Haden C, Caudle J, Shurett R (1997). Sex-onset effects on neuropsychological function in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 23, 51-61.
30. McCreadie RG, Connolly MA, Williamson DJ, Athawes RW, Tilak-Singh D (1994). The Nithsdale Schizophrenia Surveys. XII. 'Neurodevelopmental ' schizophrenia : A search for clinical correlates and putative aetiological factors. British Journal of Psychiatry 165, 340-346.
31. Morgan VA, Castle DJ, Jablensky AV (2008). Do women express and experience psychosis differently from men? Epidemiological evidence from the Australian National Study of Low Prevalence (Psychotic) Disorders. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 42, 74-82.
32. Moriarty PJ, Lieber D, Bennett A, White L, Parrella M, Harvey PD, Davis KL (2001). Gender differences in poor outcome patients with lifelong schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 27, 103-113.
33. Murphy BM, Burke JG, Bray JC, Walsh D, Kendler KS (1994). An analysis of the clinical features of familial schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 89, 421-427.
34. Murthy GV, Janakiramaiah N, Gangadhar BN, Subbakrishna DK (1998). Sex difference in age at onset of schizophrenia : discrepant findings from India. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 97, 321-325.
35. O'Callaghan E, Gibson T, Colohan HA, Buckley P, Walshe DG, Larkin C, Waddington JL (1992). Risk of schizophrenia in adults born after obstetric complications and their association with early onset of illness : A controlled study. BMJ 305, 1256-1259.
36. Ohaeri JU (1992). Age at onset in a cohort of schizophrenics in Nigeria. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 86, 332-334.
37. Ohara K, Xu HD, Mori N, Suzuki Y, Xu DS, Wang ZC (1997). Anticipation and imprinting in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 42, 760-766.
38. Pulver AE, Brown CH, Wolyniec P, McGrath J, Tam D, Adler L, Carpenter WT, Childs B (1990). Schizophrenia : Age at onset, gender and familial risk. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 82, 344-3451.
39. Rabinowitz J, Fennig S (2002). Differences in age of first hospitalization for schizophrenia among immigrants and nonimmigrants in a national case registry. Schizophrenia Bulletin 28, 491-499.
40. Rabinowitz J, Levine SZ, Hafner H (2006). A population based elaboration of the role of age of onset on the course of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 88, 96-101.
41. Ran M-S, Xiang M-Z, Li S-X, Shan Y-H, Huang M-S, Li S-G, Liu Z-R, Chen EY-H, Chan CL-W (2003). Prevalence and course of schizophrenia in a Chinese rural area. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 37, 452-457.
42. Rasanen S, Veijola J, Hakko H, Joukamaa M, Isohanni M (1999). Gender differences in incidence and age at onset of DSM-III-R schizophrenia. Preliminary results of the Northern Finland 1966 birth cohort study. Schizophrenia Research 37, 197-198.
43. Raymont V, Bettany D, Frangou S (2003). The Maudsley bipolar disorder project. Clinical characteristics of bipolar disorder I in a catchment area treatment sample. European Psychiatry : Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists 18, 13-17.
44. Salokangas RKR, Honkonen T, Saarinen S (2003). Women have later onset than men in schizophrenia-but only in its paranoid form. Results of the DSP project. European Psychiatry : Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists 18, 274-281.
45. Stöber G, Franzek E, Haubitz I, Pfuhlmann B, Beckmann H (1998). Gender differences and age of onset in the catatonic subtypes of schizophrenia. Psychopathology 31, 307-312.
46. Subbakrishna DK, Murali N, Gangadhar BN, Janakiramaiah N (2001). Younger age at onset of schizophrenia in females : A replicative study. In Statistical Methods and Application in Biology and Medicine (ed. D. K. K. Subbakrishna and V. G. Kaliaperumal), pp. 253-260.
47. NIMHANS: Bangalore, India. Tang Y-L, Gillespie CF, Epstein MP, Mao P-X, Jiang F, Chen Q, Cai Z-J, Mitchell PB (2007). Gender differences in 542 Chinese inpatients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 97, 88-96.
48. Thara R, Henrietta M, Joseph A, Rajkumar S, Eaton WW (1994). Ten-year course of schizophrenia-the Madras longitudinal study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 90, 329-336.
49. Thorup A, Petersen L, Jeppesen P, Ohlenschlaeger J, Christensen T, Krarup G, Jorgensen P, Nordentoft M (2007a). Gender differences in young adults with firstepisode schizophrenia spectrum disorders at baseline in the Danish OPUS study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 195, 396-405.
50. Thorup A, Waltoft BL, Pedersen CB, Mortensen PB, Nordentoft M (2007b). Young males have a higher risk of developing schizophrenia : A Danish register study. Psychological Medicine 37, 479-484.
51. United Nations (2001). Human Development Report. United Nations: New York.
52. Usall J, Araya S, Ochoa S, Busquets E, Gost A, Marquez M; Assessment Research Group in Schizophrenia (2001). Gender differences in a sample of schizophrenic outpatients. Comprehensive Psychiatry 42, 301-305.
53. Usall i Rodié J (2002). Sex and brain : morphological and functional differences between women and men (article in Spanish). Actas Espanolas de Psiquiatria 30, 189-194.
54. Valigi Björck M, Själin M, Nordin C (2000). Neurological soft signs in schizophrenic patients : Influence of age, age at onset, sex, and family history of schizophrenia. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 54, 437-440.
55. Venkatesh BK, Thirthalli J, Naveen MN, Kishorekumar KV, Arunachala U, Venkatasubramanian G, Subbakrishna DK, Gangadhar BN (2008). Sex difference in age of onset of schizophrenia : Findings from a community-based study in India. World Psychiatry 7, 173-176.
56. Viguera AC, Baldessarini RJ, Tondo L (2001). Response to lithium maintenance treatment in bipolar disorders : Comparison of women and men. Bipolar Disorders 3, 245-252.
57. Waddington JL, Youssef HA (1996). Familial-genetic and reproductive epidemiology of schizophrenia in rural Ireland : Age at onset, familial morbid risk and parental fertility. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 93, 62-68.
58. Weiser M, Reichenberg A, Rabinowitz J, Kaplan Z, Mark M, Nahon D, Davidson M (2000). Gender differences in premorbid cognitive performance in a national cohort of schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenia Research 45, 185-190.
59. Wieselgren IM, Lindstrom LH (1996). A prospective 1-5 year outcome study in first-admitted and readmitted schizophrenic patients ; relationship to heredity, premorbid adjustment, duration of disease and education level at index admission and neuroleptic treatment. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 93, 9-19.