Psychological consequences of pediatric burns from a child and family perspective: A review of the empirical literature

Clinical Psychology Review

Volumn 33, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 361-371

  Bakker, Anne ^a   Maertens, Koen J P ^b,c   Van Son, Maarten J M ^d   Van Loey, Nancy E E ^a,d  

^a ASSOCIATION OF DUTCH BURN CENTRES   (Netherlands)

^b Oscare Organisation for Burns   (Belgium)

^c VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT BRUSSEL   (Belgium)

^d UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Adjustment; Burns; Children; Family; Parents; Predictors

Indexed keywords

ANXIETY DISORDER; BODY IMAGE; BURN; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CHILD PARENT RELATION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DEPRESSION; DISEASE SEVERITY; EMOTION; FAMILY; GUILT; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; MOOD DISORDER; PEDIATRICS; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REVIEW; SELF ESTEEM; SEXUALITY; SLEEP DISORDER; SOCIAL INTERACTION;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ANXIETY; BURNS; CHILD; DEPRESSION; FAMILY; HUMANS; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 84873680391     PISSN: 02727358     EISSN: 18737811     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2012.12.006     Document Type: Review

References (101)

1. Abdullah A., Blakeney P., Hunt R., Broemeling L., Phillips L., Herndon D.N., et al. Visible scars and self-esteem in pediatric patients with burns. The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 1994, 15(2):164-168.
2. Alisic E., Jongmans M.J., van Wesel F., Kleber R.J. Building child trauma theory from longitudinal studies: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review 2011, 31(5):736-747.
3. Andersson G., Sandberg S., Rydell A.M., Gerdin B. Social competence and behaviour problems in burned children. Burns 2003, 29(1):25-30.
4. Arceneaux L.L., Meyer W.J. Treatments for common psychiatric conditions among children and adolescents during acute rehabilitation and reintegration phases of burn injury. International Review of Psychiatry 2009, 21(6):549-558.
5. Baker C.P., Russell W.J., Meyer W., Blakeney P. Physical and psychologic rehabilitation outcomes for young adults burned as children. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2007, 88(12 Suppl. 2):S57-S64.
6. Bakker A., Van Loey N.E., Van Son M.J., Van der Heijden P.G. Brief report: Mothers' long-term posttraumatic stress symptoms following a burn event of their child. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2010, 35(6):656-661.
7. Barnum B.D., Snyder C.R., Rapoff M.A., Manie M.A., Thompson R. Hope and social support in the psychological adjustment of children who have survived burn injuries and their matched controls. Children's Health Care 1998, 27(1):15-30.
8. Blakeney P., Meyer W., Moore P., Broemeling L., Hunt R., Robson M., et al. Social competence and behavioral problems of pediatric survivors of burns. The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 1993, 14(1):65-72.
9. Blakeney P., Meyer W., Moore P., Murphy L., Broemeling L., Robson M., et al. Psychosocial sequelae of pediatric burns involving 80% or greater total body surface area. The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 1993, 14(6):684-689.
10. Blakeney P., Meyer W., Robert R., Desai M., Wolf S., Herndon D. Long-term psychosocial adaptation of children who survive burns involving 80% or greater total body surface area. The Journal of Trauma 1998, 44(4):625-632.
11. Blakeney P., Moore P., Broemeling L., Hunt R., Herndon D.N., Robson M. Parental stress as a cause and effect of pediatric burn injury. The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 1993, 14(1):73-79.
12. Blakeney P., Portman S., Rutan R. Familial values as factors influencing long-term psychological adjustment of children after severe burn injury. The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 1990, 11(5):472-475.
13. Blakeney P., Thomas C., Holzer C., Rose M., Berniger F., Meyer W.J. Efficacy of a short-term, intensive social skills training program for burned adolescents. The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 2005, 26(6):546-555.
14. Bromet E., Andrade L.H., Hwang I., Sampson N.A., Alonso J., de Girolamo G., et al. Cross-national epidemiology of DSM-IV major depressive episode. BMC Medicine 2011, 9:90.
15. Cahners S.S. Group meetings benefit families of burned children. Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 1979, 13(1):169-171.
16. Chedekel D.S., Tolias C.L. Adolescents' perceptions of participation in a burn patient support group. The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 2001, 22(4):301-306. (discussion 300).
17. Christiansen M., Carrougher G.J., Engrav L.H., Wiechman-Askay S., Kramer C.B., Gibran N.S., et al. Time to school re-entry after burn injury is quite short. Journal of Burn Care & Research 2007, 28(3):478-481.
18. Cox C.M., Kenardy J.A., Hendrikz J.K. A meta-analysis of risk factors that predict psychopathology following accidental trauma. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing 2008, 13(2):98-110.
19. de Jong A., Baartmans M., Bremer M., van Komen R., Middelkoop E., Tuinebreijer W., et al. Reliability, validity and clinical utility of three types of pain behavioural observation scales for young children with burns aged 0-5years. Pain 2010, 150(3):561-567.
20. De Young A.C., Kenardy J.A., Cobham V.E. Diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder in preschool children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 2011, 40(3):375-384.
21. De Young A.C., Kenardy J.A., Cobham V.E., Kimble R. Prevalence, comorbidity and course of trauma reactions in young burn-injured children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2012, 53(1):56-63.
22. Delgado Pardo G., Garcia I.M., Gomez-Cia T. Psychological effects observed in child burn patients during the acute phase of hospitalization and comparison with pediatric patients awaiting surgery. Journal of Burn Care & Research 2010, 31(4):569-578.
23. Delgado Pardo G., Garcia I.M., Marrero Fdel R., Cia T.G. Psychological impact of burns on children treated in a severe burns unit. Burns 2008, 34(7):986-993.
24. Dise-Lewis J.E. A developmental perspective on psychological principles of burn care. The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 2001, 22(3):255-260.
25. Drake J.E., Stoddard F.J., Murphy J.M., Ronfeldt H., Snidman N., Kagan J., et al. Trauma severity influences acute stress in young burned children. Journal of Burn Care & Research 2006, 27(2):174-182.
26. El Hamaoui Y., Yaalaoui S., Chihabeddine K., Boukind E., Moussaoui D. Depression in mothers of burned children. Archives of Women's Mental Health 2006, 9(3):117-119.
27. Fukunishi I. Posttraumatic stress symptoms and depression in mothers of children with severe burn injuries. Psychological Reports 1998, 83(1):331-335.
28. Gorga D., Johnson J., Bentley A., Silverberg R., Glassman M., Madden M., et al. The physical, functional, and developmental outcome of pediatric burn survivors from 1 to 12months postinjury. The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 1999, 20(2):171-178.
29. Gottschlich M.M., Jenkins M.E., Mayes T., Khoury J., Kramer M., Warden G.D., et al. The 1994 Clinical Research Award. A prospective clinical study of the polysomnographic stages of sleep after burn injury. Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 1994, 15(6):486-492.
30. Graf A., Schiestl C., Landolt M.A. Posttraumatic stress and behavior problems in infants and toddlers with burns. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2011, 36(8):923-931.
31. Hall E., Saxe G., Stoddard F., Kaplow J., Koenen K., Chawla N., et al. Posttraumatic stress symptoms in parents of children with acute burns. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2006, 31(4):403-412.
32. Haverman L., Engelen V., van Rossum M.A., Heymans H.S., Grootenhuis M.A. Monitoring health-related quality of life in paediatric practice: Development of an innovative web-based application. BMC Pediatrics 2011, 11:3.
33. Horridge G., Cohen K., Gaskell S. BurnEd: Parental, psychological and social factors influencing a burn-injured child's return to education. Burns 2010, 36(5):630-638.
34. Jessee P.O., Strickland M.P., Leeper J.D., Wales P. Perception of body image in children with burns, five years after burn injury. The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 1992, 13(1):33-38.
35. Joseph K.E., Adams C.D., Goldfarb I.W., Slater H. Parental correlates of unintentional burn injuries in infancy and early childhood. Burns 2002, 28(5):455-463.
36. Kazak A.E., Kassam-Adams N., Schneider S., Zelikovsky N., Alderfer M.A., Rourke M. An integrative model of pediatric medical traumatic stress. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2006, 31(4):343-355.
37. Kent L., King H., Cochrane R. Maternal and child psychological sequelae in paediatric burn injuries. Burns 2000, 26(4):317-322.
38. Kravitz M., McCoy B.J., Tompkins D.M., Daly W., Mulligan J., McCauley R.L., et al. Sleep disorders in children after burn injury. The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 1993, 14(1):83-90.
39. Landolt M.A., Buehlmann C., Maag T., Schiestl C. Brief report: Quality of life is impaired in pediatric burn survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2009, 34(1):14-21.
40. Landolt M.A., Grubenmann S., Meuli M. Family impact greatest: Predictors of quality of life and psychological adjustment in pediatric burn survivors. The Journal of Trauma 2002, 53(6):1146-1151.
41. Landolt M.A., Ystrom E., Sennhauser F.H., Gnehm H.E., Vollrath M.E. The mutual prospective influence of child and parental post-traumatic stress symptoms in pediatric patients. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2012, 53(7):767-774.
42. Latal B., Helfricht S., Fischer J.E., Bauersfeld U., Landolt M.A. Psychological adjustment and quality of life in children and adolescents following open-heart surgery for congenital heart disease: A systematic review. BMC Pediatrics 2009, 9:6.
43. Lawrence J.W., Rosenberg L.E., Fauerbach J.A. Comparing the body esteem of pediatric survivors of burn injury with the body esteem of an age-matched comparison group without burns. Rehabilitation Psychology 2007, 52(4):370-379.
44. Lawrence J.W., Rosenberg L., Mason S., Fauerbach J.A. Comparing parent and child perceptions of stigmatizing behavior experienced by children with burn scars. Body Image 2011, 8(1):70-73.
45. LeDoux J.M., Meyer W.J., Blakeney P., Herndon D. Positive self-regard as a coping mechanism for pediatric burn survivors. The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 1996, 17(5):472-476.
46. LeDoux J.M., Meyer W.J., Blakeney P.E., Herndon D.N. Relationship between parental emotional states, family environment and the behavioural adjustment of pediatric burn survivors. Burns 1998, 24(5):425-432.
47. Lehna C. Sibling experiences after a major childhood burn injury. Pediatric Nursing 2010, 36(5):245-251.
48. Liber J.M., Faber A.W., Treffers P.D., Van Loey N.E. Coping style, personality and adolescent adjustment 10years post-burn. Burns 2008, 34(6):775-782.
49. Liber J.M., List D., Van Loey N.E., Kef S. Internalizing problem behavior and family environment of children with burns: A Dutch pilot study. Burns 2006, 32(2):165-171.
50. Maertens K., Lafaire C., Ponjaert-Kristoffersen I. Vertical follow-up: A medical and psychological evaluation of children with burns. Poster presented at the 2007 conference of the European Burns Association 2007.
51. Mancuso M.G., Bishop S., Blakeney P., Robert R., Gaa J. Impact on the family: Psychosocial adjustment of siblings of children who survive serious burns. The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 2003, 24(2):110-118.
52. Martin-Herz S.P., Thurber C.A., Patterson D.R. Psychological principles of burn wound pain in children. II: Treatment applications. Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 2000, 21(5):458-472.
53. Maslow G.R., Lobato D. Summer camps for children with burn injuries: A literature review. Journal of Burn Care & Research 2010, 31(5):740-749.
54. Mason S.A. Young, scarred children and their mothers-A short-term investigation into the practical, psychological and social implications of thermal injury to the preschool child. Part I: Implications for the mother. Burns 1993, 19(6):495-500.
55. Mason S.A., Hillier V.F. Young, scarred children and their mothers-A short-term investigation into the practical, psychological and social implications of thermal injury to the preschool child. Part II: implications for the child. Burns 1993, 19(6):501-506.
56. Mason S.A., Hillier V.F. Young, scarred children and their mothers-A short-term investigation into the practical, psychological and social implications of thermal injury to the preschool child. Part III: Factors influencing outcome responses. Burns 1993, 19(6):507-510.
57. Meyer W.J., Blakeney P.E., Holzer C.E., Moore P., Murphy L., Robson M.C., et al. Inconsistencies in psychosocial assessment of children after severe burns. The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 1995, 16(5):559-568.
58. Meyer W.J., Blakeney P., LeDoux J., Herndon D.N. Diminished adaptive behaviors among pediatric survivors of burns. The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 1995, 16(5):511-518.
59. Meyer W.J., Blakeney P., Moore P., Murphy L., Robson M., Herndon D. Parental well-being and behavioral adjustment of pediatric survivors of burns. The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 1994, 15(1):62-68.
60. Meyer W.J., Blakeney P., Russell W., Thomas C., Robert R., Berniger F., et al. Psychological problems reported by young adults who were burned as children. The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 2004, 25(1):98-106.
61. Meyer W.J., Blakeney P., Thomas C.R., Russell W., Robert R.S., Holzer C.E. Prevalence of major psychiatric illness in young adults who were burned as children. Psychosomatic Medicine 2007, 69(4):377-382.
62. Meyer W.J., Robert R., Murphy L., Blakeney P.E. Evaluating the psychosocial adjustment of 2- and 3-year-old pediatric burn survivors. The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 2000, 21(2):179-184.
63. Meyer W.J., Russell W., Thomas C.R., Robert R.S., Blakeney P. Sexual attitudes and behavior of young adults who were burned as children. Burns 2011, 37(2):215-221.
64. Meyers-Paal R., Blakeney P., Robert R., Murphy L., Chinkes D., Meyer W., et al. Physical and psychologic rehabilitation outcomes for pediatric patients who suffer 80% or more TBSA, 70% or more third degree burns. The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 2000, 21(1 Pt 1):43-49.
65. Moore P., Blakeney P., Broemeling L., Portman S., Herndon D.N., Robson M. Psychologic adjustment after childhood burn injuries as predicted by personality traits. The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 1993, 14(1):80-82.
66. Moore P., Moore M., Blakeney P., Meyer W., Murphy L., Herndon D. Competence and physical impairment of pediatric survivors of burns of more than 80% total body surface area. The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 1996, 17:547-551.
67. Nayeb-Hashemi N., Rosenberg M., Rosenberg L., Sharp S., Thomas C., Holzer C., et al. Skull burns resulting in calvarial defects: Cognitive and affective outcomes. Burns 2009, 35(2):237-246.
68. Noronha D.O., Faust J. Identifying the variables impacting post-burn psychological adjustment: A meta-analysis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2007, 32(3):380-391.
69. Orr D.A., Reznikoff M., Smith G.M. Body image, self-esteem, and depression in burn-injured adolescents and young adults. The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 1989, 10(5):454-461.
70. Peck M.D., Priolo-Kapel D. Child abuse by burning: A review of the literature and an algorithm for medical investigations. The Journal of Trauma 2002, 53(5):1013-1022.
71. Phillips C., Fussell A., Rumsey N. Considerations for psychosocial support following burn injury-A family perspective. Burns 2007, 33(8):986-994.
72. Phillips C., Rumsey N. Considerations for the provision of psychosocial services for families following paediatric burn injury-A quantitative study. Burns 2008, 34(1):56-62.
73. Piazza-Waggoner C., Dotson C., Adams C.D., Joseph K., Goldfarb I.W., Slater H. Preinjury behavioral and emotional problems among pediatric burn patients. The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 2005, 26(4):371-378.
74. Pope S.J., Solomons W.R., Done D.J., Cohn N., Possamai A.M. Body image, mood and quality of life in young burn survivors. Burns 2007, 33(6):747-755.
75. Ratcliff S.L., Brown A., Rosenberg L., Rosenberg M., Robert R.S., Cuervo L.J., et al. The effectiveness of a pain and anxiety protocol to treat the acute pediatric burn patient. Burns 2006, 32(5):554-562.
76. Rimmer R.B., Foster K.N., Bay C.R., Floros J., Rutter C., Bosch J., et al. The reported effects of bullying on burn-surviving children. Journal of Burn Care & Research 2007, 28(3):484-489.
77. Rivlin E., Faragher E.B. The psychological effects of sex, age at burn, stage of adolescence, intelligence, position and degree of burn in thermally injured adolescents: Part 2. Developmental Neurorehabilitation 2007, 10(2):173-182.
78. Rivlin E., Faragher E.B. The psychological sequelae of thermal injury on children and adolescents: Part 1. Developmental Neurorehabilitation 2007, 10(2):161-172.
79. Rivlin E., Faragher E.B. The psychological sequelae on mothers of thermally injured children and adolescents: Future directions: Part 3. Developmental Neurorehabilitation 2007, 10(2):183-190.
80. Rizzone L.P., Stoddard F.J., Murphy J.M., Kruger L.J. Posttraumatic stress disorder in mothers of children and adolescents with burns. The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 1994, 15(2):158-163.
81. Robert R., Berton M., Moore P., Murphy L., Meyer W., Blakeney P., et al. Applying what burn survivors have to say to future therapeutic interventions. Burns 1997, 23(1):50-54.
82. Robert R., Blakeney P.E., Meyer W.J. Impact of disfiguring burn scars on adolescent sexual development. The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 1998, 19(5):430-435.
83. Robert R., Meyer W., Bishop S., Rosenberg L., Murphy L., Blakeney P. Disfiguring burn scars and adolescent self-esteem. Burns 1999, 25(7):581-585.
84. Rosenberg L., Blakeney P., Thomas C.R., Holzer C.E., Robert R.S., Meyer W.J. The importance of family environment for young adults burned during childhood. Burns 2007, 33(5):541-546.
85. Rosenberg L., Robert R., Thomas C., Holzer C.E., Blakeney P., Meyer W.J. Assessing potential suicide risk of young adults burned as children. Journal of Burn Care & Research 2006, 27(6):779-785.
86. Rowe R., Maughan B., Goodman R. Childhood psychiatric disorder and unintentional injury: Findings from a national cohort study. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2004, 29(2):119-130.
87. Russell W., Holzer C.E., Robert R.S., Thomas C., Blakeney P., Meyer W.J. Differences in behavioral perceptions between young adult burn survivors and cross-informants. Journal of Burn Care & Research 2008, 29(5):750-755.
88. Saxe G., Stoddard F., Chawla N., Lopez C.G., Hall E., Sheridan R., et al. Risk factors for acute stress disorder in children with burns. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 2005, 6(2):37-49.
89. Saxe G., Stoddard F., Courtney D., Cunningham K., Chawla N., Sheridan R., et al. Relationship between acute morphine and the course of PTSD in children with burns. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2001, 40(8):915-921.
90. Saxe G., Stoddard F., Hall E., Chawla N., Lopez C., Sheridan R., et al. Pathways to PTSD, part I: Children with burns. The American Journal of Psychiatry 2005, 162(7):1299-1304.
91. Sheridan R.L. Burns. Critical Care Medicine 2002, 30(11 Suppl.):S500-S514.
92. Stoddard F.J., Ronfeldt H., Kagan J., Drake J.E., Snidman N., Murphy J.M., et al. Young burned children: The course of acute stress and physiological and behavioral responses. The American Journal of Psychiatry 2006, 163(6):1084-1090.
93. Stoddard F.J., Saxe G., Ronfeldt H., Drake J.E., Burns J., Edgren C., et al. Acute stress symptoms in young children with burns. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2006, 45(1):87-93.
94. Stoddard F.J., Stroud L., Murphy J.M. Depression in children after recovery from severe burns. The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 1992, 13(3):340-347.
95. Stokes D.J., Dritschel B.H., Bekerian D.A. The effect of burn injury on adolescents autobiographical memory. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2004, 42(11):1357-1365.
96. Tarnowski K.J., Rasnake L.K., Gavaghan-Jones M.P., Smith L. Psychosocial sequelae of pediatric burn injuries: A review. Clinical Psychology Review 1991, 11:399-418.
97. Thomas C.R., Russel W., Robert R.S., Holzer C.E., Blakeney P., Meyer W.J. Personality disorders in young adult survivors of pediatric burn injury. Journal of Personality Disorders 2012, 26(2):255-266.
98. Thombs B.D. Patient and injury characteristics, mortality risk, and length of stay related to child abuse by burning: Evidence from a national sample of 15,802 pediatric admissions. Annals of Surgery 2008, 247(3):519-523.
99. Thompson R., Boyle D., Teel C., Wambach K., Cramer A. A qualitative analysis of family member needs and concerns in the population of patients with burns. The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 1999, 20(6):487-496.
100. Trickey D., Siddaway A.P., Meiser-Stedman R., Serpell L., Field A.P. A meta-analysis of risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Clinical Psychology Review 2012, 32(2):122-138.
101. Willebrand M., Sveen J., Ramklint M.D., Bergquist R.N., Huss M.D., Sjoberg M.D. Psychological problems in children with burns-Parents' reports on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Burns 2011, 37(8):1309-1316.