Bitumen and heavy oil geochemistry: A tool for distinguishing barriers from baffles in oil sands reservoirs

Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology

Volumn 59, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 295-316

  Fustic, Milovan ^a,d   Bennett, Barry ^b   Adams, Jennifer ^c,e   Huang, Haiping ^c   MacFarlane, Bill ^a   Leckie, Dale A ^a   Larter, Steve ^c  

^a CNOOC LTD   (China)

^b Gushor Inc   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^d STATOIL   (Norway)

^e Phillips Research Center 224GB   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CUMULATIVE STEAM-OIL RATIOS; GASCHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY; HETEROGENEOUS RESERVOIRS; MOLECULAR COMPOSITIONS; RESERVOIR DEVELOPMENT; SEISMIC REFLECTION DATA; STEAM CHAMBER GROWTHS; VERTICAL PERMEABILITIES;

BIODEGRADATION; BITUMINOUS MATERIALS; CRUDE OIL; DEPOSITS; FLOW OF FLUIDS; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; GEOCHEMISTRY; OIL SANDS; OPTIMIZATION; PETROLEUM RESERVOIR ENGINEERING; STEAM; THERMAL OIL RECOVERY;

DATA INTEGRATION;

BITUMEN; DATA ACQUISITION; FLUID FLOW; GEOCHEMISTRY; GEOLOGICAL TIME; HEAVY OIL; OIL SAND; PERMEABILITY; RESERVOIR; SEISMIC REFLECTION; SILT; SILTSTONE; VISCOSITY;

ALBERTA; ATHABASCA OIL SANDS; CANADA;

EID: 84873727585     PISSN: 00074802     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2113/gscpgbull.59.4.295     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Adams, J.J. 2008. The Impact of Geological and Microbiological Processes on Oil Composition and Fluid Property Variations in Heavy Oil and Bitumen Reservoirs. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Calgary, p. 746.
2. Adams, J.J., Jiang, C., Bennett, B., Huang, H., Oldenburg, T., Noke, K., Snowdon, L., Gates, I. and Larter, S.R. 2008. Viscosity determination of heavy oil and bitumen: cautions and solutions. World Heavy Oil Congress, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, paper 2008-443.
3. Aitken, C.M., Jones, D.M. and Larter, R.S. 2004. Anaerobic hydrocarbon biodegradation in deep subsurface reservoirs. Nature, v. 431, p. 291-295.
4. Alberta Energy and Utilities Board. 2007. Alberta's energy reserves 2006 and supply/demand outlook 2007-2016, ST98-2007, 218 p. http://www.eub.ca/docs/products/sts/st98_current.pdf
5. Beeunas, M.A., Hudson, T.A., Valley, J.A., Baskin, D.K. and Clark, W.Y. 1999. Reservoir continuity and architecture of the Genesis field, Gulf of Mexico (Green Canyon 205): An integration of fluid geochemistry within the geologic and engineering framework. Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 49, p. 90-95.
6. Bennett, B. and Larter, S.R. 2000. Quantitative separation of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons using silver ion-silica Solid-Phase Extraction. Analytical Chemistry, v. 72, p. 1039-1044.
7. Bennett, B. and Larter, S.R. 2008. Biodegradation scales: Applications and limitations. Organic Geochemistry, v. 39, p. 1222-1228.
8. Birrell, G.E. 2001. Heat Transfer Ahead of a SAGD Steam Chamber, a Study of Thermocouple Data From Phase B of the Underground Test Facility (Dover Project). Society of Petroleum Engineers Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition New Orleans, Louisiana, paper 71503-MS.
9. Brekke, H. and Couch, A. 2011. Use of Image Logs in Differentiating Point Bar and Tidal Bar Deposits in the Leismer Area: Implications for SAGD Reservoir Definition in the Athabasca Oil Sands. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Annual Conference, Calgary, Alberta, Program and Abstracts CD.
10. Brekke, H. and Evoy, R. 2004. Use of dipmeter data in the definition of the internal architecture of point bar deposits in the Athabasca oil sands: Implications for the Middle McMurray Formation in the Hangingstone Area, Alberta. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Annual Conference and Exhibition, Dallas, Texas, Abstract v. 13, p. 17.
11. Butler, R. 1987. Rise of interfingering steam chambers. Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, v. 26, p. 70-75.
12. Butler, R. 1994. Steam-assisted gravity drainage: Concept, development, performance and future. Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, v. 33, p. 44-50.
13. Byerley, G., Barham, G., Tomberlin, T. and Vandal, B. 2009. 4D seismic monitoring applied to SAGD operations at Surmont, Alberta, Canada. Society of Exploration Geophysicists International Exposition and Annual Meeting, Houston, Texas, USA.
14. Card, C.C., Close, J.C., Collins, A.D., Sammon, H.P., Wheeler, T.J. and Fortson, G.N. 2005. Numerical Modeling of Advanced In-Situ Recovery Processes in Complex Heavy Oil and Bitumen Reservoirs. Canadian International Petroleum Conference, June 7-9, Clagary, Alberta, Abstract.
15. Chen, Q., Gerristen, M. G., and Kovscek, A. R. 2008. Effects of reservoir heterogeneities on the steam-assisted gravity drainage process. Society of Petroleum Engineers Reservoir Evaluation and Engineering, v. 11, p. 921-932.
16. Cody, J., Sung, Y., Riddy, A. and Gittins, S. 2001. Implications of reservoir "compartments" on the design and execution of the Christina Lake Thermal Recovery Project. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Annual Convention, Calgary, Alberta, Abstract.
17. Connan, J. 1984. Biodegradation of crude oils in reservoirs. In: Advances in Petroleum Geochemistry. J. Brooks, and H. Welte Dietrich, (eds.), v. 1, p. 298-335.
18. Crerar, E.E. and Arnott, R.W.C. 2007. Facies distribution and stratigraphic architecture of the Lower Cretaceous McMurray Formation, Lewis Property, Northeastern Alberta. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, v. 55, p. 99-124.
19. Druesne, D., Shang, R. and Vandal, B. 2007. 3D Seismic on Surmont-Improving Resources and Risks Assessment. AAPG Hedberg Research Conference, "Heavy Oil and Bitumen in Foreland Basins-From Processes to Products", Banff, Alberta, Abstract.
20. Edman, J.D. and Burk, M.K. 1999. Geochemistry in an integrated study of reservoir compartmentalization at Ewing Bank 873, offshore Gulf of Mexico. Society of Petroleum Engineers Reservoir Evaluation and Engineering, v. 2, p. 520-526.
21. England, W.A. 1989. The organic geochemistry of petroleum reservoirs. Organic Geochemistry, v. 16, p. 415-425.
22. England, W.A. 1994. Secondary migration and accumulation of hydrocarbons. In: The Petroleum System-from Source to Trap. L.B. Magoon, and W.G. Dow, (eds.). AAPG Memoir 60, p. 211-217.
23. England, W.A., MacKenzie, A.S., Mann, D.M. and Quigley, T.M. 1987. The movement and entrapment of petroleum fluids in the subsurface. Journal of Geological Society, London, v. 144, p. 327-347.
24. Erno, B.P., Chriest, J.R. and Wilson, R. 1991. Depth-related oil viscosity variation in Canadian heavy oil reservoirs. Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, v. 30, p. 36-41.
25. Fisher, S.J., Alexander, R., Kagi, R.I. and Oliver G.A. 1998. Aromatic hydrocarbons as indicators of biodegradation in north Western Australian reservoirs. In: Sedimentary Basins of Western Australia: West Australian Basin Symposium. P.G. Purcell and R.R. Purcell (eds.). Petroleum Exploration society of Australia, WA Branch, Perth Australia, p.185-194.
26. Flach, P.D. 1984. Oil Sands Geology-Athabasca Deposit North. Alberta Research Council Bulletin no. 46, 31 p.
27. Fustic, M. 2007. Stratigraphic dip analysis-a novel application for detailed geological modeling of point bars, and predicting bitumen grade, McMurray Formation, Muskeg River Mine, Northeast Alberta. Natural Resources Research, v. 16, p. 31-43.
28. Fustic, M. Bennett, B., Hubbard, S.M., Huang, H., Oldenburg, T.B. P and Larter, S.R. (in press a). Impact of oil-water contacts, reservoir (dis)continuity, and reservoir characteristics on spatial distribution of water, gas, and high-water-low-bitumen saturated zones and on the variability of bitumen properties in Athabasca Oil Sands Deposits. In: Heavy Oil/Bitumen Petroleum Systems in Alberta and Beyond. F.J. Hein, D.A. Leckie, J. Suter, and S.R. Larter, (eds.). AAPG Memoir, (in press).
29. Fustic, M. Cadiou, D., Thurston, D., Al-Dilwe, A. and Leckie, A.D. (in press b). Deterministic object based modeling by constraining stochastic simulation to conceptually interpreted 3D geobodies-an approach for bridging the gap between reservoir geology and geostatistics-case study from Lower Cretaceous McMurray Formation, Long Lake SAGD project, NE Alberta, Canada In: Heavy Oil/Bitumen Petroleum Systems in Alberta & Beyond. F.J. Hein, J. Suter, D.A. Leckie, and S.R. Larter (eds.). AAPG Memoir, (in press).
30. Fustic, M., Hubbard, S.M., Spencer, R.S., Smith, G.D., Leckie, D.A., Bennett, B. and Larter, S. 2012. Recognition of down-valley translation in tidally influenced meandering fluvial deposits, Athabasca Oil Sands (Cretaceous), Alberta, Canada. Journal of Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 29, p. 219-232.
31. Gates, I.D., Adams, J.J. and Larter, S.R. 2008. The impact of oil viscosity heterogeneity on the production characteristics of tar sand and heavy oil reservoirs. Part II: Intelligent, geotailored recovery processes in compositionally graded reservoirs. Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, v. 47, p. 40-49.
32. Head, I., Jones, M.D. and Larter, S.R. 2003. Biological activity in the deep subsurface and the origin of heavy oil. Nature, v. 426, p. 344-352.
33. Hein, F.J. and Marsh, R.A. 2008. Regional geologic framework, depositional models and resource estimates of the oil sands of Alberta, Canada. World Heavy Oil Congress, Edmonton 10-12 March, paper 2008-320, 9 p.
34. Heidari, M., Pooladi-Darvish, M., Azaiez, J. and Maini, B. 2009. Effect of drainage height and permeability on SAGD performance. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, v. 68, p. 99-106.
35. Huang, H., Larter, S.R., Bowler, B.F.J. and Oldenburg, T. 2004. A dynamic biodegradation model suggested by petroleum compositional gradients within reservoir columns from the Liaohe basin, NE China. Organic Geochemistry, v. 35, p. 299-316.
36. Hubbard, S.M., Smith, D.G., Nielsen, H., Leckie, D.A., Fustic, M., Spencer, R.J., and Bloom, L. 2011. Seismic geomorphology and sedimentology of a tidally influenced river deposit, Lower Cretaceous Athabasca Oil Sands, Alberta, Canada. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 95, p. 1123-1145.
37. Hubert, C.R. J, Oldenburg, T.B.P., Fustic, M., Gray, N.D.G., Larter, S.R., Penn, K., Rowan, A.K., Seshadri, R., Sherry, A., Swainsbury, R., Voordouw, G., Voordouw, J.K. and Head, I.M. 2011. Massive dominance of Epsiloproteobacteria in formation waters from a Canadian oil sands reservoir containing severely biodegraded oil. Environmental Microbiology. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02521.x
38. Hwang, R.J. and Baskin, D.K. 1994. Reservoir connectivity and oil homogeneity in a large-scale reservoir. In: Middle East Petroleum Geoscience Geo '94. M. I. Al-Husseini, (ed.). Gulf Petrolink, Bahrain, v. 2, p. 529-541.
39. Ipek, G., Fraunfeld, T. and Yuan. J.Y. 2008. Numerical Study of Shale Issues in SAGD. Proceedings of the Canadian International Petroleum Conference/Society of Petroleum Engineers Gas Technology Symposium 2008 Joint Conference (the Petroleum Society's 59th Annual Technical Meeting), Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 17-19 June, Paper 2008-150, p. 16.
40. Ito, Y., Hirata, T. and Ichikawa, M. 2001. The growth of the steam chamber during the early period of the UTF phase B and Hangingstone Phase I projects. Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, v. 40, p. 29-36.
41. Jokanola, A.O. 2007. Pore Pressure, Seal Risking and Column Height Predictions in Leaky Petroleum Systems: Some Case Studies. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Calgary, p. 463.
42. Kaminsky, V.P. 1974. Selection of a mining scheme for a tar sands extraction plant. In: Oil Sands Fuel of the Future. L.V. Hills, (ed.). Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 3, p. 212-222.
43. Kaufman, R.L., Ahmed, A.S. and Elsinger, R.J. 1990. Gas chromatography as a development and production tool for fingerprinting oils from individual reservoirs: Applications in the Gulf of Mexico. Proceedings of the 9th Annual Research Conference of the SEPM (Society for sedimentary geology). D. Schumaker and B. F. Perkins (eds.). New Orleans, p. 263-282.
44. Kaufman, R.L., Dashti, H., Kabir, C. S., Pederson, J.M., Moon, M.S., Quttainah, R. and Al-Wael H. 1997. Characterizing the greater Burgan field: Use of geochemistry and oil fingerprinting. Proceedings of Middle East Oil Show, Bahrain. Society of Petroleum Engineers Paper 37803, p. 385-394.
45. Labrecque, P.A., Hubbard, S.M., Jensen, J.L. and Nielsen, H. 2011. Sedimentology and stratigraphic architecture of a point bar deposit, Lower Cretaceous McMurray Formation, Alberta, Canada. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, v. 59, p. 147-171.
46. Larter, S.R. and Aplin, A. 1995. Reservoir geochemistry: Methods, applications and opportunities. In: The Geochemistry of Reservoirs. J.M. Cubitt and W.A. England (eds.). Geological Society of London Special Publication 86, p. 5-32.
47. Larter, S.R. Adams, J.J., Gates, I.D., Bennett, B., and Huang, H. 2008. The origin, prediction and impact of oil viscosity heterogeneity on the production characteristics of tar sand and heavy oil reservoirs. Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, v. 47, p. 52-61.
48. Larter, S.R. Aplin, A.C., Corbett, P.W.M., Ementon, N., Chen, M. and Taylor, P.N. 1997. Reservoir geochemistry: A link between reservoir geology and engineering? Society of Petroleum Engineers Reservoir Engineering, v. 12, p. 12-17.
49. Larter, S.R. Huang, H., Adams, J.J., Bennett, B., Jokanola, O., Oldenburg, T., Jones, M., Head, I., Riediger, C. and Fowler, M. 2006. The controls on the composition of biodegraded oils in the deep subsurface: Part II-Geological controls on subsurface biodegradation fluxes and constraints on reservoirfluid property prediction. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 90, p. 921-938.
50. Larter, S.R., Wilhelms, A., Head, I., Koopmans, M., Aplin, A., Di, Primio, R., Zwach, C., Erdmann, M. and Telnaes, N. 2003. The controls on the composition of biodegraded oils in the deep subsurface; Part 1, Biodegradation rates in petroleum reservoirs. Organic Geochemistry, v. 34, p. 601-613.
51. Le Ravalec, M., Morlot, C., Marmier, R. and Foulon, D. 2009. Heterogeneity impact on SAGD process performance in mobile heavy oil reservoirs. Oil and Gas Science and Technology-Rev. IFP 64 (4): p. 469-476.
52. Lettley, D.C. and Pemberton, S.G. 2003. Speciation of McMurray Formation Inclined Heterolithic Strata: Varying Depositional Character Along a Riverine Estuary System. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Annual Core Conference, Calgary, Alberta, Abstract, p. 6-10.
53. Li, Z., Wollen, C., Yang, P. and Fustic, M. 2008. Potential Use of Produced Oil Sample Analysis to Monitor SAGD Performance. International Thermal Operations and Heavy Oil Symposium (ITOHOS), Calgary, Alberta, SPE-117822.
54. McLennan, A.J. and Deutsch, V.C. 2005. SAGD Reservoir Characterization Using Geostatistics: Application to the Athabasca Oil Sands, Alberta, Canada. In: CHOA Handbook, 2nd edition. Canadian Heavy Oil Association.
55. McKinney, D. and Bland, K. 2003. Time lapse geochemistry at the Ursa field: A surveillance tool for understanding complex, heterogeneous reservoir fluids. 21st International Meeting on Organic Geochemistry, Krakow, Poland, Abstract, p. I/96.
56. Milkov, V. A., Goebel, E., Dzou, L., Fisher, A., D., Kutch, A., McCaslin, N. and Bergman, F. D. 2007. Compartmentalization and time-lapse geochemical reservoir surveillance of the Horn Mountain oil field, deep-water Gulf of Mexico. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 91, p. 847-876.
57. Mossop, G.D. 1980. Geology of the Athabasca Oil Sands. Science, v. 207, p. 145-152.
58. Mossop, G.D. and Flach, P.D. 1983. Deep channel sedimentation in the lower Cretaceous McMurray Formation, Athabasca Oil Sands, Alberta. Sedimentology, v. 30, p. 493-509.
59. Murty, Ch.R.K., Zubari, H.K., Beeunas, M.A. and McCaffrey, M. 2005. Fluid transfer mechanism using geochemistry in shallow oil zones of Bahrain field. Proceedings of the 14th Society of Petroleum Engineers Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference, Bahrain International Exhibition Centre, Bahrain, March 12-15, 2005, SPE Paper 93465, p. 1-6.
60. Muwais, W. K., and Smith, D. G. 1990. Types of channel fills interpreted from dipmeter logs in the McMurray Formation, northeast Alberta. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology., v. 38, p. 53-63.
61. Nederlof, P.J.R., Gijsen, M.A. and Doyle, M.A. 1994. Application of reservoir geochemistry to field appraisal. The Middle East Petroleum Geosciences Geo'94. M. I. Al-Husseini, (ed.). Gulf-Petrolink, Bahrain, v. 2, p. 709-722.
62. Nederlof, P.J.R., van der Veen, F.M. and. van den Bos, G.A. 1995. Application of reservoir geochemistry in Oman. In: Organic geochemistry: Developments and applications to energy, climate, environment and human history: Selected papers from the 17th International Meeting on Organic Geochemistry, Donostia-San Sebastián, The Basque Country, Spain: San Sebastian, AIGOA. J.O. Grimalt and C. Dorronsoro, (eds.). p. 329-331.
63. Noyau, A., Chavagnac, Ph., Tegelaar, E.W. and Daugas, F. 1997. Reservoir characterization applying geochemical techniques: Case study from Yemen. Proceedings of the 1997 Middle East Oil Show, Bahrain, March 15-18, 1997, SPE Paper 37703, p. 281-290.
64. Oldenburg, T.B.P., Larter, S.R., Adams, J.J., Rowan, A.K., Brown, A., Head, I.M., Grigoriyan, A.A., Voordouw, G., Fustic, M. and Hubert, C. 2009. Methods for recovery of microorganisms and intact microbial polar lipids (IPLs) from oil-water mixtures-lab experiments and natural well-head fluids. Analytical Chemistry, v. 81, p. 4130-4136.
65. Pemberton, S.G., Flach, P.D. and Mossop, G.D. 1982. Trace Fossils from the Athabasca Oil Sands, Alberta, Canada. Science, v. 217, p. 825-827.
66. Pooladi-Darvish, M. and Mattar, L. 2002. SAGD operations in the presence of overlying gas cap and water layer-effect of shale barriers. Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, v. 41, p. 40-51.
67. Ranger, M.J. and Pemberton, S.G. 1997. Elements of a stratigraphic framework for the McMurray Formation in South Athabasca. In: Petroleum Geology of the Cretaceous Mannville Group, Wwestern Canada. S.G. Pemberton, and D.P. James (eds.). Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 18, p. 263-291.
68. Rowland, S.J., Alexander, R., Kagi, R.I., Jones, D.M. and Douglas, A.G. 1986. Microbial degradation of aromatic components of crude oils: Acomparison of laboratory and field observations. Organic Geochemistry, v. 9, p. 153-161.
69. Seyer, F.A. and Gyte, G.W. 1989. Viscosity, Chapter 4. In: AOSTRA Technical Handbook on Oil Sands, Bitumens and Heavy Oils. L.E. Hepler and C. His, (eds.). AOSTRA Technical Publication Series #6.
70. Shin, H. and Choe, J. 2009. Shale barrier effects on the SAGD performance. Society of Petroleum Engineers/European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers Reservoir characterization and simulation conference, Abu Dhabi, U.A.E., October 19-21, SPE paper 12511,10 p.
71. Smalley, P.C. and England, W.A. 1992. Assessing reservoir compartmentalization during field appraisal: How geochemistry can help. Proceedings of European Petroleum Conference, SPE Paper 25005, p. 423-431.
72. Smalley, P.C. and England, W.A. 1994. Reservoir compartmentalization assessed with fluid compositional data. Society of Petroleum Engineers Reservoir Engineering, v. 9, p. 175-180.
73. Smalley, P.C. and Hale, N.A. 1996. Early identification of reservoir compartmentalization by combining a range of conventional and novel data types. Society of Petroleum Engineers Formation Evaluation, SPE Paper 30533 p. 163-170.
74. Smalley, P.C. and Muggeridge A.H. 2010. Reservoir compartmentalization: Get it before it gets you. In: Reservoir Compartmentalization. S.J. Jolley, Q.J. Fisher, R.B. Ainsworth, P.J. Vrolijk and S. Delisle (eds). Geological Society, London, Special Publications, v. 347, p. 25-41.
75. Smith, D.G., Hubbard, S.M., Leckie, D., and Fustic, M. 2009. Counter point bar deposits: Lithofacies and reservoir significance in the meandering modern Peace River and ancient McMurray Formation, Alberta, Canada. Sedimentology, v. 56, p. 1655-1669.
76. Stainforth, J.G. 2004. New insights into reservoir filling and mixing processes. In: Understanding Petroleum Reservoirs: Towards and Integrated Reservoir Engineering and Geochemical Approach. J.M. Cubitt, W.A. England, and S.R. Larter (eds.). Geological Society, London, Special Publications 237, p. 115-132.
77. Strausz, O.P., and Lown, E.M. 2003. The Chemistry of Alberta Oil Sands, Bitumens and Heavy Oils, Alberta Energy Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, p. 588-592. (www.aeri.ab.ca)
78. Strobl, R. 2007. Role of reservoir lithofacies and associated well placement on optimizing SAGD production. Conference Proceedings of the AAPG Hedberg Research Conference, "Heavy Oil and Bitumen in Foreland Basins-From Processes to Products", Banff, Alberta, Canada, Abstract.
79. Strobl, R. (in press). Integration of SAGD fundamentals with reservoir characterization to optimize production, In: Heavy Oil/Bitumen Petroleum Systems in Alberta & Beyond. F.J. Hein, J. Suter, D.A. Leckie, and S.R. Larter (eds.). AAPG Memoir, (in press).
80. Strobl, R. Fustic, M. and Wightman, D. 2011. SAGD fundamentals-Application of core and outcrop analogues, geology, geophysics and geochemistry to oil sands recovery. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Annual Convention, Short Course Notes, p. 100.
81. Strobl, R. Muwais, W.K., Wightman, D.M., Cotterill, D.K. and Yuan, L.P. 1997. Geological modeling of McMurray Formation reservoirs based on outcrop and subsurface analogues. In: Petroleum of the Cretaceous Manville Group, Western Canada. G.S. Pemberton, and D.P. James, (eds.). Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir, 18, p. 292-311.
82. Strobl, R., Wightman, D., Aldred, P., Upun, S., Sutherland, W., Male, B., Ray, S., Shang, R. and Li, B. 2004. Top Quartile Oil Sands Reservoirs-Encana Foster Creek SAGD Project, Cold lake Area, Alberta, Canada. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Core Conference, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Abstract.
83. Thomas, R.G., Smith, D.G., Wood, J.M., Visser, J., Calverley-Range, E.A. and Koster, E. H. 1987. Inclined heterolithic stratification-terminology, description, interpretation and significance. Sedimentary Geology, v. 53, p. 123-179.
84. Volkman, J.K., Alexander, R., Kagi, R.I., Rowland, S.J. and Shepard, N.P. 1984. Biodegradation of aromatic hydrocarbons in crude oils from the Barrow sub-basin of Western Australia. Organic Geochemistry, v. 6, p. 619-632.
85. Yang, G. and Butler, R.M. 1992. Effects of reservoir heterogeneities on heavy oil recovery by steam assisted gravity drainage. Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, v. 31, p. 37-43.
86. Yeung, K.C. 2009. The Evolution of Alberta's In-Situ Heavy Oil and Oil Sand Development. APEGGA luncheon talk, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Abstract.
87. Weissenburger, K.S. and Borbas, T. 2004. Fluid properties, phase and compartmentalization: Magnolia field case study, deepwater Gulf of Mexico, U.S.A. In: Understanding Petroleum Reservoirs: Towards an Integrated Rreservoir Engineering. J.M. Cubitt, W.A. England and S.R. Larter (eds.). Geological Society, London, Special Publication 237, p. 231-256.
88. Westrich, J.T., Fuex, A.M., O'Neal, P.M. and Halpern, H.I. 1999. Evaluating reservoir architecture in the northern Gulf of Mexico with oil and gas chemistry. Society of Petroleum Engineering Reservoir Evaluation and Engineering, SPE Paper 59518, v. 2, p. 514-519.
89. Wightman, D.M. and Pemberton, S. G. 1997. The Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) McMurray Formation: an overview of the McMurray area, Northeastern Alberta. In: Petroleum Geology of the Cretaceous Lower Manville Group: Western Canada. G.S. Pemberton and D.P. James (eds.). Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 18, p. 312-344.