-
1
-
-
0001864009
-
Measuring the prevalence of police abuse of force
-
W. A. Gellar and H. Toch (Eds.), Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum
-
Adams K (1995) Measuring the prevalence of police abuse of force. In: Gellar WA, Toch H (eds) And justice for all: understanding and controlling police abuses of force. Police Executive Research Forum, Washington, DC, pp 61-97.
-
(1995)
And Justice for All: Understanding and Controlling Police Abuses of Force
, pp. 61-97
-
-
Adams, K.1
-
3
-
-
0035884457
-
Exact inference for categorical data: recent advances and continuing controversies
-
Agresti A (2001) Exact inference for categorical data: recent advances and continuing controversies. Stat Med 20: 2709-2722.
-
(2001)
Stat Med
, vol.20
, pp. 2709-2722
-
-
Agresti, A.1
-
4
-
-
0038134019
-
-
Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice and Bureau of Justice Statistics. Report to the National Institute of Justice, Use of Force by Police: Overview of National and Local Data (October-NCJ 176330
-
Alpert GP, Dunham RG (1999) The force factor: measuring and assessing police use of force and suspect resistance. Report to the National Institute of Justice, Use of force by police: Overview of national and local data (October-NCJ 176330. National Institute of Justice and Bureau of Justice Statistics, Washington, DC, pp 45-60.
-
(1999)
The Force Factor: Measuring and Assessing Police Use of Force and Suspect Resistance
, pp. 45-60
-
-
Alpert, G.P.1
Dunham, R.G.2
-
5
-
-
84937304811
-
How reasonable is the reasonable man?: police and excessive force
-
Alpert GP, Smith WC (1994) How reasonable is the reasonable man?: police and excessive force. J Crim Law Criminol 85(2): 481-501.
-
(1994)
J Crim Law Criminol
, vol.85
, Issue.2
, pp. 481-501
-
-
Alpert, G.P.1
Smith, W.C.2
-
6
-
-
22544467464
-
Police suspicion and discretionary decision making during citizen stops
-
Alpert GP, MacDonald JM, Dunham RG (2005) Police suspicion and discretionary decision making during citizen stops. Criminology 43(2): 407-434.
-
(2005)
Criminology
, vol.43
, Issue.2
, pp. 407-434
-
-
Alpert, G.P.1
MacDonald, J.M.2
Dunham, R.G.3
-
7
-
-
0008548387
-
Determinants of public punitiveness toward drunk driving: a factorial survey approach
-
Applegate BK, Cullen FT, Link BG, Richards PJ, Lanza-Kaduce L (1996) Determinants of public punitiveness toward drunk driving: a factorial survey approach. Justice Q 13(1): 57-79.
-
(1996)
Justice Q
, vol.13
, Issue.1
, pp. 57-79
-
-
Applegate, B.K.1
Cullen, F.T.2
Link, B.G.3
Richards, P.J.4
Lanza-Kaduce, L.5
-
9
-
-
0011705958
-
The functions of the police in modern society
-
E. Bittner (Ed.), Boston: Northeastern University Press
-
Bittner E (1990) The functions of the police in modern society. In: Bittner E (ed) Aspects of police work. Northeastern University Press, Boston, pp 120-132.
-
(1990)
Aspects of Police Work
, pp. 120-132
-
-
Bittner, E.1
-
12
-
-
0039732295
-
Police brutality: a model for definition, perspective, and control
-
3rd edn., A. S. Blumberg and E. Niederhoffer (Eds.), New York: CBS College Publishing
-
Carter DL (1985) Police brutality: a model for definition, perspective, and control. In: Blumberg AS, Niederhoffer E (eds) The ambivalent force: perspectives on the police, 3rd edn. CBS College Publishing, New York, pp 321-330.
-
(1985)
The Ambivalent Force: Perspectives on the Police
, pp. 321-330
-
-
Carter, D.L.1
-
13
-
-
1942494016
-
Attribution styles and attitudes toward capital punishment for juveniles, the mentally incompetent, and the mentally retarded
-
Cochran JK, Boots DP, Heide KM (2003) Attribution styles and attitudes toward capital punishment for juveniles, the mentally incompetent, and the mentally retarded. Justice Q 20(1): 65-93.
-
(2003)
Justice Q
, vol.20
, Issue.1
, pp. 65-93
-
-
Cochran, J.K.1
Boots, D.P.2
Heide, K.M.3
-
14
-
-
39149117910
-
Police attitudes towards fellow officers' misconduct: the Swedish case and a comparison with the USA and Croatia
-
Ekenvall B (2003) Police attitudes towards fellow officers' misconduct: the Swedish case and a comparison with the USA and Croatia. J Scand Stud Criminol Crime Prev 3: 210-232.
-
(2003)
J Scand Stud Criminol Crime Prev
, vol.3
, pp. 210-232
-
-
Ekenvall, B.1
-
15
-
-
0347317329
-
Further exploration of the demeanor hypothesis: the interaction effects of suspects' characteristics and demeanor on police behavior
-
Engel RS, Sobol JJ, Worden RE (2000) Further exploration of the demeanor hypothesis: the interaction effects of suspects' characteristics and demeanor on police behavior. Justice Q 17(2): 235-258.
-
(2000)
Justice Q
, vol.17
, Issue.2
, pp. 235-258
-
-
Engel, R.S.1
Sobol, J.J.2
Worden, R.E.3
-
17
-
-
84946357376
-
Police use of deadly force: research and reform
-
Fyfe JJ (1988) Police use of deadly force: research and reform. Justice Q 5: 165-205.
-
(1988)
Justice Q
, vol.5
, pp. 165-205
-
-
Fyfe, J.J.1
-
18
-
-
0038473060
-
Police subculture reconsidered
-
Herbert S (1998) Police subculture reconsidered. Criminology 36(2): 343-369.
-
(1998)
Criminology
, vol.36
, Issue.2
, pp. 343-369
-
-
Herbert, S.1
-
19
-
-
0035070648
-
Hard charger' or 'station queen'? Policing and the masculine state
-
Herbert S (2001) 'Hard charger' or 'station queen'? Policing and the masculine state. Gend, Place Cult 8: 55-71.
-
(2001)
Gend, Place Cult
, vol.8
, pp. 55-71
-
-
Herbert, S.1
-
20
-
-
0142050330
-
Applying Tittle's control balance theory to police deviance
-
Hickman MJ, Piquero AR, Lawton BA, Greene JR (2001) Applying Tittle's control balance theory to police deviance. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 24(4): 497-519.
-
(2001)
Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management
, vol.24
, Issue.4
, pp. 497-519
-
-
Hickman, M.J.1
Piquero, A.R.2
Lawton, B.A.3
Greene, J.R.4
-
23
-
-
0039270129
-
Negotiating order in patrol work: an ecological theory of police response to deviance
-
Klinger DA (1997) Negotiating order in patrol work: an ecological theory of police response to deviance. Criminology 35(2): 277-306.
-
(1997)
Criminology
, vol.35
, Issue.2
, pp. 277-306
-
-
Klinger, D.A.1
-
24
-
-
0141825415
-
-
National Institute of Justice Research in Brief. US Department of Justice, Washington, DC, May
-
Klockars CB, Ivković SK, Harver WE, Haberfeld MR (2000) The measurement of police integrity, National Institute of Justice Research in Brief. US Department of Justice, Washington, DC, May.
-
(2000)
The measurement of police integrity
-
-
Klockars, C.B.1
Ivković, S.K.2
Harver W.E.Haberfeld, M.R.3
-
28
-
-
0003334557
-
The police: mandate, strategy, and appearances
-
P. K. Manning and J. MannenVan (Eds.), Santa Monica, CA: Goodyear
-
Manning PK (1978) The police: mandate, strategy, and appearances. In: Manning PK, van Mannen J (eds) Policing: a view from the street. Goodyear, Santa Monica, CA, pp 7-31.
-
(1978)
Policing: A View from the Street
, pp. 7-31
-
-
Manning, P.K.1
-
29
-
-
84965432372
-
Violence and the police role
-
Manning PK (1980) Violence and the police role. Ann Am Acad Polit Soc Sci 452: 135-144.
-
(1980)
Ann Am Acad Polit Soc Sci
, vol.452
, pp. 135-144
-
-
Manning, P.K.1
-
31
-
-
25144493103
-
American police and subcultural support for the use of excessive force
-
Micucci AJ, Gomme IM (2005) American police and subcultural support for the use of excessive force. J Crim Justice 33(5): 487-500.
-
(2005)
J Crim Justice
, vol.33
, Issue.5
, pp. 487-500
-
-
Micucci, A.J.1
Gomme, I.M.2
-
32
-
-
84934752856
-
Perceptions of justice: race and gender differences in judgments of appropriate prison sentences
-
Miller JL, Rossi PH, Simpson JE (1986) Perceptions of justice: race and gender differences in judgments of appropriate prison sentences. Law Soc Rev 20(3): 313-334.
-
(1986)
Law Soc Rev
, vol.20
, Issue.3
, pp. 313-334
-
-
Miller, J.L.1
Rossi, P.H.2
Simpson, J.E.3
-
33
-
-
0036220740
-
Revisiting the decision to arrest: comparing beat and community officers
-
Novak KJ, Frank J, Smith BW, Engel RS (2002) Revisiting the decision to arrest: comparing beat and community officers. Crime Delinquen 48(1): 70-98.
-
(2002)
Crime Delinquen
, vol.48
, Issue.1
, pp. 70-98
-
-
Novak, K.J.1
Frank, J.2
Smith, B.W.3
Engel, R.S.4
-
35
-
-
0037213543
-
Conflict theory and racial profiling: an empirical analysis of police traffic stop data
-
Petrocelli M, Piquero AR, Smith MR (2003) Conflict theory and racial profiling: an empirical analysis of police traffic stop data. J Crim Justice 31(1): 1-11.
-
(2003)
J Crim Justice
, vol.31
, Issue.1
, pp. 1-11
-
-
Petrocelli, M.1
Piquero, A.R.2
Smith, M.R.3
-
37
-
-
77749299023
-
Twenty years of mandatory arrest police decision making in the face of legal requirements
-
Phillips SW, Sobol JJ (2010) Twenty years of mandatory arrest police decision making in the face of legal requirements. Crim Justice Pol Rev.
-
(2010)
Crim Justice Pol Rev
-
-
Phillips, S.W.1
Sobol, J.J.2
-
38
-
-
46349092269
-
Violence against police officers: are female officers at greater risk?
-
Rabe-Hemp CE, Schuck A (2007) Violence against police officers: are female officers at greater risk? Police Q 10(4): 411-428.
-
(2007)
Police Q
, vol.10
, Issue.4
, pp. 411-428
-
-
Rabe-Hemp, C.E.1
Schuck, A.2
-
40
-
-
0002745670
-
Regression standard errors in clustered samples
-
Reprinted in Stata Technical Bulletin Reprints, vol. 3, 88-94
-
Rogers WH (1993) Regression standard errors in clustered samples. Stata Tech Bull 13: 19-23. Reprinted in Stata Technical Bulletin Reprints, vol. 3, 88-94.
-
(1993)
Stata Tech Bull
, vol.13
, pp. 19-23
-
-
Rogers, W.H.1
-
41
-
-
0002870512
-
The factorial survey approach: an introduction
-
P. H. Rossi and S. L. Nock (Eds.), Beverly Hills, New Delhi, London: Sage
-
Rossi PH, Anderson AB (1982) The factorial survey approach: an introduction. In: Rossi PH, Nock SL (eds) Measuring social judgment: the Factorial Survey Approach. Sage, Beverly Hills, New Delhi, London, pp 15-67.
-
(1982)
Measuring Social Judgment: The Factorial Survey Approach
, pp. 15-67
-
-
Rossi, P.H.1
Anderson, A.B.2
-
42
-
-
22944469706
-
The masking of racial and ethnic disparity in police use of physical force: the effects of gender and custody status
-
Schuck AM (2004) The masking of racial and ethnic disparity in police use of physical force: the effects of gender and custody status. J Crim Justice 32(6): 557-564.
-
(2004)
J Crim Justice
, vol.32
, Issue.6
, pp. 557-564
-
-
Schuck, A.M.1
-
43
-
-
10844264448
-
Judging police misconduct: "street-level" versus professional policing
-
Serone C, Pereira J, Kovath J (2004) Judging police misconduct: "street-level" versus professional policing. Law Soc Rev 38(4): 665-710.
-
(2004)
Law Soc Rev
, vol.38
, Issue.4
, pp. 665-710
-
-
Serone, C.1
Pereira, J.2
Kovath, J.3
-
46
-
-
77749232891
-
-
StataCorp, College Station, TX: StataCorp
-
StataCorp (2006) Stata SE, Version 9. 0. StataCorp, College Station, TX.
-
(2006)
Stata SE, Version 9.0
-
-
-
47
-
-
85024011851
-
Situational and officer-based determinants of police coercion
-
Terrill W, Mastrofski SD (2002) Situational and officer-based determinants of police coercion. Justice Quarterly, 19(2): 215-248.
-
(2002)
Justice Quarterl
, vol.19
, Issue.2
, pp. 215-248
-
-
Terrill, W.1
Mastrofski, S.D.2
-
48
-
-
0037897746
-
Neighborhood context and police use of force
-
Terrill W, Reisig MD (2003) Neighborhood context and police use of force. J Res Crime Delinquen 40(3): 291-321.
-
(2003)
J Res Crime Delinquen
, vol.40
, Issue.3
, pp. 291-321
-
-
Terrill, W.1
Reisig, M.D.2
-
49
-
-
84993734197
-
A management tool for evaluating police use of force: an application of the force factor
-
Terrill W, Alpert GP, Dunham RG, Smith MR (2003a) A management tool for evaluating police use of force: an application of the force factor. Police Q 6(2): 150-171.
-
(2003)
Police Q
, vol.6
, Issue.2
, pp. 150-171
-
-
Terrill, W.1
Alpert, G.P.2
Dunham, R.G.3
Smith, M.R.4
-
51
-
-
84983945755
-
Sorting out the cuckoo's nest: a factorial survey approach to the study of popular conceptions of mental illness
-
Thurman QC, Lam JA, Rossi PH (1988) Sorting out the cuckoo's nest: a factorial survey approach to the study of popular conceptions of mental illness. Socio Q 29(4): 565-588.
-
(1988)
Socio Q
, vol.29
, Issue.4
, pp. 565-588
-
-
Thurman, Q.C.1
Lam, J.A.2
Rossi, P.H.3
-
52
-
-
0346557072
-
The asshole
-
3rd edn., A. S. Blumberg and E. Niederhoffer (Eds.), New York: CBS College Publishing
-
van Maanen J (1985) The asshole. In: Blumberg AS, Niederhoffer E (eds) The ambivalent force: perspectives on the police, 3rd edn. CBS College Publishing, New York, pp 146-157.
-
(1985)
The Ambivalent Force: Perspectives on the Police
, pp. 146-157
-
-
van Maanen, J.1
-
53
-
-
0011291712
-
Police (canteen) sub-culture: an appreciation
-
Waddington PAJ (1999) Police (canteen) sub-culture: an appreciation. Br J Criminol 39(2): 287-309.
-
(1999)
Br J Criminol
, vol.39
, Issue.2
, pp. 287-309
-
-
Waddington, P.A.J.1
-
56
-
-
85048578721
-
Violence and the police
-
Westley WA (1953) Violence and the police. Am J Sociol 59: 34-41.
-
(1953)
Am J Sociol
, vol.59
, pp. 34-41
-
-
Westley, W.A.1
-
57
-
-
0033918632
-
A note on robust variance estimation for cluster-correlated data
-
Williams RL (2000) A note on robust variance estimation for cluster-correlated data. Biometrics 56: 645-646.
-
(2000)
Biometrics
, vol.56
, pp. 645-646
-
-
Williams, R.L.1
-
59
-
-
0002390110
-
The "causes" of police brutality: theory and evidence on police use of force
-
W. A. Gellar and H. Toch (Eds.), Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum
-
Worden RE (1995) The "causes" of police brutality: theory and evidence on police use of force. In: Gellar WA, Toch H (eds) And justice for all: understanding and controlling police abuses of force. Police Executive Research Forum, Washington, DC, pp 31-60.
-
(1995)
And Justice for All: Understanding and Controlling Police Abuses of Force
, pp. 31-60
-
-
Worden, R.E.1
|