Understanding heterogeneity in borderline personality disorder: Differences in affective reactivity explained by the traits of dependency and self-criticism

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

Volumn 121, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 680-691

  Kopala Sibley, Daniel C ^a   Zuroff, David C ^a   Russell, Jennifer J ^b   Moskowitz, D S ^a   Paris, Joel ^b  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Affective reactivity; Borderline personality disorder; Dependency; Negative affect; Personality vulnerability; Self criticism

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AFFECTIVE REACTIVITY; ARTICLE; BORDERLINE STATE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COGNITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEPENDENT PERSONALITY DISORDER; DEPRESSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EMOTIONAL INSECURITY; EVOKED RESPONSE; FEMALE; HUMAN; INFERIORITY; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; MALE; NEGATIVE SYNDROME; NEUROSIS; PERSONALITY DIATHESIS; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; PSYCHOMETRY; SELF CRITICISM; AFFECT; ANXIETY DISORDER; EMOTION; PERSONALITY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; SELF CONCEPT; SELF EVALUATION; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

ADULT; AFFECT; ANXIETY DISORDERS; BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER; DEPENDENCY (PSYCHOLOGY); DEPRESSION; EMOTIONS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; PERSONALITY; SELF CONCEPT; SELF-ASSESSMENT; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

EID: 84873492031     PISSN: 0021843X     EISSN: 19391846     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0028513     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Abela, J. R. Z., Sakellaropoulo, M., & Taxel, E. (2007). Integrating two subtypes of depression: Psychodynamic theory and its relation to hopelessness depression in early adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence, 27, 363-385. doi:10.1177/0272431607302004
2. Abela, J. R. Z., & Taylor, G. (2003). Specific vulnerability to depressive mood reactions in schoolchildren: The moderating role of self-esteem. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 408-418. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3203_09
3. Abela, J. R. Z., Webb, C. A., Wagner, C., Ho, M.-H. R., & Adams, P. (2006). The role of self-criticism, dependency, and hassles in the course of depressive illness: A multiwave longitudinal study. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 328 -338. doi:10.1177/ 0146167205280911
4. Agrawal, H. R., Gunderson, J., Holmes, B. M., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (2004). Attachment studies with borderline patients: A review. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 12, 94-104. doi:10.1080/10673220490447218
5. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
6. Beck, A. T., Rush, A., Shaw, B., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
7. Berrocal, C., Ruiz Moreno, M., Rando, M. A., Benvenuti, A., & Cassano, G. B. (2008). Borderline personality disorder and mood spectrum. Psychiatry Research, 159, 300-307. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2007.10.002
8. Bijttebier, P., & Vertommen, H. (1999). Coping strategies in relation to personality disorders. Personality and Individual Differences, 26, 847- 856. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00187-1
9. Blatt, S. J. (1974). Levels of object representation in anaclitic and introjective depression. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 29, 107-157.
10. Blatt, S. J. (2004). Experiences of depression: Theoretical, research and clinical perspectives. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press. doi:10.1037/10749-000
11. Blatt, S. J., & Auerbach, J. S. (1988). Differential cognitive disturbances in three types of "borderline" patients. Journal of Personality Disorders, 2, 198-211. doi:10.1521/pedi.1988.2.3.198
12. Blatt, S. J., D'Afflitti, J. P., & Quinlan, D. M. (1976). Depressive experiences questionnaire. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
13. Blatt, S. J., & Luyten, P. (2009). A structural developmental psychodynamic approach to psychopathology: Two polarities of experience across the life span. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 793-814. doi: 10.1017/S0954579409000431
14. Blatt, S. J., & Shichman, S. (1983). Two primary configurations of psychopathology. Psychoanalysis and Contemporary Thought, 6, 187-254.
15. Blatt, S. J., Zuroff, D. C., Hawley, L. L., & Auerbach, J. S. (2010). Patient personality, the therapeutic relationship, and change in mental representation: Fundamental determinants of sustained therapeutic change. Psychotherapy Research, 9, 37-54. doi:10.1080/10503300903121080
16. Blatt, S. J., & Zuroff, D. C. (1992). Interpersonal relatedness and selfdefinition: Two prototypes for depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 12, 527-562. doi:10.1016/0272-7358(92)90070-O
17. Bornstein, R. F., Becker-Matero, N., Winarick, D. J., & Reichman, A. L. (2010). Interpersonal dependency in borderline personality disorder: Clinical context and empirical evidence. Journal of Personality Disorders, 24, 109-127. doi:10.1521/pedi.2010.24.1.109
18. Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). NEO PI-R professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
19. Cowdry, R. W., Gardner, D. L., O'Leary, K. M., Leibenluft, E., & Rubinow, D. R. (1991). Mood variability: A study of four groups. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 1505-1511.
20. Cranford, J. A., Shrout, P. E., Iida, M., Rafaeli, E., Yip, T., & Bolger, N. (2006). A procedure for evaluating sensitivity to within-person change: Can mood measures in diary studies detect change reliably? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 917-929. doi:10.1177/ 0146167206287721
21. Diener, E., & Emmons, R. A. (1984). The independence of positive and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1105-1107. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.47.5.1105
22. Fournier, M. A., Moskowitz, D. S., & Zuroff, D. C. (2008). Integrating dispositions, signatures, and the interpersonal domain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 531-545. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.3.531
23. Fournier, M. A., Moskowitz, D. S., & Zuroff, D. C. (2009). The interpersonal signature. Journal of Research on Personality, 43, 155-162. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.01.023
24. Garb, H. N. (1998). Studying the clinician: Judgment research and psychological assessment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
25. Garb, H. N. (2005). Clinical judgment and decision making. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 67-89.
26. Gunderson, J. G. (1996). The borderline patient's intolerance of aloneness: Insecure attachments and therapist availability. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 752-757.
27. Gunderson, J. G. (2007). Disturbed relationships as a phenotype for borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 1637-1640. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07071125
28. Hawley, L. L., Ho, R. M., Zuroff, D. C., & Blatt, S. J. (2006). The relationship of perfectionism, depression and therapeutic alliance during treatment for depression: Latent difference score analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 930-942. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.74.5.930
29. Henry, C., Mitropoulou, V., New, A. S., Koenigsberg, H. W., Silverman, J., & Siever, L. J. (2001). Affective instability and impulsivity in borderline personality and Bipolar II disorders: Similarities and differences. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 35, 307-312. doi:10.1016/ S0022-3956(01)00038-3
30. Kenward, M. G., & Roger, J. H. (1997). Small sample inference for fixed effects from restricted maximum likelihood. Biometrics, 53, 983-997.
31. Koenigsberg, H. W., Harvey, P. D., Mitropoulou, V., Schmeidler, J., New, A. S., Goodman, M., . . . Siever, L. J. (2002). Characterizing affective instability in borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 784-788. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.5.784
32. Kopala-Sibley, D. C., & Santor, D. A. (2009). The mediating role of automatic thoughts in the personality-event-affect relationship. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 38, 153-161. doi:10.1080/16506070802694644
33. Kopala-Sibley, D. C., & Zuroff, D. C. (2010). Proximal predictors of depressive symptomatology: Perceived losses in self-worth and interpersonal domains and introjective and anaclitic mood states, Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 39, 270-282. doi:10.1080/16506073.2010.501810
34. Kreft, I., & De Leeuw, J. (1998). Introducing multilevel modeling. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
35. Larsen, R. J., & Diener, E. (1992). Promises and problems with the circumplex model of emotion. Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 25-59.
36. Leichsenring, F., Leibing, E., Kruse, J., New, A. S., & Leweke, F. (2011). Borderline personality disorder. Lancet, 377, 74 - 84. doi:10.1016/ S0140-6736(10)61422-5
37. Levy, K. N., Edell, W. S., & McGlashan, T. H. (2007). Depressive experiences in inpatients with borderline personality disorder. Psychiatric Quarterly, 78, 129-143. doi:10.1007/s11126-006-9033-8
38. Limberg, A., Barnow, S., Freyberger, H. J., & Hamm, A. O. (2011). Emotional vulnerability in borderline personality disorder is cue specific and modulated by traumatisation. Biological Psychiatry, 69, 574-582. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.10.024
39. Liu, R. T., & Alloy, L. B. (2010). Stress generation in depression: A systematic review of the empirical literature and recommendations for future study. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 582-593.
40. McClelland, G. H., & Judd, C. M. (1993). Statistical difficulties of detecting interactions and moderator effects. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 376-390. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.114.2.376
41. Mongrain, M., & Zuroff, D. C. (1989). Cognitive vulnerability to depressed affect in dependent and self-critical college women. Journal of Personality Disorders, 3, 240-251. doi:10.1521/pedi.1989.3.3.240
42. Moskowitz, D. S., & Zuroff, D. C. (2005). Assessing interpersonal perceptions using the interpersonal grid. Psychological Assessment, 17, 218-230. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.17.2.218
43. Nica, E., & Links, P. S. (2009). Affective instability in borderline personality disorder: Experience sampling findings. Current Psychiatry Reports, 11, 74-81. doi:10.1007/s11920-009-0012-2
44. Nisenbaum, R., Links, P. S., Eynan, R., & Heisel, M. J. (2010). Variability and predictors of negative mood intensity in patients with borderline personality disorder and recurrent suicidal behavior. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 433-439. doi:10.1037/a0018696
45. Paris, J., Zweig-Frank, H., & Guzder, J. (1994). Psychological risk factors for borderline personality. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 34, 410-413. doi:10.1016/0010-440X(93)90067-E
46. Recchia, A. (2010). R-squared measures for two-level hierarchical linear models using SAS. Journal of Statistical Software, 32, 1-9.
47. Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1161-1178. doi:10.1037/h0077714
48. Russell, J. J., Moskowitz, D. S., Zuroff, D. C., Bleau, P., Pinard, G., & Young, S. N. (2011). Anxiety, emotional security and the interpersonal behavior of individuals with social anxiety disorder. Psychological medicine, 41, 545-554. doi:10.1017/S0033291710000863
49. Russell, J. J., Moskowitz, D. S., Zuroff, D. C., Sookman, D., & Paris, J. (2007). Stability and variability of affective experience and interpersonal behavior in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 578-588. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.116.3.578
50. Sadikaj, G., Moskowitz, D. S., & Zuroff, D. C. (2011). Attachment-related affective dynamics: Differential reactivity to others' interpersonal behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 905-917. doi:10.1037/a0022875
51. Sadikaj, G., Russell, J. J., Moskowitz, D. S., & Paris, J. (2010). Affect dysregulation in individuals with borderline personality disorder: Persistence and interpersonal triggers. Journal of Personality Assessment, 92, 490-500. doi:10.1080/00223891.2010.513287
52. Safran, J. D., & Muran, J. C. (2000). Negotiating the therapeutic alliance: A relational treatment guide. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
53. Santor, D. A., Zuroff, D. C., Mongrain, M., & Fielding, A. (1997). Validating the McGill DEQ: Differentiating Dependency and Self-Criticism. Journal of Personality Assessment, 69, 164-182.
54. Skodol, A. E., Gunderson, J. G., Pfohl, B., Widiger, T. A., Livesley, W. J., & Siever, L. J. (2002). The borderline diagnosis I: Psychopathology, comorbidity, and personality structure. Biological Psychiatry, 51, 936- 950. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01324-0
55. Snijders, T. A. B., & Bosker, R. J. (1999). Multilevel Analysis: An Introduction to Basic and Advanced Multilevel Modeling. Sage Publications: London.
56. Southwick, S. M., Yehuda, R., & Giller, E. L. (1995). Psychological dimensions of depression in borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 789-791.
57. Stein, K. F. (1996). Affect instability in adults with a borderline personality disorder. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 10, 32-40. doi:10.1016/ S0883-9417(96)80084-7
58. Stepp, S. D., Hallquist, M. N., Morse, J. Q., & Pilkonis, P. A. (2011). Multimethod investigation of interpersonal functioning in borderline personality disorder. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 2, 175-192. doi:10.1037/a0020572
59. Stepp, S. D., Pilkonis, P. A., Yaggi, K. E., Morse, J. Q., & Feske, U. (2009). Interpersonal and emotional experience of social interaction in borderline personality disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197, 484-491. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181aad2e7
60. Stiglmayr, C. E., Grathwol, T., Linehan, M. M., Ihorst, G., Fahrenberg, J., & Bohus, M. (2005). Aversive tension in patients with borderline personality disorder: A computer-based comparison-led field study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 107, 124-131.
61. Wallace, D., & Green, B. S. (2002). Analysis of repeated measures designs with linear mixed models. In D. M. Moscovitz & S. L. Hershberger (Eds.), Modeling intraindividual variability with repeated measures data (pp. 103-134). Mahwah, N J: Lawrence Erlbaum.
62. Westen, D., Moses, J., Silk, K. R., Lohr, N. E., Cohen, R., & Segal, H. (1992). Quality of depressive experience in borderline personality disorders: When depression is not just depression. Journal of Personality Disorders, 6, 382-393. doi:10.1521/pedi.1992.6.4.382
63. Wixom, J., Ludolph, P., & Westen, D. (1992). The quality of depression in adolescents with borderline personality disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 1172-1177. doi:10.1097/00004583-199311000-00009
64. Zanarini, M. C., Frankenberg, F. R., Hennen, J., & Silk, K. R. (2003). The longitudinal course of borderline psychopathology: 6-year prospective follow-up of the phenomenology of borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 274-283.
65. Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Sickel, A. E., & Yong, L. (1996). The Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders. Belmont, MA: McLean Hospital, Laboratory for the Study of Adult Development.
66. Zanarini, M. C., Gunderson, J. G., Frankenburg, F. R., & Chauncey, D. L. (1989). The Revised Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines: Discriminating BPD from other Axis II disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 3, 10-18. doi:10.1521/pedi.1989.3.1.10
67. Zuroff, D. C., Fournier, M. A., & Moskowitz, D. S. (2007). Depression, perceived inferiority, and interpersonal behavior: Evidence for the involuntary defeat strategy. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26, 751-778. doi:10.1521/jscp.2007.26.7.751
68. Zuroff, D. C., Igreja, I., & Mongrain, M. (1990). Dysfunctional attitudes, Dependency and Self-Criticism as predictors of depressive mood states: A 12-month longitudinal study. Journal of Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14, 315-326.
69. Zuroff, D. C., & Mongrain, M. (1987). Dependency and self-criticism: Vulnerability factors for depressive affective states. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 96, 14-22. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.96.1.14
70. Zuroff, D. C., Mongrain, M., & Santor, D. A. (2004). Conceptualizing and measuring personality vulnerability to depression: Comment on Coyne and Whiffen (1995). Psychological Bulletin, 130, 489-511.
71. Zuroff, D. C., Moskowitz, D. S., Wielgus, M. S., Powers, T. A., & Franko, D. L. (1983). Construct validation of the Dependency and Self-Criticism scales of the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire. Journal of Research in Personality, 17, 226-241. doi:10.1016/0092-6566(83)90033-8