Obesity and cholangiocarcinoma

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 19, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 457-462

  Parsi, Mansour A ^a  

^a LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Bile ducts; Cancer; Cholangiocarcinoma; Epidemiology; Obesity

Indexed keywords

ADIPONECTIN; INTERLEUKIN 6; LEPTIN; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; ARTICLE; BILE DUCT CARCINOMA; BODY MASS; CARCINOGENESIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; OBESITY; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTOR; SURVIVAL RATE;

EID: 84873638366     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: 22192840     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i4.457     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Nguyen DM, El-Serag HB. The epidemiology of obesity. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2010; 39: 1-7. [PMID: 20202574 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2009.12.014]
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Vital signs: state-specific obesity prevalence among adults --- United States, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2010; 59: 951-955. [PMID: 20689500]
3. von Ruesten A, Steffen A, Floegel A, van der A DL, Masala G, Tjønneland A, Halkjaer J, Palli D, Wareham NJ, Loos RJ, Sørensen TI, Boeing H. Trend in obesity prevalence in European adult cohort populations during follow-up since 1996 and their predictions to 2015. PLoS One 2011; 6: e27455. [PMID: 22102897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027455]
4. Daigre JL, Atallah A, Boissin JL, Jean-Baptiste G, Kangambega P, Chevalier H, Balkau B, Smadja D, Inamo J. The prevalence of overweight and obesity, and distribution of waist circumference, in adults and children in the French Overseas Territories: the PODIUM survey. Diabetes Metab 2012; 38: 404-411. [PMID: 22626474 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2012.03.008]
5. Sundborn G, Metcalf PA, Gentles D, Scragg R, Dyall L, Black P, Jackson R. Overweight and obesity prevalence among adult Pacific peoples and Europeans in the Diabetes Heart and Health Study (DHAHS) 2002-2003, Auckland New Zealand. N Z Med J 2010; 123: 30-42. [PMID: 20360794]
6. Ayatollahi SM, Ghoreshizadeh Z. Prevalence of obesity and overweight among adults in Iran. Obes Rev 2010; 11: 335-337. [PMID: 20202133 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00725.x]
7. Gigante DP, Moura EC, Sardinha LM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity and associated factors, Brazil, 2006. Rev Saude Publica 2009; 43 Suppl 2: 83-89. [PMID: 19936502 DOI: 10.1590/S0034-89102009000900011]
8. Gültekin T, Ozer BK, Akin G, Bektaş Y, Saǧir M, Güleç E. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Turkish adults. Anthropol Anz 2009; 67: 205-212. [PMID: 19739469]
9. Gupta N, Goel K, Shah P, Misra A. Childhood obesity in developing countries: epidemiology, determinants, and prevention. Endocr Rev 2012; 33: 48-70. [PMID: 22240243 DOI: 10.1210/ er.2010-0028]
10. Koukoulis GN, Sakka C, Katsaros F, Goutou M, Tsirona S, Tsiapali E, Piterou A, Stefanidis I, Stathakis N. High rates of obesity prevalence in adults living in central Greece: data from the ARGOS study. Hormones (Athens) 2010; 9: 253-262. [PMID: 20688623]
11. Mohamud WN, Musa KI, Khir AS, Ismail AA, Ismail IS, Kadir KA, Kamaruddin NA, Yaacob NA, Mustafa N, Ali O, Isa SH, Bebakar WM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among adult Malaysians: an update. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2011; 20: 35-41. [PMID: 21393108]
12. Xi B, Liang Y, He T, Reilly KH, Hu Y, Wang Q, Yan Y, Mi J. Secular trends in the prevalence of general and abdominal obesity among Chinese adults, 1993-2009. Obes Rev 2012; 13: 287-296. [PMID: 22034908 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467- 789X.2011.00944.x]
13. Gill T. Epidemiology and health impact of obesity: an Asia Pacific perspective. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006; 15 Suppl: 3-14. [PMID: 16928656]
14. World Health Organization. Controlling the global obesity epidemic. Available from: URL: http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/obesity/en/
15. Orsi CM, Hale DE, Lynch JL. Pediatric obesity epidemiology. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2011; 18: 14-22. [PMID: 21157323 DOI: 10.1097/MED.0b013e3283423de1]
16. Selassie M, Sinha AC. The epidemiology and aetiology of obesity: a global challenge. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2011; 25: 1-9. [PMID: 21516909]
17. Renehan AG, Tyson M, Egger M, Heller RF, Zwahlen M. Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Lancet 2008; 371: 569-578. [PMID: 18280327 DOI: 10.1016/ S0140-6736(08)60269-X]
18. Frezza EE, Wachtel MS, Chiriva-Internati M. Influence of obesity on the risk of developing colon cancer. Gut 2006; 55: 285-291. [PMID: 16239255 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2005.073163]
19. Larsson SC, Wolk A. Obesity and colon and rectal cancer risk: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86: 556-565. [PMID: 17823417]
20. Ligibel J. Obesity and breast cancer. Oncology (Williston Park) 2011; 25: 994-1000. [PMID: 22106549]
21. Yang XR, Chang-Claude J, Goode EL, Couch FJ, Nevanlinna H, Milne RL, Gaudet M, Schmidt MK, Broeks A, Cox A, Fasching PA, Hein R, Spurdle AB, Blows F, Driver K, Flesch-Janys D, Heinz J, Sinn P, Vrieling A, Heikkinen T, Aittomäki K, Heikkilä P, Blomqvist C, Lissowska J, Peplonska B, Chanock S, Figueroa J, Brinton L, Hall P, Czene K, Humphreys K, Darabi H, Liu J, Van 't Veer LJ, van Leeuwen FE, Andrulis IL, Glendon G, Knight JA, Mulligan AM, O'Malley FP, Weerasooriya N, John EM, Beckmann MW, Hartmann A, Weihbrecht SB, Wachter DL, Jud SM, Loehberg CR, Baglietto L, English DR, Giles GG, McLean CA, Severi G, Lambrechts D, Vandorpe T, Weltens C, Paridaens R, Smeets A, Neven P, Wildiers H, Wang X, Olson JE, Cafourek V, Fredericksen Z, Kosel M, Vachon C, Cramp HE, Connley D, Cross SS, Balasubramanian SP, Reed MW, Dörk T, Bremer M, Meyer A, Karstens JH, Ay A, Park-Simon TW, Hillemanns P, Arias Pérez JI, Menéndez Rodríguez P, Zamora P, Benítez J, Ko YD, Fischer HP, Hamann U, Pesch B, Brüning T, Justenhoven C, Brauch H, Eccles DM, Tapper WJ, Gerty SM, Sawyer EJ, Tomlinson IP, Jones A, Kerin M, Miller N, McInerney N, Anton-Culver H, Ziogas A, Shen CY, Hsiung CN, Wu PE, Yang SL, Yu JC, Chen ST, Hsu GC, Haiman CA, Henderson BE, Le Marchand L, Kolonel LN, Lindblom A, Margolin S, Jakubowska A, Lubiński J, Huzarski T, Byrski T, Górski B, Gronwald J, Hooning MJ, Hollestelle A, van den Ouweland AM, Jager A, Kriege M, Tilanus-Linthorst MM, Collée M, Wang-Gohrke S, Pylkäs K, Jukkola-Vuorinen A, Mononen K, Grip M, Hirvikoski P, Winqvist R, Mannermaa A, Kosma VM, Kauppinen J, Kataja V, Auvinen P, Soini Y, Sironen R, Bojesen SE, Ørsted DD, Kaur-Knudsen D, Flyger H, Nordestgaard BG, Holland H, Chenevix-Trench G, Manoukian S, Barile M, Radice P, Hankinson SE, Hunter DJ, Tamimi R, Sangrajrang S, Brennan P, McKay J, Odefrey F, Gaborieau V, Devilee P, Huijts PE, Tollenaar RA, Seynaeve C, Dite GS, Apicella C, Hopper JL, Hammet F, Tsimiklis H, Smith LD, Southey MC, Humphreys MK, Easton D, Pharoah P, Sherman ME, Garcia-Closas M. Associations of breast cancer risk factors with tumor subtypes: a pooled analysis from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 2011; 103: 250-263. [PMID: 21191117 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/ djq526]
22. Larsson SC, Wolk A. Overweight, obesity and risk of liver cancer: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br J Cancer 2007; 97: 1005-1008. [PMID: 17700568]
23. Kaaks R, Lukanova A, Kurzer MS. Obesity, endogenous hormones, and endometrial cancer risk: a synthetic review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002; 11: 1531-1543. [PMID: 12496040]
24. Lane G. Obesity and gynaecological cancer. Menopause Int 2008; 14: 33-37. [PMID: 18380959 DOI: 10.1258/mi.2007.007036]
25. Mathew A, George PS, Ildaphonse G. Obesity and kidney cancer risk in women: a meta-analysis (1992-2008). Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2009; 10: 471-478. [PMID: 19640194]
26. Murray L, Romero Y. Role of obesity in Barrett's esophagus and cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2009; 18: 439-452. [PMID: 19500735 DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2009.03.010]
27. Yang P, Zhou Y, Chen B, Wan HW, Jia GQ, Bai HL, Wu XT. Overweight, obesity and gastric cancer risk: results from a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45: 2867-2873. [PMID: 19427197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.04.019]
28. Zyromski NJ, White PB. Pancreatic cancer in obesity: epidemiology, clinical observations, and basic mechanisms. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2011; 11: 470-478. [PMID: 21492072]
29. Hammill CW, Wong LL. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a malignancy of increasing importance. J Am Coll Surg 2008; 207: 594-603. [PMID: 18926465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.20 08.04.031]
30. Welzel TM, McGlynn KA, Hsing AW, O'Brien TR, Pfeiffer RM. Impact of classification of hilar cholangiocarcinomas (Klatskin tumors) on the incidence of intra- and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98: 873-875. [PMID: 16788161 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djj234]
31. Gatto M, Bragazzi MC, Semeraro R, Napoli C, Gentile R, Torrice A, Gaudio E, Alvaro D. Cholangiocarcinoma: update and future perspectives. Dig Liver Dis 2010; 42: 253-260. [PMID: 20097142 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2009.12.008]
32. Cardinale V, Semeraro R, Torrice A, Gatto M, Napoli C, Bragazzi MC, Gentile R, Alvaro D. Intra-hepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: New insight into epidemiology and risk factors. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2010; 2: 407-416. [PMID: 21160904]
33. Patel T. Cholangiocarcinoma. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 3: 33-42. [PMID: 16397610]
34. Mihalache F, Tantau M, Diaconu B, Acalovschi M. Survival and quality of life of cholangiocarcinoma patients: a prospective study over a 4 year period. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2010; 19: 285-290. [PMID: 20922193]
35. Khan SA, Toledano MB, Taylor-Robinson SD. Epidemiology, risk factors, and pathogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma. HPB (Oxford) 2008; 10: 77-82. [PMID: 18773060 DOI: 10.1080/ 13651820801992641]
36. Fava G, Lorenzini I. Molecular pathogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma. Int J Hepatol 2012; 2012: 630543. [PMID: 21994887]
37. Office of the Surgeon General (Released July 2003). Available from: URL: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/news/testimony/obesity07162003.html
38. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Defining Overweight and Obesity. Available from: URL: http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/defining.html
39. Ogden CL, Carroll ME, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of obesity in the United States, 2009-2010. NCHS Dta Bief 2012; (82): 1-8
40. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Ogden CL. Prevalence of obesity and trends in the distribution of body mass index among US adults, 1999-2010. JAMA 2012; 307: 491-497. [PMID: 22253363 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2012.39]
41. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Curtin LR. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2008. JAMA 2010; 303: 235-241. [PMID: 20071471 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2009.2014]
42. Charbel H, Al-Kawas FH. Cholangiocarcinoma: epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, and diagnosis. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2011; 13: 182-187. [PMID: 21271364 DOI: 10.1007/ s11894-011-0178-8]
43. Shaib Y, El-Serag HB. The epidemiology of cholangiocarcinoma. Semin Liver Dis 2004; 24: 115-125. [PMID: 15192785 DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-828889]
44. Sripa B, Pairojkul C. Cholangiocarcinoma: lessons from Thailand. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2008; 24: 349-356. [PMID: 18408464 DOI: 10.1097/MOG.0b013e3282fbf9b3]
45. Khan SA, Emadossadaty S, Ladep NG, Thomas HC, Elliott P, Taylor-Robinson SD, Toledano MB. Rising trends in cholangiocarcinoma: is the ICD classification system misleading us? J Hepatol 2012; 56: 848-854. [PMID: 22173164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.11.015]
46. Sripa B, Bethony JM, Sithithaworn P, Kaewkes S, Mairiang E, Loukas A, Mulvenna J, Laha T, Hotez PJ, Brindley PJ. Opisthorchiasis and Opisthorchis-associated cholangiocarcinoma in Thailand and Laos. Acta Trop 2011; 120 Suppl 1: S158-S168. [PMID: 20655862 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.07.006]
47. Mulvenna J, Yonglitthipagon P, Sripa B, Brindley PJ, Loukas A, Bethony JM. Banking on the future: biobanking for "omics" approaches to biomarker discovery for Opisthorchis- induced cholangiocarcinoma in Thailand. Parasitol Int 2012; 61: 173-177. [PMID: 21855650 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint. 2011.06.005]
48. Shin HR, Oh JK, Masuyer E, Curado MP, Bouvard V, Fang YY, Wiangnon S, Sripa B, Hong ST. Epidemiology of cholangiocarcinoma: an update focusing on risk factors. Cancer Sci 2010; 101: 579-585. [PMID: 20085587 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349- 7006.2009.01458.x]
49. Patel T. Increasing incidence and mortality of primary intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States. Hepatology 2001; 33: 1353-1357. [PMID: 11391522]
50. Tyson GL, El-Serag HB. Risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology 2011; 54: 173-184. [PMID: 21488076]
51. Colmenero J, Castro-Narro G, Fleck A, Miquel R, Garcia-Valdecasas J, Navasa M. Unexpected etiologies of cryptogenic liver disease and incidental tumors in adult liver transplantation: a clinical-pathological study in 815 patients. Hepatology 2009; 50 Suppl 4: S580
52. Welzel TM, Graubard BI, El-Serag HB, Shaib YH, Hsing AW, Davila JA, McGlynn KA. Risk factors for intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States: a population-based case-control study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 5: 1221-1228. [PMID: 17689296 DOI: 10.1016/ j.cgh.2007.05.020]
53. Welzel TM, Mellemkjaer L, Gloria G, Sakoda LC, Hsing AW, El Ghormli L, Olsen JH, McGlynn KA. Risk factors for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in a low-risk population: a nationwide case-control study. Int J Cancer 2007; 120: 638-641. [PMID: 17109384 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22283]
54. Grainge MJ, West J, Solaymani-Dodaran M, Aithal GP, Card TR. The antecedents of biliary cancer: a primary care casecontrol study in the United Kingdom. Br J Cancer 2009; 100: 178-180. [PMID: 19018260 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604765]
55. Oh SW, Yoon YS, Shin SA. Effects of excess weight on cancer incidences depending on cancer sites and histologic findings among men: Korea National Health Insurance Corporation Study. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 4742-4754. [PMID: 16034050 DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2005.11.726]
56. van Kruijsdijk RC, van der Wall E, Visseren FL. Obesity and cancer: the role of dysfunctional adipose tissue. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 2569-2578. [PMID: 19755644 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-0372]
57. Khandekar MJ, Cohen P, Spiegelman BM. Molecular mechanisms of cancer development in obesity. Nat Rev Cancer 2011; 11: 886-895. [PMID: 22113164]
58. Mantzoros CS, Magkos F, Brinkoetter M, Sienkiewicz E, Dardeno TA, Kim SY, Hamnvik OP, Koniaris A. Leptin in human physiology and pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 301: E567-E584. [PMID: 21791620]
59. Nock NL, Berger NA. Obesity and Cancer: Overview of Mechanisms. In: Berger NA, editor. Cancer and Energy Balance, Epidemiology and Overview (Energy Balance and Cancer). New York: Springer, 2010: 129-179. [DOI: 10.1007/9 78-1-4419-5515-9_5]
60. Cohen P, Zhao C, Cai X, Montez JM, Rohani SC, Feinstein P, Mombaerts P, Friedman JM. Selective deletion of leptin receptor in neurons leads to obesity. J Clin Invest 2001; 108: 1113-1121. [PMID: 11602618]
61. Sayed-Ahmed A, Rudas P, Bartha T. Partial cloning and localisation of leptin and its receptor in the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Vet J 2005; 170: 264-267. [PMID: 16129347 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.04.019]
62. Fava G, Alpini G, Rychlicki C, Saccomanno S, DeMorrow S, Trozzi L, Candelaresi C, Venter J, Di Sario A, Marzioni M, Bearzi I, Glaser S, Alvaro D, Marucci L, Francis H, Svegliati- Baroni G, Benedetti A. Leptin enhances cholangiocarcinoma cell growth. Cancer Res 2008; 68: 6752-6761. [PMID: 18701500 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6682]
63. Barb D, Pazaitou-Panayiotou K, Mantzoros CS. Adiponectin: a link between obesity and cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2006; 15: 917-931. [PMID: 16859394 DOI: 10.1517/1354 3784.15.8.917]
64. Grossmann ME, Ray A, Nkhata KJ, Malakhov DA, Rogozina OP, Dogan S, Cleary MP. Obesity and breast cancer: status of leptin and adiponectin in pathological processes. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2010; 29: 641-653. [PMID: 20821253 DOI: 10.1007/ s10555-010-9252-1]
65. An W, Bai Y, Deng SX, Gao J, Ben QW, Cai QC, Zhang HG, Li ZS. Adiponectin levels in patients with colorectal cancer and adenoma: a meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer Prev 2012; 21: 126-133. [PMID: 21960184 DOI: 10.1097/CEJ.0b013e328 34c9b55]
66. Chen X, Wang Y. Adiponectin and breast cancer. Med Oncol 2011; 28: 1288-1295. [PMID: 20625941 DOI: 10.1007/s120 32010-9617-x]
67. Tian YF, Chu CH, Wu MH, Chang CL, Yang T, Chou YC, Hsu GC, Yu CP, Yu JC, Sun CA. Anthropometric measures, plasma adiponectin, and breast cancer risk. Endocr Relat Cancer 2007; 14: 669-677. [PMID: 17914097 DOI: 10.1677/ERC-06-0089]
68. Weisberg SP, McCann D, Desai M, Rosenbaum M, Leibel RL, Ferrante AW. Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. J Clin Invest 2003; 112: 1796-1808. [PMID: 14679176]
69. Ruan H, Zarnowski MJ, Cushman SW, Lodish HF. Standard isolation of primary adipose cells from mouse epididymal fat pads induces inflammatory mediators and down-regulates adipocyte genes. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 47585-47593. [PMID: 12975378 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M305257200]
70. Braicu C, Burz C, Berindan-Neagoe I, Balacescu O, Tantau M, Cristea V, Irimie A. Molecular markers in the pathogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma: Potential for early detection and selection of appropriate treatment. GR 2009; 2: 132-140. [DOI:10.4021/gr2009.06.1299]
71. Grivennikov SI, Greten FR, Karin M. Immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Cell 2010; 140: 883-899. [PMID: 20303878 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.025]
72. Meng F, Yamagiwa Y, Ueno Y, Patel T. Over-expression of interleukin-6 enhances cell survival and transformed cell growth in human malignant cholangiocytes. J Hepatol 2006; 44: 1055-1065. [PMID: 16469407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2005.10.030]
73. Akiyama T, Hasegawa T, Sejima T, Sahara H, Seto K, Saito H, Takashima S. Serum and bile interleukin 6 after percutaneous transhepatic cholangio-drainage. Hepatogastroenterology 1998; 45: 665-671. [PMID: 9684114]
74. Okada K, Shimizu Y, Nambu S, Higuchi K, Watanabe A. Interleukin- 6 functions as an autocrine growth factor in a cholangiocarcinoma cell line. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1994; 9: 462-467. [PMID: 7827297 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.1994.tb01275.x]
75. Ohira S, Sasaki M, Harada K, Sato Y, Zen Y, Isse K, Kozaka K, Ishikawa A, Oda K, Nimura Y, Nakanuma Y. Possible regulation of migration of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cells by interaction of CXCR4 expressed in carcinoma cells with tumor necrosis factor-alpha and stromal-derived factor-1 released in stroma. Am J Pathol 2006; 168: 1155-1168. [PMID: 16565491 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.050204]
76. Tanimura Y, Kokuryo T, Tsunoda N, Yamazaki Y, Oda K, Nimura Y, Naing Mon N, Huang P, Nakanuma Y, Chen MF, Jan YY, Yeh TS, Chiu CT, Hsieh LL, Hamaguchi M. Tumor necrosis factor alpha promotes invasiveness of cholangiocarcinoma cells via its receptor, TNFR2. Cancer Lett 2005; 219: 205-213. [PMID: 15723721 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.07.027]
77. Blechacz B, Gores GJ. Cholangiocarcinoma: advances in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Hepatology 2008; 48: 308-321. [PMID: 18536057]
78. Sirica AE. Cholangiocarcinoma: molecular targeting strategies for chemoprevention and therapy. Hepatology 2005; 41: 5-15. [PMID: 15690474]
79. Larsson SC, Wolk A. Excess body fatness: an important cause of most cancers. Lancet 2008; 371: 536-537. [PMID: 18280312 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60247-0]
80. Swinburn BA, Sacks G, Hall KD, McPherson K, Finegood DT, Moodie ML, Gortmaker SL. The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global drivers and local environments. Lancet 2011; 378: 804-814. [PMID: 21872749 DOI: 10.1016/ S0140-6736(11)60813-1]
81. Finucane MM, Stevens GA, Cowan MJ, Danaei G, Lin JK, Paciorek CJ, Singh GM, Gutierrez HR, Lu Y, Bahalim AN, Farzadfar F, Riley LM, Ezzati M. National, regional, and global trends in body-mass index since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 960 country-years and 9·1 million participants. Lancet 2011; 377: 557-567. [PMID: 21295846 DOI: 10.1016/ S0140-6736(10)62037-5]