메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2012, Pages

Feedback from recently returned veterans on an anonymous web-based brief alcohol intervention

Author keywords

Alcohol; Brief intervention; Feedback; Internet; Iraq war; Veteran

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ALCOHOLISM; ARTICLE; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; FEMALE; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; INTERNET; MALE; MASS SCREENING; METHODOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; RISK ASSESSMENT; UNITED STATES; VETERAN; WAR;

EID: 84873737000     PISSN: 19400632     EISSN: 19400640     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1940-0640-7-17     Document Type: Letter
Times cited : (27)

References (50)
  • 2
    • 3042642128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care
    • 10.1056/NEJMoa040603 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXltlOjsLg%3D 15229303
    • Hoge CW, Castro CA, Messer SC, McGurk D, Cotting DI, Koffman RL: Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. N Engl J Med. 2004, 351: 13-22. 10.1056/NEJMoa040603.
    • (2004) N Engl J Med , vol.351 , pp. 13-22
    • Hoge, C.W.1    Castro, C.A.2    Messer, S.C.3    McGurk, D.4    Cotting, D.I.5    Koffman, R.L.6
  • 4
    • 36149000149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal assessment of mental health problems among active and reserve component soldiers returning from the Iraq war
    • 10.1001/jama.298.18.2141 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtlSksbrM 18000197
    • Milliken CS, Auchterlonie JL, Hoge CW: Longitudinal assessment of mental health problems among active and reserve component soldiers returning from the Iraq war. JAMA. 2007, 298: 2141-2148. 10.1001/jama.298.18.2141.
    • (2007) JAMA , vol.298 , pp. 2141-2148
    • Milliken, C.S.1    Auchterlonie, J.L.2    Hoge, C.W.3
  • 5
    • 57349095974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hazardous alcohol use and receipt of risk-reduction counseling among U.S. Veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan
    • 10.4088/JCP.v69n1103 19012816
    • Calhoun PS, Elter JR, Jones ER, Kudler H, Straits-Troster K: Hazardous alcohol use and receipt of risk-reduction counseling among U.S. veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008, 69: 1686-1693. 10.4088/JCP.v69n1103.
    • (2008) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.69 , pp. 1686-1693
    • Calhoun, P.S.1    Elter, J.R.2    Jones, E.R.3    Kudler, H.4    Straits-Troster, K.5
  • 6
    • 77953023224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recognition and management of alcohol misuse in OEF/OIF and other veterans in the VA: A cross-sectional study
    • 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.12.025 20167440
    • Hawkins EJ, Lapham GT, Kivlahan DR, Bradley KA: Recognition and management of alcohol misuse in OEF/OIF and other veterans in the VA: a cross-sectional study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2010, 109: 147-153. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.12.025.
    • (2010) Drug Alcohol Depend , vol.109 , pp. 147-153
    • Hawkins, E.J.1    Lapham, G.T.2    Kivlahan, D.R.3    Bradley, K.A.4
  • 7
    • 77149165998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PTSD symptoms, hazardous drinking, and health functioning among U.S.OEF and OIF veterans presenting to primary care
    • 2876344 20104586
    • McDevitt-Murphy ME, Williams JL, Bracken KL, Fields JA, Monahan CJ, Murphy JG: PTSD symptoms, hazardous drinking, and health functioning among U.S.OEF and OIF veterans presenting to primary care. J Trauma Stress. 2010, 23: 108-111.
    • (2010) J Trauma Stress , vol.23 , pp. 108-111
    • McDevitt-Murphy, M.E.1    Williams, J.L.2    Bracken, K.L.3    Fields, J.A.4    Monahan, C.J.5    Murphy, J.G.6
  • 8
    • 69149105301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceived stigma and barriers to mental health care utilization among OEF-OIF veterans
    • 10.1176/appi.ps.60.8.1118 19648201
    • Pietrzak RH, Johnson DC, Goldstein MB, Malley JC, Southwick SM: Perceived stigma and barriers to mental health care utilization among OEF-OIF veterans. Psychiatr Serv. 2009, 60: 1118-1122. 10.1176/appi.ps.60.8.1118.
    • (2009) Psychiatr Serv , vol.60 , pp. 1118-1122
    • Pietrzak, R.H.1    Johnson, D.C.2    Goldstein, M.B.3    Malley, J.C.4    Southwick, S.M.5
  • 9
    • 69049098840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment Presentation and Adherence of Iraq/Afghanistan Era Veterans in Outpatient Care for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
    • Erbes CR, Curry KT, Leskela J: Treatment Presentation and Adherence of Iraq/Afghanistan Era Veterans in Outpatient Care for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Psychol Serv. 2009, 6: 175-183.
    • (2009) Psychol Serv , vol.6 , pp. 175-183
    • Erbes, C.R.1    Curry, K.T.2    Leskela, J.3
  • 12
    • 84856040201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased documented brief alcohol interventions with a performance measure and electronic decision support
    • 10.1097/MLR.0b013e3181e35743 20881876
    • Lapham GT, Achtmeyer CE, Williams EC, Hawkins EJ, Kivlahan DR, Bradley KA: Increased documented brief alcohol interventions with a performance measure and electronic decision support. Med Care. 2012, 50: 179-187. 10.1097/MLR.0b013e3181e35743.
    • (2012) Med Care , vol.50 , pp. 179-187
    • Lapham, G.T.1    Achtmeyer, C.E.2    Williams, E.C.3    Hawkins, E.J.4    Kivlahan, D.R.5    Bradley, K.A.6
  • 15
    • 34249946055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Internet-based interactive health intervention for the promotion of sensible drinking: Patterns of use and potential impact on members of the general public
    • 10.2196/jmir.9.2.e10 1874715 17513281
    • Linke S, Murray E, Butler C, Wallace P: Internet-based interactive health intervention for the promotion of sensible drinking: patterns of use and potential impact on members of the general public. J Med Internet Res. 2007, 9: e10-10.2196/jmir.9.2.e10.
    • (2007) J Med Internet Res , vol.9 , pp. e10
    • Linke, S.1    Murray, E.2    Butler, C.3    Wallace, P.4
  • 16
    • 0033636784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Providing personalized assessment feedback for problem drinking on the Internet: A pilot project
    • 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M7ksFCluw%3D%3D 11188484
    • Cunningham JA, Humphreys K, Koski-Jannes A: Providing personalized assessment feedback for problem drinking on the Internet: a pilot project. J Stud Alcohol. 2000, 61: 794-798.
    • (2000) J Stud Alcohol , vol.61 , pp. 794-798
    • Cunningham, J.A.1    Humphreys, K.2    Koski-Jannes, A.3
  • 17
    • 4744341125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Web-based screening and brief intervention for the spectrum of alcohol problems
    • 10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.04.011 15475031
    • Saitz R, Helmuth ED, Aromaa SE, Guard A, Belanger M, Rosenbloom DL: Web-based screening and brief intervention for the spectrum of alcohol problems. Prev Med. 2004, 39: 969-975. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.04.011.
    • (2004) Prev Med , vol.39 , pp. 969-975
    • Saitz, R.1    Helmuth, E.D.2    Aromaa, S.E.3    Guard, A.4    Belanger, M.5    Rosenbloom, D.L.6
  • 18
    • 0032619491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When asked, patients tell: Disclosure of sensitive health-risk behaviors
    • 10.1097/00005650-199901000-00014 1:STN:280:DyaK1MzjvFOnsQ%3D%3D 10413398
    • Gerbert B, Bronstone A, Pantilat S, McPhee S, Allerton M, Moe J: When asked, patients tell: disclosure of sensitive health-risk behaviors. Med Care. 1999, 37: 104-111. 10.1097/00005650-199901000-00014.
    • (1999) Med Care , vol.37 , pp. 104-111
    • Gerbert, B.1    Bronstone, A.2    Pantilat, S.3    McPhee, S.4    Allerton, M.5    Moe, J.6
  • 20
    • 33747232576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acceptance of Web-based personalized feedback: User ratings of an alcohol misuse prevention program targeting U.S. Marines
    • 10.1207/s15327027hc2001-2 1:STN:280:DC%2BD28zpsFSqtg%3D%3D 16813485
    • Simon-Arndt CM, Hurtado SL, Patriarca-Troyk LA: Acceptance of Web-based personalized feedback: user ratings of an alcohol misuse prevention program targeting U.S. Marines. Health Commun. 2006, 20: 13-22. 10.1207/s15327027hc2001-2.
    • (2006) Health Commun , vol.20 , pp. 13-22
    • Simon-Arndt, C.M.1    Hurtado, S.L.2    Patriarca-Troyk, L.A.3
  • 21
    • 34247352075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EHealth research and healthcare delivery beyond intervention effectiveness
    • 10.1016/j.amepre.2007.01.026 17466817
    • Curry SJ: eHealth research and healthcare delivery beyond intervention effectiveness. Am J Prev Med. 2007, 32: S127-130. 10.1016/j.amepre.2007.01.026.
    • (2007) Am J Prev Med , vol.32 , pp. S127-130
    • Curry, S.J.1
  • 22
    • 46049084369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The feasibility and effectiveness of a web-based personalised feedback and social norms alcohol intervention in UK university students: A randomised control trial
    • 10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.05.002 18554819
    • Bewick BM, Trusler K, Mulhern B, Barkham M, Hill AJ: The feasibility and effectiveness of a web-based personalised feedback and social norms alcohol intervention in UK university students: a randomised control trial. Addict Behav. 2008, 33: 1192-1198. 10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.05.002.
    • (2008) Addict Behav , vol.33 , pp. 1192-1198
    • Bewick, B.M.1    Trusler, K.2    Mulhern, B.3    Barkham, M.4    Hill, A.J.5
  • 23
    • 1642463371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Web-based interventions for substance use disorders: A qualitative review
    • 10.1016/S0740-5472(03)00165-X 15050088
    • Copeland J, Martin G: Web-based interventions for substance use disorders: a qualitative review. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2004, 26: 109-116. 10.1016/S0740-5472(03)00165-X.
    • (2004) J Subst Abuse Treat , vol.26 , pp. 109-116
    • Copeland, J.1    Martin, G.2
  • 24
    • 44749083493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computer-based interventions for college drinking: A qualitative review
    • 10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.03.006 2441945 18538484
    • Elliott JC, Carey KB, Bolles JR: Computer-based interventions for college drinking: a qualitative review. Addict Behav. 2008, 33: 994-1005. 10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.03.006.
    • (2008) Addict Behav , vol.33 , pp. 994-1005
    • Elliott, J.C.1    Carey, K.B.2    Bolles, J.R.3
  • 25
    • 60849088574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computer versus in-person intervention for students violating campus alcohol policy
    • 2657221 19170455
    • Carey KB, Henson JM, Carey MP, Maisto SA: Computer versus in-person intervention for students violating campus alcohol policy. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2009, 77: 74-87.
    • (2009) J Consult Clin Psychol , vol.77 , pp. 74-87
    • Carey, K.B.1    Henson, J.M.2    Carey, M.P.3    Maisto, S.A.4
  • 26
    • 77954475784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computer-delivered interventions for alcohol and tobacco use: A meta-analysis
    • 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02975.x 20528806
    • Rooke S, Thorsteinsson E, Karpin A, Copeland J, Allsop D: Computer-delivered interventions for alcohol and tobacco use: a meta-analysis. Addiction. 2010, 105: 1381-1390. 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02975.x.
    • (2010) Addiction , vol.105 , pp. 1381-1390
    • Rooke, S.1    Thorsteinsson, E.2    Karpin, A.3    Copeland, J.4    Allsop, D.5
  • 27
    • 78650831393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can stand-alone computer-based interventions reduce alcohol consumption? A systematic review
    • 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03214.x 21083832
    • Khadjesari Z, Murray E, Hewitt C, Hartley S, Godfrey C: Can stand-alone computer-based interventions reduce alcohol consumption? A systematic review. Addiction. 2011, 106: 267-282. 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03214.x.
    • (2011) Addiction , vol.106 , pp. 267-282
    • Khadjesari, Z.1    Murray, E.2    Hewitt, C.3    Hartley, S.4    Godfrey, C.5
  • 28
    • 41949131078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized controlled trial of web-based alcohol screening and brief intervention in primary care
    • 10.1001/archinternmed.2007.109 18332300
    • Kypri K, Langley JD, Saunders JB, Cashell-Smith ML, Herbison P: Randomized controlled trial of web-based alcohol screening and brief intervention in primary care. Arch Intern Med. 2008, 168: 530-536. 10.1001/archinternmed.2007.109.
    • (2008) Arch Intern Med , vol.168 , pp. 530-536
    • Kypri, K.1    Langley, J.D.2    Saunders, J.B.3    Cashell-Smith, M.L.4    Herbison, P.5
  • 29
    • 70349261197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized controlled trial of proactive web-based alcohol screening and brief intervention for university students
    • 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.249 19752409
    • Kypri K, Hallett J, Howat P, McManus A, Maycock B, Bowe S, Horton NJ: Randomized controlled trial of proactive web-based alcohol screening and brief intervention for university students. Arch Intern Med. 2009, 169: 1508-1514. 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.249.
    • (2009) Arch Intern Med , vol.169 , pp. 1508-1514
    • Kypri, K.1    Hallett, J.2    Howat, P.3    McManus, A.4    Maycock, B.5    Bowe, S.6    Horton, N.J.7
  • 31
    • 8544250597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Web-based screening and brief intervention for hazardous drinking: A double-blind randomized controlled trial
    • 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00847.x 15500594
    • Kypri K, Saunders JB, Williams SM, McGee RO, Langley JD, Cashell-Smith ML, Gallagher SJ: Web-based screening and brief intervention for hazardous drinking: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Addiction. 2004, 99: 1410-1417. 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00847.x.
    • (2004) Addiction , vol.99 , pp. 1410-1417
    • Kypri, K.1    Saunders, J.B.2    Williams, S.M.3    McGee, R.O.4    Langley, J.D.5    Cashell-Smith, M.L.6    Gallagher, S.J.7
  • 33
    • 67650635429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of a Web-based alcohol intervention for university students: Processes and challenges
    • 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2008.00008.x 19320673
    • Hallett J, Maycock B, Kypri K, Howat P, McManus A: Development of a Web-based alcohol intervention for university students: processes and challenges. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2009, 28: 31-39. 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2008.00008.x.
    • (2009) Drug Alcohol Rev , vol.28 , pp. 31-39
    • Hallett, J.1    Maycock, B.2    Kypri, K.3    Howat, P.4    McManus, A.5
  • 34
    • 36949011447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring performance of brief alcohol counseling in medical settings:a review of the options and lessons from the Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system
    • 10.1300/J465v28n04-05 18077309
    • Bradley KA, Williams EC, Achtmeyer CE, Hawkins EJ, Harris AH, Frey MS, Craig T, Kivlahan DR: Measuring performance of brief alcohol counseling in medical settings:a review of the options and lessons from the Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system. Subst Abus. 2007, 28: 133-149. 10.1300/J465v28n04-05.
    • (2007) Subst Abus , vol.28 , pp. 133-149
    • Bradley, K.A.1    Williams, E.C.2    Achtmeyer, C.E.3    Hawkins, E.J.4    Harris, A.H.5    Frey, M.S.6    Craig, T.7    Kivlahan, D.R.8
  • 35
    • 33644898546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patient satisfaction of female and male users of Veterans Health Administration services
    • 1513173 16637941
    • Wright SM, Craig T, Campbell S, Schaefer J, Humble C: Patient satisfaction of female and male users of Veterans Health Administration services. J Gen Intern Med. 2006, 21 (Suppl 3): S26-32.
    • (2006) J Gen Intern Med , vol.21 , pp. S26-32
    • Wright, S.M.1    Craig, T.2    Campbell, S.3    Schaefer, J.4    Humble, C.5
  • 36
    • 0033671377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mini-cog: A cognitive 'vital signs' measure for dementia screening in multi-lingual elderly
    • 10.1002/1099-1166(200011)15:11<1021: AID-GPS234>3.0.CO;2-6 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M7htVCitw%3D%3D 11113982
    • Borson S, Scanlan J, Brush M, Vitaliano P, Dokmak A: The mini-cog: a cognitive 'vital signs' measure for dementia screening in multi-lingual elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2000, 15: 1021-1027. 10.1002/1099-1166(200011)15:11<1021::AID-GPS234>3.0.CO;2-6.
    • (2000) Int J Geriatr Psychiatry , vol.15 , pp. 1021-1027
    • Borson, S.1    Scanlan, J.2    Brush, M.3    Vitaliano, P.4    Dokmak, A.5
  • 37
    • 85071927075 scopus 로고
    • US Chief Information Officers Council: Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995
    • US Chief Information Officers Council: Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995. 1995, [ http://www.cio.gov/documents/paperwork-reduction-act-1995.html ]
    • (1995)
  • 38
    • 85071902417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US Department of Veterans Affairs: VA Handbook. 6310
    • US Department of Veterans Affairs: VA Handbook. 6310, [ http://www.va.gov/vapubs/viewPublication.asp?Pub-ID=36%26;FType=2 ],.3
  • 39
    • 33748987630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Qualitative study of an intervention for depression among patients with diabetes: How can we optimize patient-professional interaction?
    • 17007699
    • Gask L, Ludman E, Schaefer J: Qualitative study of an intervention for depression among patients with diabetes: how can we optimize patient-professional interaction?. Chronic Illn. 2006, 2: 231-242.
    • (2006) Chronic Illn , vol.2 , pp. 231-242
    • Gask, L.1    Ludman, E.2    Schaefer, J.3
  • 42
    • 85071931292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: Helping Patients Who Drink Too Much: A Clinician's Guide (Updated 2005 Edition)
    • US National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: Helping Patients Who Drink Too Much: A Clinician's Guide (Updated 2005 Edition). [ http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/Practitioner/CliniciansGuide2005/clinicians-guide.htm ]
  • 44
    • 33847218626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimizing personalized normative feedback: The use of gender-specific referents
    • 2459320 17286341
    • Lewis MA, Neighbors C: Optimizing personalized normative feedback: the use of gender-specific referents. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2007, 68: 228-237.
    • (2007) J Stud Alcohol Drugs , vol.68 , pp. 228-237
    • Lewis, M.A.1    Neighbors, C.2
  • 45
    • 85071918552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of Substance Use Disorders Working Group: VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for Management of Substance Use Disorders
    • Management of Substance Use Disorders Working Group: VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for Management of Substance Use Disorders. [ http://guideline.gov/content.aspx?id=15676 ]
  • 46
    • 85071942970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US Federal Register: Interim Final Rule. Sharing Information Between the Department of Veterans Affairs and the Department of Defense (38 CFR Part 1)
    • US Federal Register: Interim Final Rule. Sharing Information Between the Department of Veterans Affairs and the Department of Defense (38 CFR Part 1). [ http://www.va.gov/ORPM/docs/20111020-AN95-SharingInformationBetweentheDVAandDOD.pdf ]
  • 47
    • 84858753120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebral effects of binge drinking: Respective influences of global alcohol intake and consumption pattern
    • 10.1016/j.clinph.2011.09.018 1:STN:280:DC%2BC38zntFKmtg%3D%3D 22055841
    • Maurage P, Joassin F, Speth A, Modave J, Philippot P, Campanella S: Cerebral effects of binge drinking: respective influences of global alcohol intake and consumption pattern. Clin Neurophysiol. 2012, 123: 892-901. 10.1016/j.clinph.2011.09.018.
    • (2012) Clin Neurophysiol , vol.123 , pp. 892-901
    • Maurage, P.1    Joassin, F.2    Speth, A.3    Modave, J.4    Philippot, P.5    Campanella, S.6
  • 48
    • 18844426482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying the risks associated with exceeding recommended drinking limits
    • 10.1097/01.ALC.0000164544.45746.A7 15897737
    • Dawson DA, Grant BF, Li TK: Quantifying the risks associated with exceeding recommended drinking limits. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2005, 29: 902-908. 10.1097/01.ALC.0000164544.45746.A7.
    • (2005) Alcohol Clin Exp Res , vol.29 , pp. 902-908
    • Dawson, D.A.1    Grant, B.F.2    Li, T.K.3
  • 49
    • 34247117697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of alcohol consumption in future classifications of alcohol use disorders
    • 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.12.003 2727876 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXkslCgsbc%3D 17240085
    • Saha TD, Stinson FS, Grant BF: The role of alcohol consumption in future classifications of alcohol use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007, 89: 82-92. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.12.003.
    • (2007) Drug Alcohol Depend , vol.89 , pp. 82-92
    • Saha, T.D.1    Stinson, F.S.2    Grant, B.F.3
  • 50
    • 33745836723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Formative evaluation and three-month follow-up of an online personalized assessment feedback intervention for problem drinkers
    • 10.2196/jmir.8.2.e5 1550700 16867968
    • Cunningham JA, Humphreys K, Kypri K, van Mierlo T: Formative evaluation and three-month follow-up of an online personalized assessment feedback intervention for problem drinkers. J Med Internet Res. 2006, 8: e5-10.2196/jmir.8.2.e5.
    • (2006) J Med Internet Res , vol.8 , pp. e5
    • Cunningham, J.A.1    Humphreys, K.2    Kypri, K.3    Van Mierlo, T.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.