Hungry like the wolf: A word-pattern analysis of the language of psychopaths

Legal and Criminological Psychology

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 102-114

  Hancock, Jeffrey T ^a   Woodworth, Michael T ^b   Porter, Stephen ^b  

^a Department of Obstetrics Gynecology   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT TOOL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRINKING; EMOTION; FAMILY; FOOD; HOMICIDE; HUMAN; LANGUAGE; LINGUISTICS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MONEY; POVERTY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST; PSYCHOPATHY; PSYCHOPATHY CHECKLIST REVISED; RELIGION; SEMANTICS; SOCIAL ASPECT; WORD PATTERN ANALYSIS;

EID: 84872848874     PISSN: 13553259     EISSN: 20448333     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8333.2011.02025.x     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Babiak, P., &, Hare, R., (2006). Snakes in suits: When the psychopath goes to work. New York, NY: Regan/Harper Collins.
2. Brinkley, C. A., Newman, J. P., Harpur, T. J., &, Johnson, M. M., (1999). Cohesion in texts produced by psychopathic and nonpsychopathic criminal inmates. Personality and Individual Differences, 26, 873-885.
3. Campbell, S. R., &, Pennebaker, J. W., (2003). The secret life of pronouns: Flexibility in writing style and physical health. Psychological Science, 14, 60-65. (Pubitemid 37283117)
4. Christianson, S. A., Forth, A. E., Hare, R. D., Strachan, C, Lidberg, L., &, Thorell, L. H., (1996). Remembering details of emotional events: A comparison between psychopathic and non-psychopathic offenders. Personality and Individual Differences, 20 (4), 437-443. (Pubitemid 126168712)
5. Chung, C. K., &, Pennebaker, J. W., (2007). The psychological functions of function words. In, K. Fiedler, (Ed.), Social communication (pp. 343-359). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
6. Cleckley, H. R., (1976). The mask of sanity (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
7. Cocking, R. R., &, Renninger, K. A., (1993). The development and meaning of psychological distance. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
8. Endres, J., (2004). The language of the psychopath: Characteristics of prisoners' performance in a sentence completion test. Criminal Behavior and Mental Health, 14, 214-226. (Pubitemid 39312872)
9. Flight, J. I., &, Forth, A. E., (2007). Instrumentally violent youths. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34, 739-751.
10. Gawda, B., (2010). Syntax of emotional narratives of persons diagnosed with antisocial personality. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 39, 273-328.
11. Gottschalk, L. A., &, Bechtel, R., (1995). Computerized measurement of the content analysis of natural language for use in biomedical and neuropsychiatric research. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 47, 123-130.
12. Gray, N. S., Carman, N. G., Rogers, P., MacCulloch, M. J., Hayward, P., &, Snowden, R. J., (2003). Post-traumatic stress disorder caused in mentally disordered offenders by the committing of a serious violent or sexual offence. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 14, 27-43. (Pubitemid 37270648)
13. Hancock, J., Curry, L., Goorha, S., &, Woodworth, M., (2008). On lying and being lied to: An automated linguistic analysis of deception. Discourse Processes, 45, 1-23.
14. Hare, R. D., (1991). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R). Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
15. Hare, R. D., (1993). Without conscience: The disturbing world of the psychopaths among us. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster (Pocket Books).
16. Hare, R. D., (2003). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
17. Hare, R. D., (2006). Psychopathy: A clinical and forensic overview. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 29, 709-724. (Pubitemid 44175606)
18. Hare, R. D., Clark, D., Grann, M., &, Thornton, D., (2000). Psychopathy and the predictive validity of the PCL-R: An international perspective. Behavioural Sciences and the Law, 18, 623-645. (Pubitemid 32006048)
19. Hastings, M. E., Tangney, J. P., &, Stuewig, J., (2008). Psychopathy and identification of facial expressions of emotion. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 1474-1483.
20. Hemphill, J., &, Hare, R. D., (2004). Some misconceptions about the PCL-R and Risk Assessment: A commentary on the "lesson in knowledge cumulation" proffered by Gendreau, Coggin, & Smith. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 31, 203-243.
21. Huprich, S. K., Gacono, C. B., Schneider, R. B., &, Bridges, M. R., (2004). Rorschach oral dependency in psychopaths, sexual homicide perpetrators, and nonviolent pedophiles. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 22, 345-356. (Pubitemid 38899453)
22. Jackson, R. L., Rogers, R., Neumann, C. S., &, Lambert, P. L., (2002). Psychopathy in female offenders: An investigation of its underlying dimensions. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 29, 692-704. (Pubitemid 36668916)
23. Junghaenel, D. U., Smyth, J. M., &, Santner, L., (2008). Linguistic dimensions of psychopathology: A quantitative analysis. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27, 36-55.
24. Landauer, T. K., &, Dumais, S. T., (1997). A solution to Plato's problem: The latent semantic analysis theory of the acquisition, induction, and representation of knowledge. Psychological Review, 104, 211-240.
25. Loevinger, J., (1993). Ego development: Questions of method and theory. Psychological Inquiry, 4, 56-63.
26. Lorenz, A. R., &, Newman, J. P., (2002). Deficient response modulation and emotion processing in low-anxious Caucasian psychopathic offenders: Results from a lexical decision task. Emotion, 2, 91-104.
27. Maslow, A. H., (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370-396.
28. McArthur, T., (1985). Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English. In, R. Quirk, S. Greenbaum, G. Leech, &, J. Svartvik, (Eds.), A comprehensive grammar of the English language. London, UK: Longman.
29. Mehl, M. R., &, Gill, A. J., (2010). Automatic text analysis. In, S. D. Gosling, &, J. A. Johnson, (Eds.) Advanced methods for conducting online behavioral research (pp. 109-127). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
30. Mokros, A., Menner, B., Eisenbarth, H., Alpers, G. W., Lange, K. W., &, Osterheider, M., (2008). Diminished cooperativeness of psychopaths in a prisoner's dilemma game yields higher rewards. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 406-413. (Pubitemid 351763729)
31. Oberlander, J., &, Gill, A. J,. (2006). Language with character: A stratified corpus comparison of individual differences in e-mail communication. Discourse Processes, 42, 239-270. (Pubitemid 44770002)
32. Oliveria-Souza, R., Hare, R. D., Bramati, I. E., Garrido, G. J., Ignacio, F. A., Tovar-Moll, F., &, Moll, J., (2008). Psychopathy as a disorder of the moral brain: Fronto-temporo-limbic grey matter reductions demonstrated by voxel-based morphometry. NeuroImage, 40, 1202-1213.
33. Oxman, T. E., Rosenberg, S. D., Schnurr, P. P., &, Tucker, G. J., (1988). Diagnostic classification through content analysis of patients' speech. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 464-468. (Pubitemid 18099124)
34. Patrick, C. J., (2006). Handbook of Psychopathy. New York: Guilford Press.
35. Patrick, C. J., (2007). Getting to the heart of psychopathy. In:, H. Hervé, &, J. C. Yuille, (Eds.), The psychopath: Theory, research, and social implications (pp. 207-252). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
36. Paulhus, D. L., &, Williams, K., (2002). The Dark Triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and Psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 556-568.
37. Pennebaker, J. W., Booth, R. E., &, Francis, M. E., (2007). Linguistic inquiry and word count: LIWC2007-Operator's manual. Austin, TX: LIWC.net.
38. Pennebaker, J. W., &, Graybeal, A., (2001). Patterns of natural language use: Disclosure, personality, and social integration. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10, 90-93.
39. Pennebaker, J. W., &, King, L., (1999). Linguistic style: Language use as an individual difference. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1296-1312.
40. Pennebaker, J. W., Mehl, M. R., &, Niederhoffer, K., (2003). Psychological aspects of natural language use: Our words, our selves. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 547-577. (Pubitemid 37417505)
41. Porter, S., Birt, A., &, Boer, D., (2001). Investigation of the criminal and conditional release profiles of Canadian federal offenders as a function of psychopathy. Law and Human Behavior, 25, 647-661. (Pubitemid 33744586)
42. Porter, S., Demetrioff, S., &, ten Brinke, L., (2010). Sexual psychopath: Current understanding and future challenges. In, A. Schlank, (Ed.) The sexual predator (Vol. IV), (pp. 13-1-13-12). Kingston, NJ: Civic Research Institute.
43. Porter, S., &, Porter, S., (2007). Psychopathy and violent crime. In, H. Hervé, &, J. C. Yuille, (Eds.), Psychopathy in the third millennium: Research and practice (pp. 287-300). NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
44. Porter, S., ten Brinke, L., &, Wilson, K., (2009). Crime profiles and conditional release performance of psychopathic and non-psychopathic sexual offenders. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 14, 109-118.
45. Porter, S., &, Woodworth, M., (2007). I'm sorry I did it. but he started it: A comparison of the official and self-reported homicide descriptions of psychopath and non-psychopaths. Law and Human Behavior, 31, 91-107.
46. Raine, A., Ishikawa, S. S., Arce, E., Lencz, T., Knuth, K. H., Bihrle, S.,., Colletti, P., (2004). Hippocampal structural asymmetry in unsuccessful psychopaths. Biological Psychiatry, 55, 185-191. (Pubitemid 38367722)
47. Raine, A., Lencz, T., Taylor, K., Hellige, J. B., Bihrle, S., Lacasse, L.,., Colletti, P., (2003). Corpus callosum abnormalities in psychopathic antisocial individuals. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 1134-1142. (Pubitemid 37429653)
48. Rayson, P., (2003). Matrix: A statistical method and software tool for linguistic analysis through corpus comparison (Ph.D. thesis). Lancaster University, UK.
49. Rayson, P., (2008). Wmatrix: A web-based corpus processing environment. UK: Computing Department, Lancaster University. Retrieved from http://ucrel.lancs.ac.uk/wmatrix/
50. Schachter, S., Christenfeld, N., Ravina, B., &, Bilous, F., (1991). Speech disfluency and the structure of knowledge. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 362-367.
51. Schneider, F., Habel, U, Kessler, C., Posse, S., Grodd, W., Muller-Gartner, H.-W., (2000). Functional imaging of conditioned aversive emotional responses in antisocial personality disorder. Neuropsychobiology, 42, 192-201.
52. Stone, G. L., (1995). Review of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. In, J. C. Conoley, &, J. C. Impara, (Eds.), Twelfth mental measurements yearbook (pp. 454-455). Lincoln, NE: Buros Institute.
53. Trope, Y., &, Liberman, N., (2003). Temporal construal. Psychological Review, 110, 403-421. (Pubitemid 37189432)
54. Wahba, M. A., &, Bridwell, L. G., (1987). Maslow reconsidered: A review of research on the need hierarchy theory. In, R. M. Steers, &, L. W. Porter, (Eds.) Motivation and work behavior (pp. 51-58). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
55. Whissell, C. M., &, Dewson, M. J., (1986). A dictionary of affect in language: III. Analysis of two biblical and two secular passages. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 62, 127-133.
56. Williamson, S. E., (1993). Cohesion and coherence in the speech of psychopathic criminals [Abstract]. Dissertation Abstracts International, 53, 6579.
57. Williamson, S. E., Harpur, T. J., &, Hare, R. D., (1991). Abnormal processing of affective words by psychopaths. Psychophysiology, 28, 260-273.
58. Wilson, K., Juodis, M., &, Porter, S., (2011). Fear and loathing in psychopaths: A meta-analytic investigation of the facial affect recognition deficit. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 38 (7), 659-668. doi:10.1177/ 0093854811404120
59. Woodworth, M., &, Porter, S., (2002). In cold blood: Characteristics of criminal homicides as a function of psychopathy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 436-445. (Pubitemid 34791144)
60. Wright, E. M., (2009). The measurement of psychopathy: Dimensional and taxometric approaches. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 53, 464-481.
61. Yuille, J. C., Marxsen, D., &, Cooper, B., (1999). Training investigative interviewers adherence to the spirit, as well as the letter. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 22, 323-336. (Pubitemid 29327257)