Cooperative legalism and the non-Americanization of European regulatory styles: The case of data privacy

American Journal of Comparative Law

Volumn 59, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 411-461

  Bignami, Francesca ^a  

^a GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84873660245     PISSN: 0002919X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5131/AJCL.2010.0017     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. See ROBERT A. KAGAN, ADVERSARIAL LEGALISM 3 (2001);
2. DAVID VOGEL, NATIONAL STYLES OF REGULATION 269-70 (1986);
3. Jack Hayward, Mobilising Private Interests in the Service of Public Ambitions, in POLICY STYLES IN WESTERN EUROPE 114 (Jeremy Richardson ed., 1982).
4. R. DANIEL KELEMEN, EUROLEGALISM: THE TRANSFORMATION OF LAW AND REGULATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION (forthcoming 2011);
5. R. Daniel Kelemen, Suing for Europe, 39 COMP. POL. STUD. 101 (2006);
6. Wolfgang Wiegand, The Reception of American Law in Europe, 39 AM. J. COMP. L. 229 (1991);
7. Franz van Waarden & Youri Hildebrand, From Corporatism to Lawyocracy ?, 3 REG. & GOVERNANCE 259 (2009).
8. But see John W. Cioffi, Adversarialism versus legalism, 3 REG. & GOVERNANCE 235 (2009);
9. Robert A. Kagan, Globalization and Legal Change, 1 REG. & GOVERNANCE 99 (2007).
10. See Robert A. Kagan, Should Europe Worry About Adversarial Legalism?, 17 OXFORD J. LEGAL STUD. 165 (1997).
11. Jeremy Richardson, The Concept of Policy Style, in POLICY STYLES IN WESTERN EUROPE, supra note 1, at 18.
12. See Kelemen, supra note 2;
13. Colin Scott, Privatization and Regulatory Regimes, in THE OXFORD HANDBOOK OF PUBLIC POLICY 651 (Michael Moran et al. eds., 2006);
14. Mark Thatcher, Analysing Regulatory Reform in Europe, 9 J. EUR. PUB. POL'y 859 (2002).
15. See, e.g., DAVID EPSTEIN & SHAHYN O'HALLORAN, DELEGATING POWERS (1999) (American politics);
16. GEOFFREY GARRETT, The Politics of Legal Integration in the European Union, 49 INT'L ORG. 171 (1995) (European Union);
17. Robert O. Keohane, Institutional Theory and the Realist Challenge After the Cold War, in NEOREALISM & NEOLIBERALISM 269 (David A. Baldwin ed., 1993) (international relations).
18. See generally JOHN HENRY MERRYMAN, THE CIVIL LAW TRADITION (3d ed. 2007).
19. See Reinhard Zimmerman, Comparative Law and the Europeanization of Private Law, in THE OXFORD HANDBOOK OF COMPARATIVE LAW 539 (Mathias Reimann & Reinhard Zimmerman eds., 2006).
20. Beth A. Simmons, Frank Dobbin & Geoffrey Garrett, Introduction: The International Diffusion of Liberalism, 60 INT'L ORG. 781, 787 (2006).
21. Council Directive 96746 on the Protection of Individuals with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and on the Free Movement of Such Data, 1995 O. J. (L 281) 31.
22. COLIN J. BENNETT, REGULATING PRIVACY (1992).
23. See, e.g., VIVIEN A. SCHMIDT, DEMOCRACY IN EUROPE (2006);
24. MARK THATCHER, INTERNATIONALISATION AND ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS (2007).
25. BENNETT, supra note 13, at 95-115.
26. This account is drawn from ABRAHAM L. NEWMAN, Protectors of Privacy 51-52, 63-69 (2008);
27. Hans Peter Bull, Datenschutz als lnformationsrecht und Gefahrenabwehr, 1979 NEUE JURISTISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1177, 1181;
28. Spiros Simitis, Chancen und Gefahren der elektronischen Datenverarbeitung, 1971 NEUE JURISTISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 673, 675.
29. BRYAN NIBLETT, DATA PROTECTION ACT 1984, at 1-8 (1984);
30. 1 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF DATA PROTECTION 1020/3-1024 (Rosemary Jay et al. eds., last release Oct. 2010).
31. Interview with Data Protection Registrar official (Mar. 5, 2003).
32. This description is based on GUY BRAIBANT, RAPPORT AU PREMIER MINISTRE, DONNEES PERSONNELLES ET SOCIETE DE L'INFORMATION 31-32 (1998);
33. DAVID FLAHERTY, PROTECTING PRIVACY IN SURVEILLANCE SOCIETIES 169-73 (1989).
34. JEAN FRAYSSINET, INFORMATIQUE FICHIERS ET LIBERTES 76-77 (1992);
35. ANDRE LUCAS, LE DROIT DE L'INFORMATIQUE 49 (1987).
36. CNIL, Délibèration No. 82-104 du 6 juillet 1982 portant sur la mise en place d'un traitement automatisḿ de facturation teleAphonique detaillée, EAME RAPPORT D'ACNVITÉ 1982, at 39, 242.
37. See, e.g., CNIL, 7e RAPPORT D'ACTIVITÉ 1986, at 35-37;
38. CNIL, e RAPPORT D'ACTIVITE, at 24-25.
39. Bundesdatenschutzgesetz, Jan. 27, 1977, BGBl. I at 201, §§ 17, 29 [hereinafter BDSG 1977].
40. DEUTSCHER BUNDESTAG: DBUCKSACHEN UND PEOTOKOLLE [BT] 7/1027, at 18.
41. BDSG 1977, supra note 29, §§ 28, 29.
42. See Steven Casper, The Legal Framework for Corporate Governance, in VARIETIES OF CAPITALISM 387, 396 (Peter A. Hall & David Soskice eds., 2001).
43. Peter A. Hall & David Soskice, An Introduction to Varieties of Capitalism, in VARIETIES OF CAPITALISM, supra note 33, at 1.
44. See generally KATHLEEN THELEN, HOW INSTITUTIONS EVOLVE (2004).
45. See generally John D. Donahue & Richard J. Zeckhauser, Public-Private Coltaboration, in THE OXFORD HANDBOOK OF PUBLIC POLICY, supra note 5, at 496, 514-18.
46. see Michael Kittner & Thomas C. Kohler, Conditioning Expectation, 21 COMP. LAB. LAW & POLV J. 263, 300-20 (2000).
47. BDSG 1977
48. Gesetz zur Fortentwicklung der Datenverarbeitung und des Datenschutzes, Dec. 20, 1990, BGBl. I at 2954, §§ 7, 8.
49. This overview of the British system is drawn from the Data Protection Act 1984, c. 16 and NIBLETT, DATA PROTECTION ACT 1984, supra note 19.
50. SIR NORMAN LINDOP, Report of the Committee on Data Protection 1978 Cnrod. 7341, at 28-29, 171, 184.
51. See, e.g., DATA PROTECTION REGISTRAR, SECOND REPORT 1986, at 9;
52. DATA PROTECTION REGISTRAR, FOURTH REPORT 1988, at 18.
53. See 4 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF DATA PROTECTION, supra note 19, at 5001-361.
54. See, e.g., DATA PROTECTION REGISTRAR, THIRD REPORT 1987, at 26-27 (1987).
55. REPORT BY THE COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL, DATA PROTECTION CONTROLS AND SAFEGUARDS (July 27, 1993)
56. reprinted in 3 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF DATA PROTECTION supra note 17, at 4927-64.
57. 1 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF DATA PROTECTION, supra note 19, at 1161.
58. STEVEN K. VOGEL, Freer Markets, More Rules 25-42 (1996).
59. Council Directive 95/46 on the Protection of Individuals with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and on the Free Movement of Such Data, 1995 O. J. (L 281) 31 [hereinafter Privacy Directive].
60. See Tanya Börzel, Pace-Setting, Foot-Dragging, and Fence Sitting, 40 J. COMMON MKT. STUD. 193 (2002).
61. Proposal for a Council Directive Concerning the Protection of Individuals in Relation to the Processing of Personal Data, arts. 7, 11, 1990 O. J. (C 277) 3 [hereinafter 1990 Proposal].
62. Amended Proposal for a Council Directive on the Protection of Individuals with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and the Free Movement of Such Data, arts. 18, 19, 1992 O. J. (C 311) 30.
63. See, e.g., Jonas Tallberg, Paths to Compliance: Enforcement, Management, and the European Union, 56 INT'L ORG. 5609 (2002).
64. European Commission, First report on the implementation of the Data Protection Directive (95/46/EC), COM (2003) 265 final (May 15, 2003).
65. Case C-518/07, Commission v. Germany (Mar. 9, 2010).
66. European Commission, Communication on the follow-up on the Work Programme for better implementation of the Data Protection Directive, at 5, COM (2007) 87 final (Mar. 3, 2007).
67. Interview with European Data Protection Supervisor (Jan. 25, 2010).
68. Article 29 Data Protection Working Party, Report 1/2007 on the first joint enforcement action, WP 137 (June 20, 2007).
69. Article 29 Data Protection Working Party, Report 01/2010 on the second joint enforcement action, WP 172, at 7-8 (July 13, 2010).
70. Information on the European Privacy Seal is available at www.europeanprivacy-seal.eu.
71. See SENATE REPORT No. 218, at 43 (2002-2003);
72. NATIONAL ASSEMBLY REPORT No. 1537, at 8, 25-28 (2004).
73. CNIL, 30e RAPPORT D'ACTIVITE 2009, at 47.
74. CNIL, 26e RAPPORT D'ACTIVITE 2006, at 32;
75. CNIL, 28e RAPPORT D'ACTIVITE 2007, at 41.
76. RAPPORT DE LA COMMISSION INFORMATIQUES ET LIBERTÉS (DECRET NO. 74.938 DU 8 NOVEMBRE 1974)
77. ANNEXE 32 (1975).
78. Bundesdatenschutzgesetz, May 18, 2001, BGBl. I at 904.
79. Interview with Federal Ministry of Interior official (July 8, 2003).
80. See, e.g., Spiros Simitis, Privatiaierung und Datenschutz, 1995 DATENSCHUTZ UND DATENSICHERHEIT 648;
81. Ulf Bruhann & T. Zerdick, Umsetzung der EG-Datenschutzrichtlinie, 1996 COMPUTER UND RECHT 429.
82. HEATHER ROWE, TolleVs Data Protection Act 1998, at 95-98 (2000).
83. See http://www.ico.gov.uk/tools-and-resoiirces/document-library/data- protection.aspx (last visited Dec. 20, 2010).
84. Secretary of State v. The Information Tribunal [2006] EWHC 2958 (Admin).
85. THE HOME OFFICE, REVIEW OF THE DATA PROTECTION ACT: REPORT ON STRUCTURE, reprinted in 3 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF DATA PROTECTION, supra notel9, at 4824, 4840;
86. DATA PROTECTION ACT 1984: A REVIEW BY THE DATA PROTECTION REGISTRAR, reprinted in DATA PROTECTION REGISTRAR, FIFTH REPORT 1989.
87. Peter Chapman, Bolkenstein rebukes UK over lack of data privacy, THE EUROPEAN VOICE, July 15, 2004.
88. THE HOME OFFICE, REVIEW OF THE DATA PROTECTION ACT, supra note 110, at 4835.
89. Legge 31 dicembre 1996, n. 675. The essential primer on the Italian law is GIOVANNI BUTTARELLI, BANCHE DATI E TUTELA DELLA RISEBVATEZZA (1997).
90. Council Directive 85/374, art. 4, 1985 O. J. (L 210) 29;
91. Council Directive 84/450, 1984 O. J. (L 250) 17.
92. Interview with European Commission official (June 21, 2001).
93. Parliament and Council Directive 2006/114, art. 5, 2006 O. J. (L 376) 21;
94. Par "ament and Council Directive 2005/29, arts. 11, 13, 2005 O. J. (L 149) 22.
95. See, e.g., Parliament and Council Directive 2008/48, art. 24, 2008 O. J. (L 133)
96. Commission, Green Paper on Consumer Collective Redress, COM (2008) 794 final (Nov. 11, 2008). Among the possible limitations are the requirement that members of the group "opt-in" to the lawsuit and the restriction of standing to consumer ombudsmen or consumer associations approved by the state.
97. Michel Faur et al., Enforcement Practices for Breaches of Consumer Protection Legislation, 20 LOY. CONSUMER L. REV. 361 (2008).
98. Council Directive 2000/43, 2000 O. J. (L 180) 22;
99. Council Directive 2000/78, 2000 O. J. (L 303) 16;
100. Council Directive 2006/54, 2006 O. J. (L 204) 23.
101. European Commission, Report on Implementation of Sex Discrimination Directive, at 7, COM (2009) 409 final (July 29, 2009);
102. Interview with European Commission official (June 20, 2001).
103. See, e.g., Katarina Holzinger et al., Governance in EU Environmental Policy, in INNOVATIVE GOVERNANCE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 45 (Ingeborg Tommel & Amy Verdun eds., 2009).
104. See, e.g., CHRISTOPH KNILL, THE EUROPEANISATION OF NATIONAL ADMINISTRATIONS 160-65 (2001) (private environmental certification).
105. Parliament and Council Directive 2008/99, 2008 O. J. (L 328) 28.
106. Parliament and Council Directive 2004/35, 2004 O. J. (L 143) 56.
107. Interview with European Commission official, Jan. 28, 2010.
108. But see RACHEL A. CICHOWSKI, THE EUROPEAN COURT AND CIVIL SOCIETY 230 (2007);
109. R. DANIEL KELEMEN, THE RULES OF FEDERALISM 40 (2004).