Testing Methods for Glyphosate Resistance

Glyphosate Resistance in Crops and Weeds: History, Development, and Management

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 93-118

  Shaner, Dale L ^a  

^a AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84872720541     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470634394.ch5     Document Type: Chapter

References (108)

1. Abu-Irmaileh, B. E. and L. S. Jordan. 1978. Some aspects of glyphosate action in purple nutsedge ( Cyperus rotundus ). Weed Science 26 : 700-703.
2. Ahmadi, M. S., L. C. Haderlie, , and G. A. Wicks. 1980. Effect of growth stage, and water stress on barnyardgrass ( Echinochloa crus-galli ) control, and on glyphosate absorption, and translocation. Weed Science 28 : 277-282.
3. Ahmadian, A., M. Ehn, and S. Hober. 2006. Pyrosequencing: history, biochemistry, and future. Clinica Chimica Acta 363 : 83-94.
4. Anderson, K. A., W. T. Cobb, and B. R. Loper. 2001. Analytical method for determination of shikimic acid: shikimic acid proportional to glyphosate application rates. Communications in Soil Science, and Plant Analysis 32 : 2831-2840.
5. Arnaud, L., F. Nurit, P. Ravanel, and M. Tissut. 1994. Distribution of glyphosate, and its target enzyme inside wheat plants. Plant Physiology 40 : 217-223.
6. Baerson, S. R., D. J. Rodriguez, N. A. Biest, M. Tran, J. You, R. W. Kreuger, G. M. Dill, J. E. Pratley, and K. J. Gruys. 2002a. Investigating the mechanism of glyphosate resistance in rigid ryegrass ( Lolium rigidum ). Weed Science 50 : 721-730.
7. Baerson, S. R., D. J. Rodriguez, M. Tran, Y. Feng, N. A. Biest, and G. M. Dill. 2002b. Glyphosate-resistant goosegrass. identification of a mutation in the target enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phophsate synthase. Plant Physiology 129 : 1265-1275.
8. Bondinell, W. E., J. Vnek, P. F. Knowles, M. Sprecher, and D. B. Sprinson. 1971. On the mechanisms of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthetase. Journal of Biological Chemistry 246 : 6191-6196.
9. Boocock, M. R., and J. R. Coggins. 1983. Kinetics of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase inhibition by glyphosate. FEBS Letters 154 : 127-133.
10. Boutsalis, P. 2001. Syngenta quick test: a rapid whole-plant test for herbicide resistance. Weed Technology 15 : 257-263.
11. Brecke, B. J., and W. B. Duke. 1980. Effect of glyphosate on intact bean plants ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and isolated cells. Plant Physiology 66 : 656-659.
12. Bromilow, R. H., K. Chamberlain, A. J. Tench, and R. H. Williams. 1993. Phloem translocation of strong acids - glyphosate, substituted phosphonic, and sulfonic acids - in Ricinus communis. Pesticide Science 37 : 39-47.
13. Chao, W. S. 2008. Real-time PCR as a tool to study weed biology. Weed Science 56 : 290-296.
14. Chase, R. L., and A. P. Appleby. 1979. Effect of humidity, and moisture stress on glyphosate control of Cyperus rotundus L. Weed Research 19 : 241-246.
15. Chong, J. L., R. Wickneswari, B. S. Ismail, and S. Salmijah. 2008. Nucleotide variability in the 5-enoypyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase gene from Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science 11 : 476-479.
16. Cromartie, T. H., and N. D. Polge. 2000. An improved assay for shikimic acid, and its use as a monitor for the activity of sulfosate. Abstracts of the Weed Science Society of America 40 : 291.
17. Culpepper, A. S., T. L. Grey, W. K. Vencill, J. M. Kichler, T. M. Webster, S. M. Brown, A. C. York, J. W. Davis, and W. W. Hanna. 2006. Glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth ( Amaranthus palmeri ) confirmed in Georgia. Weed Science 54 : 620-626.
18. Davis, V. M., K. D. Gibson, and W. G. Johnson. 2008. A field survey to determine distribution, and frequency of glyphosate-resistant horseweed ( Conyza canadensis ) in Indiana. Weed Technology 22 : 331-338.
19. De Ruiter, H., and E. Meinen. 1998. Influence of water stress, and surfactant on the efficacy, absorption, and translocation of glyphosate. Weed Science 46 : 289-296.
20. DeGennaro, F. P., and S. C. Weller. 1984. Differential susceptibility of field bindweed ( Convolvulus arvensis ) biotypes to glyphosate. Weed Science 32 : 472-476.
21. Dinelli, G., I. Marotti, A. Bonetti, P. Catizone, J. M. Urbano, and J. Barnes. 2008. Physiological, and molecular basis of glyphosate resistance in Conyza bonariensis biotypes from Spain. Weed Research 48 : 257-265.
22. Dinelli, G., I. Marotti, A. Bonetti, M. Mineli, P. Catizone, and J. Barnes. 2006. Physiological, and molecular insight on the mechanisms of resistance to glyphosate in Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. biotypes. Pesticide Biochemistry, and Physiology 86 : 30-41.
23. Donahue, R. A., T. D. Davis, C. H. Michler, D. E. Riemenschneider, D. R. Carter, P. E. Marquardt, N. Sankhla, B. E. Haissig, and J. G. Isebrands. 1994. Growth, photosynthesis, and herbicide tolerance of genetically modified hybrid poplar. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24 : 2377-2383.
24. Escorial, M. C., H. Sixto, J. M. Garcia-Baudin, and M. C. Chueca. 2001. A rapid method to determine cereal plant response to glyphosate. Weed Technology 15 : 697-702.
25. Feng, P. C. C., M. Tran, T. Chiu, R. D. Sammons, G. R. Heck, and C. A. CaJacob. 2004. Investigations into glyphosate-resistant horseweed ( Conyza canadensis ): retention, uptake, translocation, and metabolism. Weed Science 52 : 498-505.
26. Fernandez, C. J., K. J. McInnes, and J. T. Cothren. 1994. Carbon balance, transpiration, and biomass partitioning of glyphosate-treated wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) plants. Weed Science 42 : 333-339.
27. Ferrell, J. A., H. J. Earl, and W. K. Vencill. 2003. The effect of selected herbicides on CO 2 assimulation, chlorophyll fluorescence, and stomatal conductance in johnsongrass ( Sorghum halepense L.). Weed Science 51 : 28-31.
28. Franz, J. E., M. K. Mao, and J. A. Sikorski. 1997. Glyphosate: A Unique Global Herbicide. ACS Monograph No. 189. Washington, DC : American Chemical Society, pp. 653.
29. Fuchs, M. A., D. R. Geiger, T. L. Reynolds, and J. E. Bourque. 2002. Mechanisms of glyphosate toxicity in velvetleaf ( Abutilon theorphrasti medikus). Pesticide Biochemistry, and Physiology 74 : 27-39.
30. Gaines, T. A., P. Westra, J. E. Leach, S. M. Ward, B. Bukum, S. T. Chisholm, D. L. Shaner, C. Preston, A. S. Culpepper, T. L. Grey, T. M. Webster, W. K. Vencill, and P. J. Tranel. 2008. Molecular genetics of glyphosate resistance in Palmer amaranth. Proceedings of the North Central Weed Science Society 63 : 125.
31. Gaitonde, M., and M. Gordon. 1958. A microchemical method for the detection, and determination of shikimic acid. Journal of Biological Chemistry 230 : 1043-1050.
32. Gougler, J. A., and D. R. Geiger. 1984. Carbon partitioning, and herbicide transport in glyphosate treated sugarbeet ( Beta vulgaris ). Weed Science 32 : 546-551.
33. Hall, G. J., C. A. Hart, and C. A. Jones. 2000. Plants as sources of cations antagonistic to glyphosate efficacy. Pest Management Science 56 : 351-368.
34. Hanson, B. D., A. Shrestha, and D. L. Shaner. 2009. Distribution of glyphosate-resistant horseweed ( Conyza canadensis ), and relationship to cropping systems in the Central Valley of California. Weed Science 57 : 48-53.
35. Harring, T., J. C. Streibig, and S. Husted. 1998. Accumulation of shikimic acid: a technique for screening glyphosate efficacy. Journal of Agricultural, and Food Chemistry 46 : 4406-4412.
36. Healy-Fried, M. L., T. Funke, M. A. Priestmann, H. Han, and E. Schonbrunn. 2007. Structural basis of glyphosate tolerance resulting from mutations of Pro101 in Escherichia coli 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase. Journal of Biological Chemistry 282 : 32949-32955.
37. Heap, I. 2008. The International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds. http://www.weedscience.com (accessed December 15, 2008).
38. Henry, W. B., C. H. Koger, and D. L. Shaner. 2005. Accumulation of shikimate in corn, and soybean exposed to various rates of glyphosate. Crop Management doi:10.1094/ CM-2005-1123-01-RS.
39. Henry, W. B., D. L. Shaner, and M. W. West. 2007. Shikimate accumulation in sunflower, wheat, and proso millet after glyphosate application. Weed Science 55 : 1-5.
40. Hite, G. A., S. R. King, E. S. Hagood, and G. I. Holtman. 2008. Differential response of a Virginia common lambsquarters ( Chenopodium album ) collection to glyphosate. Weed Science 56 : 203-209.
41. Jasieniuk, M., R. Ahmad, A. M. Sherwood, J. L. Firestone, A. Perez-Jones, W. T. Lanini, C. Mallory-Smith, and Z. Stednick. 2008. Glyphosate-resistant Italian ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum ) in California: distribution, response to glyphosate, and molecular evidence for an altered target enzyme. Weed Science 56 : 496-502.
42. Kaundun, S. S., I. A. Zelaya, R. P. Dale, A. J. Lycett, P. Carter, K. R. Sharples, and E. McIndoe. 2008. Importance of the P106S target-site mutation in conferring resistance to glyphosate in a goosegrass ( Eleusine indica ) population from the Philippines. Weed Science 56 : 637-646.
43. Ketel, D. H. 1996. Effects of low doses of metamitron, and glyphosate on growth, and chlorophyll content of common lambsquarters ( Chenopodium album ). Weed Science 44 : 1-6.
44. Kitchen, L. M., W. W. Witt, and C. E. Rieck. 1981. Inhibition of chlorophyll accumulation by glyphosate. Weed Science 29 : 513-516.
45. Koger, C. H., and K. N. Reddy. 2005. Role of absorption, and translocation in the mechanism of glyphosate resistance in horseweed ( Conyza canadensis ). Weed Science 53 : 84-89.
46. Koger, C.H., D. H. Poston, R. M. Hayes, and R. F. Montgomery. 2004. Glyphosate resistant horseweed ( Conyza canadensis ) in Mississippi. Weed Science 18 : 820-825.
47. Koger, C. H., D. L. Shaner, W. B. Henry, T. Nadler-Hassar, W. E. Thomas, and J. W. Wilcut. 2005b. Assessment of two nondestructive assays for detecting glyphosate resistance in horseweed ( Conyza canadensis ). Weed Science 53 : 559-566.
48. Koger, C. H., D. L. Shaner, L. J. Krutz, T. W. Walker, N. Buehring, W. B. Henry, W. E. Thomas, and J. W. Wilcut. 2005a. Rice ( Oryza sativa ) response to drift rates of glyphosate. Pest Management Science 61 : 1161-1167.
49. Lanzetta, P. A., L. J. Alvarez, P. S. Reinach, and O. A. Candia. 1979. An improved assay for nanomole amounts of inorganic phosphate. Analytical Biochemistry 100 : 95-97.
50. Lee, L. J., and J. Ngim. 2000. A first report of glyphosate-resistant goosegrass ( Eleusine indica (L) Gaertn) in Malaysia. Pest Management Science 56 : 336-339.
51. Mann, C. L., V. R. Pantalone, and T. C. Mueller. 2004. A novel approach to determine the glyphosate tolerant trait in soybeans. Journal of Agricultural, and Food Chemistry 52 : 1224-1227.
52. Marchiosi, R. M., D. L. Ferarese, E. A. Bonini, N. G. Fernandes, A. P. Ferro, and O. Ferarese-Fiolho. 2008. Glyphosate-induced metabolic changes in susceptible, and glyphosate-resistant soybean ( Glycine max ) roots. Pesticide Biochemistry, and Physiology doi:10.1016/j.pestbp.2008.09.03.
53. McWhorter, C. G., and W. R. Azlin. 1978. Effects of environment on the toxicity of glyphosate to johnsongrass ( Sorghum halepense ), and soybeans ( Glycine max ). Weed Science 26 : 605-608.
54. Michitte, P., R. De Prado, N. Espinosa, and C. Gauvrit. 2005. Glyphosate resistance in a Chilean Lolium multiflorum. Communications in Agricultural, and Applied Biological Sciences 70 : 507-513.
55. Michitte, P., R. De Prado, N. Espinoza, J. P. Ruiz-Santaella, and C. Gauvrit. 2007. Mechanisms of resistance to glyphosate in a ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum ) biotype from Chile. Weed Science 55 : 435-440.
56. Mithila, J., C. J. Swanton, R. E. Blackshaw, R. J. Cathcart, and J. C. Hall. 2008. Physiological basis for reduced glyphosate efficacy on weeds grown under low soil nitrogen. Weed Science 56 : 12-17.
57. Mollenhauer, C., C. C. Smart, and N. Amrhein. 1987. Glyphosate toxicity in the shoot apical region of the tomato plant. I. Plastid swelling is the initial ultrastructural feature following in vivo inhibition of 5-enolpyruvylshikimic acid 3-phosphate synthase. Pesticide Biochemistry, and Physiology 29 : 55-65.
58. Mousdale, D. M., and J. R. Coggins. 1985. Subcellular localization of the common shikimate-pathway enzymes in Pisum sativum L. Planta 163 : 241-249.
59. Mueller, T. C., J. H. Massey, R. M. Hayes, C. L. Main, and C. N. Stewart, Jr., 2003. Shikimate accumulates in both glyphosate-sensitive, and glyphosate-resistant horseweed ( Conyza canadensis L. Cronq.). Journal of Agricultural, and Food Chemistry 51 : 680-684.
60. Nafziger, E. D., and F. W. Slife. 1983. Physiological response of common cocklebur ( Xanthium pensylvanicum ) to glyphosate. Weed Science 31 : 874-878.
61. Nandula, V. K., K. N. Reddy, D. H. Poston, A. M. Rimando, and S. O. Duke. 2008. Glyphosate tolerance mechanism in Italian ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum ) from Mississippi. Weed Science 56 : 344-349.
62. Neve, P., J. Sadler, and S. B. Powles. 2004. Multiple herbicide resistance in a glyphosate-resistant rigid ryegrass ( Lolium rigidum ) population. Weed Science 52 : 920-928.
63. Ng, C. H., W. Ratnam, S. Surif, and B. S. Ismail. 2004. Inheritance of glyphosate resistance in goosegrass ( Eleusine indica ). Weed Science 52 : 564-570.
64. Ng, C. H., R. Wickneswari, S. Salmijah, Y. T. Teng, and B. S. Ismail. 2003. Gene polymorphisms in glyphosate-resistant, and-susceptible biotypes of Eleusine indica from Malaysia. Weed Research 43 : 108-115.
65. Norsworthy, J. K., R. C. Scott, K. L. Smith, and L. R. Oliver. 2008. Response of northeastern Arkansas Palmer amaranth ( Amaranthus palmeri ) accessions to glyphosate. Weed Technology 22 : 408-413.
66. Padgette, S. R., Q. K. Huynh, S. Aykent, R. D. Sammons, J. A. Sikorski, and G. M. Kishore. 1988. Identificaiton of the reactive cysteines of Escherichia coli 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase, and their nonessentiality for enzymatic catalysis. Journal of Biological Chemistry 263 : 1798-1802.
67. Perez, A., and M. Kogan. 2003. Glyphosate-resistant Lolium multiflorum in Chilean orchards. Weed Research 43 : 12-09.
68. Perez-Jones, A., K. W. Park, J. Colquhoun, C. Mallory-Smith, and D. Shaner. 2005. Identification of glyphosate-resistant Italian ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum ) in Oregon. Weed Science 53 : 775-779.
69. Perez-Jones, A., K. Park, N. Polge, J. Colquhoun, and C. A. Mallory-Smith. 2007. Investigating the mechanisms of glyphosate resistance in Lolium multiflorum. Planta 226 : 395-404.
70. Pline, W. A., J. W. Wilcut, S. O. Duke, K. L. Edmisten, and R. W. Wells. 2002. Tolerance, and accumulation of shikimic acid in response to glyphosate applications in glyphosate-resistant, and conventional cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.). Journal of Agricultural, and Food Chemistry 50 : 506-512.
71. Powles, S. B., D. F. Lorraine-Colwill, J. J. Dellow, and C. Preston. 1998. Evolved resistance to glyphosate in rigid ryegrass ( Lolium rigidum ) in Australia. Weed Science 46 : 604-607.
72. Pratley, J., N. Urwin, R. Stanton, P. Baines, J. Broster, K. Cullis, D. Schafer, J. Bohn, and R. Krueger. 1999. Resistance to glyphosate in Lolium rigidum. I. Bioevaluation. Weed Science 47 : 405-411.
73. Ramsdale, B. K., C. G. Messersmith, and J. D. Nalewaja. 2003. Spray volume, formulation, ammonium sulfate, and nozzle effects on glyphosate efficacy. Weed Technology 17 : 589-598.
74. Ream, J. E., H. C. Steinrucken, C. A. Porter, and J. A. Sikorski. 1988. Purification, and properties of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase from dark-grown seedlings of Sorghum bicolor. Plant Physiology 87 : 232-238.
75. Sammons, R. D., D. C. Heering, N. Dinicola, H. Glick, and G. A. Elmore. 2007. Sustainability, and stewardship of glyphosate, and glyphosate-resistant crops. Weed Technology 21 : 347-354.
76. Schmid, J., and N. Amrhein. 1995. Molecular organization of the shikimate pathway in higher plants. Phytochemistry 39 : 737-749.
77. Schulz, A., T. Munder, H. Hollander-Czytko, and N. Amrhein. 1990. Glyphosate transport, and early effects on shikimate metabolism, and its compartmentation in sink leaves of tomato, and spinach plants. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung 45c : 529-534.
78. Schuster, C. L., D. E. Shoup, and K. Al-Khatib. 2007. Response of common lambsquarters ( Chenopodium album ) to glyphosate as affected by growth stage. Weed Science 55 : 147-151.
79. Shaner, D. L. 1978. Effects of glyphosate on transpiration. Weed Science 26 : 513-515.
80. Shaner, D. L., and J. L. Lyon. 1980. Interaction of glyphosate with aromatic amino acids on transpiration in Phaseolus vulgaris. Weed Science 28 : 31-35.
81. Shaner, D. L., T. Nadler-Hassar, W. B. Henry, and C. H. Koger. 2005. A rapid in vivo shikimate accumulation assay with excised leaf discs. Weed Science 53 : 769-774.
82. Sharma, S. D., and M. Singh. 2001. Environmental factors affecting absorption, and bio-efficacy of glyphosate in Florida beggarweed ( Desmodium tortuosum ). Crop Protection 20 : 511-516.
83. Shrestha, A., K. J. Hembreee, and N. Va. 2007. Growth stage influences level of resistance in glyphosate-resistant horseweed. California Agriculture 61 : 67-70.
84. Simarmata, M., J. E. Kaufmann, and D. Penner. 2003. Potential basis of glyphosate resistance in California rigid ryegrass ( Lolium rigidum ). Weed Science 51 : 678-682.
85. Singh, B. K., and D. L. Shaner. 1998. Rapid determination of glyphosate injury to plants, and identification of glyphosate resistant plants. Weed Technology 12 : 527-530.
86. Smith, C. M., D. Pratt, and G. A. Thompson. 1986. Increased 5-enolpyruvylshikimic acid-3-phosphate synthase activity in a glyphosate-tolerant variant strain of tomato cell. Plant Cell Reports 5 : 298-301.
87. Steinrucken, H. C., A. Schulz, N. Amrhein, C. A. Porter, and R. T. Fraley. 1986. Overproduction of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase in a glyphosate-tolerant Petunia hybrida cell line. Archives of Biochemistry, and Biophysics 244 : 169-179.
88. Stephenson, D. O. IV, L. R. Oliver, and J. A. Bond. 2007. Response of pitted morning glory ( Ipomoea lacunosa ) accessions to chlorimuron, fomesafen, and glyphosate. Weed Technology 17 : 179-185.
89. Thelen, K. D., E. P. Jackson, and D. Penner. 1995. The basis for the hard-water antagonism of glyphosate activity. Weed Science 43 : 541-548.
90. Trainer, G. D., M. M. Loux, S. K. Harrison, and E. Regnier. 2005. Response of horseweed biotypes to foliar applications of cloransulam-methyl, and glyphosate. Weed Technology 19 : 231-236.
91. Urbano, J. M., A. Borrego, V. Torres, J. M. Leon, C. Jimenez, G. Dinelli, and J. Barnes. 2007. Glyphosate-resistant hairy fleabane ( Conyza bonariensis ) in Spain. Weed Technology 21 : 396-401.
92. VanGessel, M. J. 2001. Glyphosate-resistant horseweed from Delaware. Weed Science 49 : 703-705.
93. Vidal, R. A., M. M. Trezzi, R. De Prado, J. P. Ruiz-Santaella, and M. Vila-Aiub. 2007. Glyphosate resistant biotypes of wild poinsettia ( Euphorbia heterophylla L.), and its risk analysis on glyphosate-tolerant soybeans. Journal of Food, and Agricultural Chemistry 5 : 265-269.
94. Vila-Auib, M. M., M. B. Balbi, P. E. Gundel, C. M. Ghersa, and S. B. Powles. 2007. Evolution of glyphosate-resistant Johnsongrass ( Sorghum halepense ) in glyphosate-resistant soybean. Weed Science 55 : 566-571.
95. Villanueva, M. J. C., B. F. Muniz, and R. S. Tames. 1985. Effects of glyphosate on growth, chlorophyll, and carotenoid levels of yellow nutsedge ( Cyperus esculentus ). Weed Science 33 : 751-754.
96. Volenberg, D. S., W. L. Patzoldt, A. G. Hager, and P. J. Tranel. 2007. Reponses of contemporary, and historical waterhemp ( Amarnathus tuberculatus ) accessions to glyphosate. Weed Science 55 : 627-333.
97. Wagner, J., B. Laber, H. Menne, and H. Kraehmer. 2008. Rapid analysis of target-site resistance in blackgrass using pyrosequencing ® technology. Abstracts of the 5th International Weed Science Congress 5 : 23.
98. Wakelin, A. M., D. F. Lorraine-Colwill, and C. Preston. 2004. Glyphosate resistance in four different populations of Lolium rigidum is associated with reduced translocation of glyphosate to meristematic zones. Weed Research 44 : 453-459.
99. Wakelin, A. M., and C. Preston. 2006. A target-site mutation is present in a glyphosate-resistant Lolium rigidum population. Weed Research 46 : 432-440.
100. Warwick, S. I., R. Xu, C. Sauder, and H. J. Beckie. 2008. Acetolactate synthase target-site mutations, and single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping in ALS-resistant kochia ( Kochia scoparia ). Weed Science 56 : 797-806.
101. Weaver L. M., and K. M. Hermann. 1997. Dynamics of the shikimate pathway in plants. Trends in Plant Science 2 : 346-351.
102. Westhoven, A. M., V. M. Davis, K. D. Gibson, S. C. Weller, and W. G. Johnson. 2008. Field presence of glyphosate-resistant horseweed ( Conyza canadensis ), common lambsquarters ( Chenopodium album ), and giant ragweed ( Ambrosia trifida ) biotypes with elevated tolerance to glyphosate. Weed Technology 22 : 544-548.
103. Westwood, J. H., C. N. Yerkes, G. D. DeGennaro, and S. C. Weller. 1997. Absorption, and translocation of glyphosate in tolerant, and susceptible biotypes of field bindweed ( Convolvulus arvensis ). Weed Science 45 : 658-663.
104. Yoshida, S., K. Tazaki, and T. Minamikawa. 1975. Occurrence of shikimic, and quinic acids in angiosperms. Phytochemistry 14 : 195-097.
105. Yu, Q., A. Cairns, and S. Powles. 2007. Glyphosate, paraquat, and ACCase mulitiple resistance evolved in a Lolium rigidum biotype. Planta 225 : 499-513.
106. Yuan, C. I., M. Y. Chaing, and Y. M. Chen. 2002. Triple mechanisms of glyphosate resistance in a naturally occurring glyphosate-resistant plant Diclepta chinensis. Plant Science 163 : 543-554.
107. Zelaya, I. A., and M. D. K. Owen. 2005. Differential response of Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq ex DC) JD Sauer to glyphosate. Pest Management Science 61 : 936-950.
108. Zhou, J., B. Tao, C. G. Messersmith, and J. D. Nalewaja. 2008. Glyphosate efficacy on velvetleaf ( Abutilon theophrasti ) is affected by stress. Weed Science 55 : 240-244