Implications of the 2011 M9.0 Tohoku Japan earthquake for the treatment of site effects in large earthquakes

Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 171-203

  Ghofrani, Hadi ^a   Atkinson, Gail M ^a   Goda, Katsuichiro ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Ground motion prediction equation; Horizontal to vertical spectral ratio; Site effects; Soil nonlinearity; Surface to borehole cross spectral ratio

Indexed keywords

AMPLIFICATION; BOREHOLES; CONTROL NONLINEARITIES; EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS; EQUATIONS OF MOTION; FORECASTING; FREQUENCY RESPONSE; SEISMIC RESPONSE; SHEAR FLOW; SHEAR WAVES; SOILS; WAVE PROPAGATION;

GROUND-MOTION PREDICTION EQUATIONS; HORIZONTAL-TO-VERTICAL SPECTRAL RATIOS; SITE EFFECTS; SOIL NONLINEARITY; SPECTRAL RATIOS;

MOTION ESTIMATION;

BOREHOLE; EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE; EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE; FREQUENCY-MAGNITUDE DISTRIBUTION; GROUND MOTION; MOMENT TENSOR; NONLINEARITY; SITE EFFECT; SUBDUCTION ZONE; TOHOKU EARTHQUAKE 2011; WAVE VELOCITY;

JAPAN;

EID: 84872945259     PISSN: 1570761X     EISSN: 15731456     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10518-012-9413-4     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Abercrombie RE (1997) Near-surface attenuation and site effects from comparison of surface and deep borehole recording. Bull Seism Soc Am 87: 731-744.
2. Aguirre J, Irikura K (1997) Nonlinearity, liquefaction, and velocity variation of soft soil layers in Port Island, Kobe, during the Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake. Bull Seism Soc Am 87: 1244-1258.
3. Anderson JG, Hough SE (1984) A model for the shape of the Fourier amplitude spectrum of acceleration at high frequencies. Bull Seism Soc Am 74: 1969-1994.
4. Andrews DJ (1986) Objective determination of source parameters and similarity of earthquakes of different size. Earthquake source mechanics, 37: 259-267.
5. Aoi S, Kunugi T, Suzuki W, Morikawa N, Nakamura H, Pulido N, Asano Y, Shiomi K, Fujiwara H (2011) Characteristics of the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake revealed by the seismograph networks operated by NIED. Japan Geoscience Union Meeting (2011) (May 22-27, 2011 at Makuhari. Chiba, Japan).
6. Assimaki D, Li W, Steidl J, Tsuda K (2008) Site amplification and attenuation via downhole array seismogram inversion: a comparative study of the 2003 Miyagi-Oki aftershock sequence. Bull Seism Soc Am 98: 301-330.
7. Atakan K (1995) A review of the type of data and techniques used in the empirical estimation of local site response. In: Proceedings of the fifth international conference on seismic zonation, Nice, France, OuestÉditions, Presses Académiques, vol II, pp 1451-1460.
8. Atkinson GM, Macias M (2009) Predicted ground motions for great interface earthquakes in the Cascadia subduction zone. Bull Seism Soc Am 99: 1552-1578.
9. Bard P-Y (1994) Effects of surface geology on ground motion: Recent results and remaining issues. In: Proceedings of the 10th European conference on earthquake engineering, vol 1. Vienna, Austria, pp 305-323 Aug 28-Sept 2.
10. Bendat JS, Piersol AG (2006) Engineering applications of correlation and spectral analysis. Wiley, New York.
11. Beresnev IA, Wen K-L (1996a) The accuracy of soil response estimates using soil-to-rock spectral ratios. Bull Seism Soc Am 86: 519-523.
12. Beresnev IA, Wen K-L (1996b) Nonlinear soil response-a reality? Bull Seism Soc Am 86: 1964-1978.
13. Bhattacharya S, Hyodo M, Goda K, Tazoh T, Taylor CA (2011) Liquefaction of soil in the Tokyo Bayarea from the 2011 Tohoku (Japan) earthquake. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 31: 1618-1628.
14. Boatwright J, Fletcher JB, Fumal TE (1991) A general inversion scheme for source, site and propagation characteristics using multiply recorded sets of moderate-sized earthquakes. Bull Seism Soc Am 81: 1754-1782.
15. Bonilla LF, Steidl JH, Lindley GT, Tumarkin AG, Archuleta RJ (1997) Site amplification in the San Fernando Valley, California: variability of site-effect estimation using the S-wave, coda, and H/V methods. Bull Seism Soc Am 87: 710-730.
16. Bonnefoy-Claudet S, Cornou C, Bard P-Y, Cotton F, Moczo P, Kristek J, Fah D (2006) H/V ratio: a tool for site effects evaluation. Results from 1-D noise simulations. Geophys. J. Int. 167: 827-837.
17. Boore DM, Joyner WB (1997) Site amplification for generic rock sites. Bull Seism Soc Am 87: 327-341.
18. S30 and velocities averaged over depths less than and greater than 30 meters. Bull Seism Soc Am 101: 3046-3059.
19. Borcherdt RD (1970) Effects of local geology on ground motion near San Francisco Bay. Bull Seism Soc Am 60: 29-61.
20. Borcherdt RD (1992) Simplified site classes and empirical amplification factors for site-dependent code provisions, NCEER, SEAOC, BSSC workshop on site response during earthquakes and seismic code provisions Proceedings, University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, Nov 18-20, 1992.
21. Borcherdt RD (1994) Estimates of site-dependent response spectra for design (methodology and justification). Earthquake Spectra, EERI 10: 617-653.
22. Borcherdt RD, Wentworth CW (1995) Strong-ground motion generated by the Northridge earthquake of January 17, 1994, Implications for seismic design coefficients and seismic zonation. In: Fifth international conference on Seismic Zonation Proceedings, vol II. Nice, France, pp 964-971.
23. Cadet H, Bard P-Y, Rodriguez-Marek A (2012) Site effect assessment using KiK-net data: Part 1. A simple correction procedure for surface/downhole spectral ratios. Bull Earthq Eng 10(2): 421-448.
24. Chin BH, Aki K (1991) Simultaneous study of the source, path, and site effects on strong ground motion during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake: a preliminary result on pervasive nonlinear site effects. Bull Seism Soc Am 81: 1859-1884.
25. Dimitriu P, Theodulidis N, Bard P-Y (2000) Evidence of nonlinear site response in HVSR from SMART1 (Taiwan) data. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 20: 155-165.
26. Dobry R, Borcherdt R, Crouse C, Idriss I, Joyner W, Martin G, Power M, Rinne E, Seed R (2000) New site coefficients and site classification system used in recent building seismic code provisions. Earthq Spectra 16: 41-67.
27. Field EH (1996) Spectral amplification in a sediment-filled valley exhibiting clear basin-edge induced waves. Bull Seism Soc Am 86: 991-1005.
28. Field EH, Jacob KH, Hough SE (1992) Earthquake site response estimation: a weak-motion case study. Bull Seism Soc Am 82: 2283-2307.
29. Field EH, Jacob KH (1993) The theoretical response of sedimentary layers to ambient seismic noise. Geophys Res Lett 20(24): 2925-2928.
30. Field EH, Jacob KH (1995) A comparison and test of various site-response estimation techniques, including three that are not reference site dependent. Bull Seism Soc Am 85: 1127-1143.
31. Field EH, Johnson PA, Beresnev IA, Zeng Y (1997) Nonlinear ground-motion amplification by sediments during the 1994 Northridge earthquake. Nature 390: 599-602.
32. Fukushima Y, Bonilla LF, Scotti O, Douglas J (2007) Site classification using horizontal- to-vertical response spectral ratios and its impact when deriving empirical ground motion prediction equations. J Earthq Eng 11: 712-724.
33. Geospatial Information Authority (GSI) of Japan (2011). The 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake: crustal deformation and fault model. http://www. gsi. go. jp/cais/topic110422-index-e. html.
34. Ghofrani H, Atkinson GM (2011) Fore-arc versus back-arc attenuation of earthquake ground motion. Bull Seism Soc Am 101: 3032-3045.
35. Hartzell S, Leeds A, Frankel A, Michael J (1996) Site response for urban Los Angeles using aftershocks of the Northridge earthquake. Bull Seism Soc Am 86: S168-S192.
36. Hartzell SH (1992) Site response estimation from earthquake data. Bull Seism Soc Am 82: 2308-2327.
37. Haskell NA (1960) Crustal reflection of plane SH waves. J Geophys Res 65: 4147-4150.
38. Iai S, Morita T, Kameoka T, Matsunaga Y, Abiko K (1995) Response of a dense sand deposit during 1993 Kushiro-Oki Earthquake. Soils Found 35: 115-131.
39. Kanai K, Tanaka T (1961) On microtremors VIII. Bull Earthq Res Inst 39: 97-114.
40. Kanno T, Narita A, Morikawa N, Fujiwara H, Fukushima Y (2006) A new attenuation relation for strong ground motion in Japan based on recorded data. Bull Seism Soc Am 96: 879-897.
41. Kato K, Aki K, Takemura M (1995) Site amplification from coda waves: validation and application to S-wave site response. Bull Seism Soc Am 85: 467-477.
42. max of bedrock motion in the Tokyo metropolitan area, Japan. J Phys Earth 40: 487-515.
43. Kitagawa Y, Okawa I, Kashima T (1992) Dense array observation and analyses of dense strong ground motions at sites with different geological conditions in Sendai. Proceedings of the international symposium on the effects of surface geology on seismic motion, Odawara vol 1, pp 311-316.
44. Konno K, Ohmachi T (1998) Ground motion characteristics estimated from spectral ratio between horizontal and vertical components of microtremor. Bull Seism Soc Am 88(1): 228-241.
45. Lachet C, Bard P-Y (1994) Numerical and theoretical investigations on the possibilities and limitations of Nakamura's technique. J Phys Earth 42: 377-397.
46. Lachet C, Hatzfeld D, Bard P-Y, Theodulidis N, Papaioannou C, Savvaidis A (1996) Site effects and microzonation in the city of Thessaloniki (Greece): comparison of different approaches. Bull Seism Soc Am 86: 1692-1703.
47. Langston CA (1979) Structure under Mount Rainier, Washington, inferred from teleseismic body waves. J Geophys Res 84: 4749-4762.
48. Lermo J, Chávez-García FJ (1993) Site effects evaluation using spectral ratios with only one station. Bull Seism Soc Am 83: 1574-1594.
49. Lermo J, Chávez-García FJ (1994) Are microtremors useful in site response evaluation? Bull Seism Soc Am 84: 1350-1364.
50. Macias M, Atkinson GM, Motazedian D (2008) Ground-motion attenuation, source, and site effects for the 26 September 2003 M8. 1 Tokachi-Oki Earthquake sequence. Bull Seism Soc Am 98(4): 1947-1963.
51. Midorikawa S, Miura H, Atsumi T (2012) Strong motion records from the 20122 off pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on engineering lessons learned from the (2011) Great East Japan earthquake, March 1-4, 2012. Tokyo, Japan.
52. Nakamura Y (1989) A method for dynamic characteristics estimation of subsurface using microtremor on the ground surface. Q Rep RTRI 30: 25-33.
53. Nogoshi M, Igarashi T (1971) On the amplitude characteristics of microtremor. Part 2. Zisin (J. Seism. Soc. Japan) 24, 26-40 (in Japanese with English abstract).
54. Ohmachi T, Nakamura Y, Toshinawa T (1991) Ground motion characteristics in the San Francisco Bay area detected by microtremor measurements. In: Prakash S (ed) Proceedings of the second international conference on recent advances in geotechnical earthquake engineering and soil dynamics, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Missouri-Rolla, pp 1643-1648, March 11-15, 1991.
55. Safak E (1991) Problems with using spectral ratios to estimate site amplification. In Proceedings of the fourth international conference on seismic zonation, vol II. EERI, Oakland, pp 277-284.
56. Safak E (1997) Models and methods to characterize site amplification from a pair of records. Earthquake Spectra, EERI 13(1): 97-129.
57. Sato K, Kokusho T, Matsumoto M, Yamada E (1996) Nonlinear seismic response and soil property during strong motion. In: Special Issue of Soils and Foundations in Geotechnical Aspects of the January 17. Hyogoken-Nambu Earthquakes, pp 41-52.
58. Satoh T, Kawase H, Sato T (1995) Evaluation of local site effects and their removal from borehole records observed in the Sendai region, Japan. Bull Seism Soc Am 85: 1770-1789.
59. Satoh T, Fushimi M, Tatsumi Y (2001a) Inversion of strain-dependent nonlinear characteristics of soils using weak and strong motions observed by boreholes sites in Japan. Bull Seism Soc Am 91: 365-380.
60. Satoh T, Kawase H, Matsushima S (2001b) Estimation of S-wave velocity structures in and around the Sendai basin, Japan, using array records of microtremors. Bull Seism Soc Am 91: 206-218.
61. Sawazaki K, Sato H, Nakahara H, Nishimura T (2006) Temporal change in site response caused by earthquake strong motion as revealed from coda spectral ratio measurement. Geophys Res Lett 33: L21303.
62. Sawazaki K, Sato H, Nakahara H, Nishimura T (2009) Time-lapse changes of seismic velocity in the shallow ground caused by strong ground motion shock of the 2000 Western-Tottori earthquake, Japan, as revealed from coda deconvolution analysis. Bull Seism Soc Am 99: 352-366.
63. Schnabel PB, Lysmer J, Seed HB (1972) SHAKE: a computer program for earthquake response analysis of horizontally layered sites. Technical Report Rept. EERC 72-12, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley.
64. Seed HB, Idriss IM (1970) Analyses of ground motions at Union Bay, Seattle during earthquakes and distant nuclear blasts. Bull Seism Soc Am 60: 125-136.
65. Shearer PM, Orcutt JA (1987) Surface and near-surface effects on seismic waves-theory and borehole seismometer results. Bull Seism Soc Am 77: 1168-1196.
66. Silva WJ (1986) Soil response to earthquake ground motion, report prepared for Electric Power Research Institute, EPRI Research Project RP 2556-07.
67. Steidl JH (1993) Variation of site response at the UCSB dense array of portable accelerometers. Earthquake Spectra 9: 289-302.
68. Steidl JH, Tumarkin AG, Archuleta RJ (1996) What is a reference site? Bull Seism Soc Am 86: 1733-1748.
69. Su F, Anderson JG, Brune JN, Zeng Y (1996) A comparison of direct S-wave and coda wave site amplification determined from aftershocks of Little Skull Mountain earthquake. Bull Seism Soc Am 86: 1006-1018.
70. Theodulidis N, Bard P-Y (1995) Horizontal to vertical spectral ratio and geological conditions: an analysis of strong motion data from Greece and Taiwan (SMART-I). Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 14: 177-197.
71. Theodulidis N, Bard P-Y, Archuleta RJ, Bouchon M (1996) Horizontal-to-vertical spectra ratio and geological conditions: the case of Garner valley downhole array in southern California. Bull Seism Soc Am 86: 306-319.
72. Thompson EM, Baise LG, Kayen RE, Guzina BB (2009) Impediments to predicting site response: seismic property estimation and modeling simplifications. Bull Seism Soc Am 99: 2927-2949.
73. Thomson WT (1950) Transmission of elastic waves through a stratified solid. J Appl Phys 21: 89-93.
74. Tokimatsu K, Tamura S, Suzuki H, Katsumata K (2011) Quick report on geotechnical problems in the 2011 Tohoku Pacific Ocean Earthquake. Res Rep Earthq Eng CUEE Tokyo Inst Technol 118: 21-47.
75. Wen K, Beresnev I, Yeh YT (1994) Nonlinear soil amplification inferred from downhole strong seismic motion data. Geophys Res Lett 21: 2625-2628.
76. Wu C, Peng Z, Assimaki D (2009) Temporal changes in site response associated with strong ground motion of 2004 M6. 6 mid-Niigata earthquake sequences in Japan. Bull Seism Soc Am 99: 3487-3495.
77. Wu C, Peng Z, Ben-Zion Y (2010) Refined thresholds for nonlinear ground motion and temporal changes of site response associated with medium size earthquakes. Geophys J Int 183: 1567-1576.
78. Wu C, Peng Z, Wang W, Chen Q-F (2011) Dynamic triggering of shallow earthquakes near Beijing, China. Geophys J Int 185: 1321-1334.
79. Zeghal M, Elgamal AW (1994) Analysis of site liquefaction using earthquake records. J Geotech Eng 120(6): 996-1017.
80. Zerva A, Petropulu AP, Abeyratne U (1995) Blind deconvolution of seismic signals in site response analysis. In: Proceedings of the fifth international conference on seismic zonation, Nice, France.
81. Zhao JX (1996) Estimating modal parameters for a simple soft-soil site having a linear distribution of shear wave velocity with depth. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 25: 163-178.
82. Zhao JX (1997) Modal analysis of soft-soil sites including radiation damping. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 26: 93-113.
83. Zhao JX, Irikura K, Zhang J, Fukushima Y, Somerville PG, Asano A, Ohno Y, Oouchi T, Takahashi T, Ogawa H (2006a) An empirical site-classification method for strong-motion stations in Japan using H/V response spectral ratio. Bull Seism Soc Am 96: 914-925.
84. Zhao JX, Zhang J, Asano A, Ohno Y, Oouchi T, Takahashi T, Ogawa H, Irikura K, Thio HK, Somerville PG, Fukushima Y, Fukushima Y (2006b) Attenuation relations of strong ground motion in Japan using site classification based on predominant period. Bull Seism Soc Am 96: 898-913.
85. Zhao JX, Xu H (2012a) Magnitude-scaling rate in ground-motion prediction equations for response spectra from large subduction interface earthquakes in Japan. Bull Seism Soc Am 102: 222-235.
86. S30 and site period as site effect parameters in response spectral ground-motion prediction equations. Bull Seism Soc Am (in press).