A critical review of diabetes, glycemic control, and dental implant therapy

Clinical Oral Implants Research

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 117-127

  Oates, Thomas W ^a   Huynh Ba, Guy ^a   Vargas, Adriana ^a   Alexander, Peggy ^a   Feine, Jocelyne ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER AT SAN ANTONIO   (United States)

^b MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Dental care; Diabetes; Glycemic control; Implant; Literature review

Indexed keywords

DENTAL PROCEDURE; DENTAL SURGERY; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; METHODOLOGY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; REVIEW; TOOTH IMPLANT; TOOTH IMPLANTATION;

BLOOD GLUCOSE; DENTAL CARE FOR CHRONICALLY ILL; DENTAL IMPLANTATION, ENDOSSEOUS; DENTAL IMPLANTS; DENTAL RESTORATION FAILURE; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; HUMANS; HYPERGLYCEMIA;

EID: 84872649970     PISSN: 09057161     EISSN: 16000501     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2011.02374.x     Document Type: Review

References (123)

1. Abdulwassie, H. & Dhanrajani, P.J. (2002) Diabetes mellitus and dental implants: a clinical study. Implant Dentistry 11: 83-86.
2. Albandar, J.M., Brunelle, J.A. & Kingman, A. (1999) Destructive periodontal disease in adults 30 years of age and older in the united states, 1988-1994. Journal of Periodontology 70: 13-29.
3. Alkan, A., Erdem, E., Gunhan, O. & Karasu, C. (2002) Histomorphometric evaluation of the effect of doxycycline on the healing of bone defects in experimental diabetes mellitus: a pilot study. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 60: 898-904.
4. Aloufi, F., Bissada, N., Ficara, A., Faddoul, F. & Al-Zahrani, M. S. (2009) Clinical assessment of peri-implant tissues in patients with varying severity of chronic periodontitis. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 11: 37-40.
5. Alsaadi, G., Quirynen, M., Komarek, A. & van Steenberghe, D. (2007) Impact of local and systemic factors on the incidence of oral implant failures, up to abutment connection. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 34: 610-617.
6. Alsaadi, G., Quirynen, M., Komarek, A. & van Steenberghe, D. (2008a) Impact of local and systemic factors on the incidence of late oral implant loss. Clinical Oral Implants Research 19: 670-676.
7. Alsaadi, G., Quirynen, M., Michiles, K., Teughels, W., Komarek, A. & van Steenberghe, D. (2008b) Impact of local and systemic factors on the incidence of failures up to abutment connection with modified surface oral implants. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 35: 51-57.
8. American Diabetes Association. (2010) Standards of medical care in diabetes-2010. Diabetes Care 33(Suppl. 1): S11-61.
9. Amir, G., Rosenmann, E., Sherman, Y., Greenfeld, Z., Ne'eman, Z. & Cohen, A.M. (2002) Osteoporosis in the cohen diabetic rat: correlation between histomorphometric changes in bone and microangiopathy. Laboratory Investigation 82: 1399-1405.
10. Anner, R., Grossmann, Y., Anner, Y. & Levin, L. (2010) Smoking, diabetes mellitus, periodontitis, and supportive periodontal treatment as factors associated with dental implant survival: a long-term retrospective evaluation of patients followed for up to 10 years. Implant Dentistry 19: 57-64.
11. Appollonio, I., Carabellese, C., Frattola, A. & Trabucchi, M. (1997) Influence of dental status on dietary intake and survival in community-dwelling elderly subjects. Age and Ageing 26: 445-456.
12. Asano, M., Fukui, M., Hosoda, H., Shiraishi, E., Harusato, I., Kadono, M., Tanaka, M., Hasegawa, G., Yoshikawa, T. & Nakamura, N. (2008) Bone stiffness in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 57: 1691-1695.
13. Awad, M.A. & Feine, J.S. (1998) Measuring patient satisfaction with mandibular prostheses. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 26: 400-405.
14. Awad, M.A., Lund, J.P., Shapiro, S.H., Locker, D., Klemetti, E., Chehade, A., Savard, A. & Feine, J.S. (2003) Oral health status and treatment satisfaction with mandibular implant overdentures and conventional dentures: a randomized clinical trial in a senior population. International Journal of Prosthodontics 16: 390-396.
15. Bailey, R.L., Ledikwe, J.H., Smiciklas-Wright, H., Mitchell, D.C. & Jensen, G.L. (2004) Persistent oral health problems associated with comorbidity and impaired diet quality in older adults. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 104: 1273-1276.
16. Balshi, T.J. & Wolfinger, G.J. (1999) Dental implants in the diabetic patient: a retrospective study. Implant Dentistry 8: 355-359.
17. Barrett-Connor, E. & Holbrook, T.L. (1992) Sex differences in osteoporosis in older adults with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 268: 3333-3337.
18. Basu, R., Peterson, J., Rizza, R. & Khosla, S. (2011) Effects of physiological variations in circulating insulin levels on bone turnover in humans. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 96: 1450-1455.
19. Bauer, D.C., Browner, W.S., Cauley, J.A., Orwoll, E.S., Scott, J.C., Black, D.M., Tao, J.L. & Cummings, S.R. (1993) Factors associated with appendicular bone mass in older women. The study of osteoporotic fractures research group. Annals of Internal Medicine 118: 657-665.
20. Beam, H.A., Parsons, J.R. & Lin, S.S. (2002) The effects of blood glucose control upon fracture healing in the bb wistar rat with diabetes mellitus. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 20: 1210-1216.
21. Beikler, T. & Flemmig, T.F. (2003) Implants in the medically compromised patient. Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine 14: 305-316.
22. Blanchaert, R.H. (1998) Implants in the medically challenged patient. Dental Clinics of North America 42: 35-45.
23. Boerrigter, E.M., Stegenga, B., Raghoebar, G.M. & Boering, G. (1995) Patient satisfaction and chewing ability with implant-retained mandibular overdentures: a comparison with new complete dentures with or without preprosthetic surgery. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 53: 1167-1173.
24. Boltri, J.M., Okosun, I.S., Davis-Smith, M. & Vogel, R.L. (2005) Hemoglobin a1c levels in diagnosed and undiagnosed black, hispanic, and white persons with diabetes: results from nhanes 1999-2000. Ethnicity and Disease 15: 562-567.
25. Boyle, J.P., Thompson, T.J., Gregg, E.W., Barker, L.E. & Williamson, D.F. (2010) Projection of the year 2050 burden of diabetes in the us adult population: dynamic modeling of incidence, mortality, and prediabetes prevalence. Population Health Metrics 8: 29.
26. Campos Pastor, M.M., Lopez-Ibarra, P.J., Escobar-Jimenez, F., Serrano Pardo, M.D. & Garcia-Cervigon, A.G. (2000) Intensive insulin therapy and bone mineral density in type 1 diabetes mellitus: a prospective study. Osteoporosis International 11: 455-459.
27. CDC - Centers for disease control and prevention. (2005) National Diabetes Fact Sheet: General Information and National Estimates on Diabetes in the United States, 2005. Atlanta, GA: US Department of health and human services, centers for disease control and prevention. http://www.Cdc.Gov/diabetes/pubs/estimates05.Htm.
28. CDC - Centers for disease control and prevention. (2008) National Diabetes Fact Sheet: General Information and National Estimates on Diabetes in the United States, 2007. Atlanta, GA: US Department of health and human services, centers for disease control and prevention. http://www.Cdc.Gov/diabetes/pubs/estimates07.Htm.
29. Choi, Y.H., McKeown, R.E., Mayer-Davis, E.J., Liese, A.D., Song, K.B. & Merchant, A.T. (2011) Association between periodontitis and impaired fasting glucose and diabetes. Diabetes Care 34: 381-386.
30. Christensen, J.O. & Svendsen, O.L. (1999) Bone mineral in pre- and postmenopausal women with insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Osteoporosis International 10: 307-311.
31. Clemens, T.L. & Karsenty, G. (2011) The osteoblast: an insulin target cell controlling glucose homeostasis. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 26: 677-680.
32. Cohen, A. & Horton, E.S. (2007) Progress in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: new pharmacologic approaches to improve glycemic control. Current Medical Research and Opinion 23: 905-917.
33. Collin, H.L., Uusitupa, M., Niskanen, L., Kontturi-Narhi, V., Markkanen, H., Koivisto, A.M. & Meurman, J.H. (1998) Periodontal findings in elderly patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Journal of Periodontology 69: 962-966.
34. van Daele, P.L., Stolk, R.P., Burger, H., Algra, D., Grobbee, D.E., Hofman, A., Birkenhager, J.C. & Pols, H.A. (1995) Bone density in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The rotterdam study. Annals of Internal Medicine 122: 409-414.
35. Danaei, G., Finucane, M.M., Lu, Y., Singh, G.M., Cowan, M.J., Paciorek, C.J., Lin, J.K., Farzadfar, F., Khang, Y.H., Stevens, G.A., Rao, M., Ali, M.K., Riley, L.M., Robinson, C.A., Ezzati, M. & Global Burden of Metabolic Risk Factors of Chronic Diseases Collaborating Group (Blood Glucose). (2011) National, regional, and global trends in fasting plasma glucose and diabetes prevalence since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 370 country-years and 2·7 million participants. Lancet 378: 31-40.
36. Devlin, H., Garland, H. & Sloan, P. (1996) Healing of tooth extraction sockets in experimental diabetes mellitus. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 54: 1087-1091.
37. Dowell, S., Oates, T.W. & Robinson, M. (2007) Implant success in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus with varying glycemic control: a pilot study. Journal of the American Dental Association 138: 355-361.
38. Doyle, S.L., Hodges, J.S., Pesun, I.J., Baisden, M.K. & Bowles, W.R. (2007) Factors affecting outcomes for single-tooth implants and endodontic restorations. Journal of Endodontics 33: 399-402.
39. Emrich, L.J., Shlossman, M. & Genco, R.J. (1991) Periodontal disease in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Journal of Periodontology 62: 123-131.
40. Espallargues, M., Sampietro-Colom, L., Estrada, M.D., Sola, M., del Rio, L., Setoain, J. & Granados, A. (2001) Identifying bone-mass-related risk factors for fracture to guide bone densitometry measurements: a systematic review of the literature. Osteoporosis International 12: 811-822.
41. Farzad, P., Andersson, L. & Nyberg, J. (2002) Dental implant treatment in diabetic patients. Implant Dentistry 11: 262-267.
42. Ferreira, S.D., Silva, G.L., Cortelli, J.R., Costa, J.E. & Costa, F.O. (2006) Prevalence and risk variables for peri-implant disease in brazilian subjects. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 33: 929-935.
43. Fiorellini, J.P., Chen, P.K., Nevins, M. & Nevins, M.L. (2000) A retrospective study of dental implants in diabetic patients. International Journal of Periodontics and Restorative Dentistry 20: 366-373.
44. Follak, N., Kloting, I., Ganzer, D. & Merk, H. (2003) Scanning electron microscopic examinations on retarded bone defect healing in spontaneously diabetic bb/o(ttawa)k(arlsburg) rats. Histology and Histopathology 18: 111-120.
45. Follak, N., Kloting, L., Wolf, E. & Merk, H. (2004) Delayed remodeling in the early period of fracture healing in spontaneously diabetic bb/ok rats depending on the diabetic metabolic state. Histology and Histopathology 19: 473-486.
46. Forsen, L., Meyer, H.E., Midthjell, K. & Edna, T.H. (1999) Diabetes mellitus and the incidence of hip fracture: results from the nord-trondelag health survey. Diabtologia 42: 920-925.
47. Funk, J.R., Hale, J.E., Carmines, D., Gooch, H.L. & Hurwitz, S.R. (2000) Biomechanical evaluation of early fracture healing in normal and diabetic rats. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 18: 126-132.
48. Garg, A. (2010) Dental implants in the diabetic patient. Dental Implantology Update 21: 33-39.
49. Garrett, N.R., Kapur, K.K., Hamada, M.O., Roumanas, E.D., Freymiller, E., Han, T., Diener, R.M., Levin, S. & Chen, T. (1998) A randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy of mandibular implant-supported overdentures and conventional dentures in diabetic patients. Part II. Comparisons of masticatory performance. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 79: 632-640.
50. Gebauer, G.P., Lin, S.S., Beam, H.A., Vieira, P. & Parsons, J.R. (2002) Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound increases the fracture callus strength in diabetic bb wistar rats but does not affect cellular proliferation. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 20: 587-592.
51. Gooch, H.L., Hale, J.E., Fujioka, H., Balian, G. & Hurwitz, S.R. (2000) Alterations of cartilage and collagen expression during fracture healing in experimental diabetes. Connective Tissue Research 41: 81-91.
52. Hamada, M.O., Garrett, N.R., Roumanas, E.D., Kapur, K.K., Freymiller, E., Han, T., Diener, R.M., Chen, T. & Levin, S. (2001) A randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy of mandibular implant-supported overdentures and conventional dentures in diabetic patients. Part IV: comparisons of dietary intake. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 85: 53-60.
53. Hampson, G., Evans, C., Petitt, R.J., Evans, W.D., Woodhead, S.J., Peters, J.R. & Ralston, S.H. (1998) Bone mineral density, collagen type 1 alpha 1 genotypes and bone turnover in premenopausal women with diabetes mellitus. Diabtologia 41: 1314-1320.
54. Heilman, K., Zilmer, M., Zilmer, K. & Tillmann, V. (2009) Lower bone mineral density in children with type 1 diabetes is associated with poor glycemic control and higher serum icam-1 and urinary isoprostane levels. Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 27: 598-604.
55. Heydecke, G., Locker, D., Awad, M.A., Lund, J.P. & Feine, J.S. (2003) Oral and general health-related quality of life with conventional and implant dentures. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 31: 161-168.
56. Hutton, B., Feine, J. & Morais, J. (2002) Is there an association between edentulism and nutritional state? Journal/Canadian Dental Association. Journal de l Association Dentaire Canadienne 68: 182-187.
57. Huynh-Ba, G., Friedberg, J.R., Vogiatzi, D. & Ioannidou, E. (2008) Implant failure predictors in the posterior maxilla: a retrospective study of 273 consecutive implants. Journal of Periodontology 79: 2256-2261.
58. Inaba, M., Nishizawa, Y., Mita, K., Kumeda, Y., Emoto, M., Kawagishi, T., Ishimura, E., Nakatsuka, K., Shioi, A. & Morii, H. (1999) Poor glycemic control impairs the response of biochemical parameters of bone formation and resorption to exogenous 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 in patients with type 2 diabetes. Osteoporosis International 9: 525-531.
59. Ivers, R.Q., Cumming, R.G., Mitchell, P. & Peduto, A.J. (2001) Diabetes and risk of fracture: the blue mountains eye study. Diabetes Care 24: 1198-1203.
60. Janghorbani, M., Feskanich, D., Willett, W.C. & Hu, F. (2006) Prospective study of diabetes and risk of hip fracture: the nurses' health study. Diabetes Care 29: 1573-1578.
61. Javed, F. & Romanos, G.E. (2009) Impact of diabetes mellitus and glycemic control on the osseointegration of dental implants: a systematic literature review. Journal of Periodontology 80: 1719-1730.
62. Kapur, K.K., Garrett, N.R., Hamada, M.O., Roumanas, E.D., Freymiller, E., Han, T., Diener, R.M., Levin, S. & Ida, R. (1998) A randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy of mandibular implant-supported overdentures and conventional dentures in diabetic patients. Part I: methodology and clinical outcomes. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 79: 555-569.
63. Kapur, K.K., Garrett, N.R., Hamada, M.O., Roumanas, E.D., Freymiller, E., Han, T., Diener, R.M., Levin, S. & Wong, W.K. (1999) Randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy of mandibular implant-supported overdentures and conventional dentures in diabetic patients. Part III: comparisons of patient satisfaction. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 82: 416-427.
64. Kawamura, M., Tsurumoto, A., Fukuda, S. & Sasahara, H. (2001) Health behaviors and their relation to metabolic control and periodontal status in type 2 diabetic patients: a model tested using a linear structural relations program. Journal of Periodontology 72: 1246-1253.
65. Kayal, R.A., Tsatsas, D., Bauer, M.A., Allen, B., Al-Sebaei, M.O., Kakar, S., Leone, C.W., Morgan, E.F., Gerstenfeld, L.C., Einhorn, T.A. & Graves, D.T. (2007) Diminished bone formation during diabetic fracture healing is related to the premature resorption of cartilage associated with increased osteoclast activity. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 22: 560-568.
66. Kemink, S.A., Hermus, A.R., Swinkels, L.M., Lutterman, J.A. & Smals, A.G. (2000) Osteopenia in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; prevalence and aspects of pathophysiology. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 23: 295-303.
67. Kotsovilis, S., Karoussis, I.K. & Fourmousis, I. (2006) A comprehensive and critical review of dental implant placement in diabetic animals and patients. Clinical Oral Implants Research 17: 587-599.
68. Krakauer, J.C., McKenna, M.J., Buderer, N.F., Rao, D.S., Whitehouse, F.W. & Parfitt, A.M. (1995) Bone loss and bone turnover in diabetes. Diabetes 44: 775-782.
69. Lee, H.J., Kim, Y.K., Park, J.Y., Kim, S.G., Kim, M.J. & Yun, P.Y. (2010) Short-term clinical retrospective study of implants in geriatric patients older than 70 years. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontics 110: 442-446.
70. Liu, R., Bal, H.S., Desta, T., Krothapalli, N., Alyassi, M., Luan, Q. & Graves, D.T. (2006) Diabetes enhances periodontal bone loss through enhanced resorption and diminished bone formation. Journal of Dental Research 85: 510-514.
71. Lu, H., Kraut, D., Gerstenfeld, L.C. & Graves, D.T. (2003) Diabetes interferes with the bone formation by affecting the expression of transcription factors that regulate osteoblast differentiation. Endocrinology 144: 346-352.
72. Masse, P.G., Pacifique, M.B., Tranchant, C.C., Arjmandi, B.H., Ericson, K.L., Donovan, S.M., Delvin, E. & Caissie, M. (2010) Bone metabolic abnormalities associated with well-controlled type 1 diabetes (iddm) in young adult women: a disease complication often ignored or neglected. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 29: 419-429.
73. Maximo, M.B., de Mendonca, A.C., Alves, J.F., Cortelli, S.C., Peruzzo, D.C. & Duarte, P.M. (2008) Peri-implant diseases may be associated with increased time loading and generalized periodontal bone loss: preliminary results. Journal of Oral Implantology 34: 268-273.
74. McGrath, C. & Bedi, R. (2001) Can dentures improve the quality of life of those who have experienced considerable tooth loss? Journal of Dentistry 29: 243-246.
75. Meijer, H.J., Batenburg, R.H., Raghoebar, G.M. & Vissink, A. (2004) Mandibular overdentures supported by two branemark, imz or iti implants: a 5-year prospective study. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 31: 522-526.
76. Mojon, P., Budtz-Jorgensen, E. & Rapin, C.H. (1999) Relationship between oral health and nutrition in very old people. Age and Ageing 28: 463-468.
77. Morais, J.A., Heydecke, G., Pawliuk, J., Lund, J.P. & Feine, J. S. (2003) The effects of mandibular two-implant overdentures on nutrition in elderly edentulous individuals. Journal of Dental Research 82: 53-58.
78. de Morais, J.A., Trindade-Suedam, I.K., Pepato, M.T., Marcantonio, E. Jr, Wenzel, A. & Scaf, G. (2009) Effect of diabetes mellitus and insulin therapy on bone density around osseointegrated dental implants: a digital subtraction radiography study in rats. Clinical Oral Implants Research 20: 796-801.
79. Morris, H.F., Ochi, S. & Winkler, S. (2000) Implant survival in patients with type 2 diabetes: placement to 36 months. Annals of Periodontology 5: 157-165.
80. Moy, P.K., Medina, D., Shetty, V. & Aghaloo, T.L. (2005) Dental implant failure rates and associated risk factors. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 20: 569-577.
81. Nicodemus, K.K. & Folsom, A.R. (2001) Type 1 and type 2 diabetes and incident hip fractures in postmenopausal women. Diabetes Care 24: 1192-1197.
82. NIH. (1988) National institutes of health consensus development conference statement on dental implants June 13-15, 1988. Journal of Dental Education 52: 824-827.
83. Nuttall, F.Q., Gannon, M.C., Saeed, A., Jordan, K. & Hoover, H. (2003) The metabolic response of subjects with type 2 diabetes to a high-protein, weight-maintenance diet. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 88: 3577-3583.
84. Oates, T.W., Dowell, S., Robinson, M. & McMahan, C.A. (2009) Glycemic control and implant stabilization in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Dental Research 88: 367-371.
85. Oikarinen, K., Raustia, A.M. & Hartikainen, M. (1995) General and local contraindications for endosseal implants-an epidemiological panoramic radiograph study in 65-year-old subjects. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 23: 114-118.
86. Okazaki, R., Miura, M., Toriumi, M., Taguchi, M., Hirota, Y., Fukumoto, S., Fujita, T., Tanaka, K. & Takeuchi, A. (1999) Short-term treatment with troglitazone decreases bone turnover in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocrine Journal 46: 795-801.
87. Okazaki, R., Totsuka, Y., Hamano, K., Ajima, M., Miura, M., Hirota, Y., Hata, K., Fukumoto, S. & Matsumoto, T. (1997) Metabolic improvement of poorly controlled noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus decreases bone turnover. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 82: 2915-2920.
88. Oliver, R.C., Brown, L.J. & Loe, H. (1998) Periodontal diseases in the united states population. Journal of Periodontology 69: 269-278.
89. Oliver, R.C. & Tervonen, T. (1993) Periodontitis and tooth loss: comparing diabetics with the general population. Journal of the American Dental Association 124: 71-76.
90. Olson, J.W., Shernoff, F., Tarlow, J.L., Colwell, J.A., Scheetz, J.P. & Bingham, S.F. (2000) Dental endosseous implant assessments in a type 2 diabetic population: A prospective study. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 15: 811-821.
91. Osterberg, T. & Steen, B. (1982) Relationship between dental state and dietary intake in 70-year-old males and females in goteborg, sweden: a population study. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 9: 509-521.
92. Ottenbacher, K.J., Ostir, G.V., Peek, M.K., Goodwin, J.S. & Markides, K.S. (2002) Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for hip fracture in mexican american older adults. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 57: M648-653.
93. Papas, A.S., Palmer, C.A., Rounds, M.C. & Russell, R.M. (1998) The effects of denture status on nutrition. Special Care in Dentistry 18: 17-25.
94. Patel, S., Hyer, S., Tweed, K., Kerry, S., Allan, K., Rodin, A. & Barron, J. (2008) Risk factors for fractures and falls in older women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Calcified Tissue International 82: 87-91.
95. Peek, M.E., Cargill, A. & Huang, E.S. (2007) Diabetes health disparities: a systematic review of health care interventions. Medical Care Research and Review 64: 101S-156S.
96. Peled, M., Ardekian, L., Tagger-Green, N., Gutmacher, Z. & Machtei, E.E. (2003) Dental implants in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a clinical study. Implant Dentistry 12: 116-122.
97. Quandt, S.A., Chen, H., Bell, R.A., Anderson, A.M., Savoca, M.R., Kohrman, T., Gilbert, G.H. & Arcury, T.A. (2009) Disparities in oral health status between older adults in a multiethnic rural community: the rural nutrition and oral health study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 57: 1369-1375.
98. Ritchie, C.S., Burgio, K.L., Locher, J.L., Cornwell, A., Thomas, D., Hardin, M. & Redden, D. (1997) Nutritional status of urban homebound older adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 66: 815-818.
99. Rodbard, H.W., Jellinger, P.S., Davidson, J.A., Einhorn, D., Garber, A.J., Grunberger, G., Handelsman, Y., Horton, E.S., Lebovitz, H., Levy, P., Moghissi, E.S. & Schwartz, S.S. (2009) Statement by an american association of clinical endocrinologists/american college of endocrinology consensus panel on type 2 diabetes mellitus: an algorithm for glycemic control. Endocrine Practice 15: 540-559.
100. Roumanas, E.D., Garrett, N.R., Hamada, M.O., Diener, R.M. & Kapur, K.K. (2002) A randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy of mandibular implant-supported overdentures and conventional dentures in diabetic patients. Part V: food preference comparisons. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 87: 62-73.
101. Roumanas, E.D., Garrett, N.R., Hamada, M.O. & Kapur, K.K. (2003) Comparisons of chewing difficulty of consumed foods with mandibular conventional dentures and implant-supported overdentures in diabetic denture wearers. International Journal of Prosthodontics 16: 609-615.
102. Safkan-Seppala, B. & Ainamo, J. (1992) Periodontal conditions in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 19: 24-29.
103. Savoca, M.R., Arcury, T.A., Leng, X., Chen, H., Bell, R.A., Anderson, A.M., Kohrman, T., Frazier, R.J., Gilbert, G.H. & Quandt, S.A. (2010) Severe tooth loss in older adults as a key indicator of compromised dietary quality. Public Health Nutrition 13: 466-474.
104. Schwartz, A.V., Sellmeyer, D.E., Ensrud, K.E., Cauley, J.A., Tabor, H.K., Schreiner, P.J., Jamal, S.A., Black, D.M. & Cummings, S.R. (2001) Older women with diabetes have an increased risk of fracture: a prospective study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 86: 32-38.
105. Sheiham, A., Steele, J.G., Marcenes, W., Lowe, C., Finch, S., Bates, C.J., Prentice, A. & Walls, A.W. (2001) The relationship among dental status, nutrient intake, and nutritional status in older people. Journal of Dental Research 80: 408-413.
106. Shernoff, A.F., Colwell, J.A. & Bingham, S.F. (1994) Implants for type ii diabetic patients: interim report. Va implants in diabetes study group. Implant Dentistry 3: 183-185.
107. Shigli, K. & Hebbal, M. (2010) Does prosthodontic rehabilitation change the eating patterns among completely edentulous patients? Gerodontology doi: 10.1111/j.1741-2358.2010.00404.x.
108. Siqueira, J.T., Cavalher-Machado, S.C., Arana-Chavez, V.E. & Sannomiya, P. (2003) Bone formation around titanium implants in the rat tibia: role of insulin. Implant Dentistry 12: 242-251.
109. Smith, R.A., Berger, R. & Dodson, T.B. (1992) Risk factors associated with dental implants in healthy and medically compromised patients. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 7: 367-372.
110. Sosa, M., Saavedra, P., Jodar, E., Lozano-Tonkin, C., Quesada, J.M., Torrijos, A., Perez-Cano, R., Nogues, X., Diaz-Curiel, M., Moro, M.J., Gomez, C., Mosquera, J., Alegre, J., Olmos, J., Munoz-Torres, M., Guanabens, N., Del Pino, J. & Hawkins, F. (2009) Bone mineral density and risk of fractures in aging, obese post-menopausal women with type 2 diabetes. The giumo study. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 21: 27-32.
111. van Steenberghe, D., Jacobs, R., Desnyder, M., Maffei, G. & Quirynen, M. (2002) The relative impact of local and endogenous patient-related factors on implant failure up to the abutment stage. Clinical Oral Implants Research 13: 617-622.
112. Tawil, G., Younan, R., Azar, P. & Sleilati, G. (2008) Conventional and advanced implant treatment in the type ii diabetic patient: surgical protocol and long-term clinical results. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 23: 744-752.
113. Thomason, J.M., Lund, J.P., Chehade, A. & Feine, J.S. (2003) Patient satisfaction with mandibular implant overdentures and conventional dentures 6 months after delivery. International Journal of Prosthodontics 16: 467-473.
114. Touger-Decker, R. & Mobley, C.C. (2003) Position of the american dietetic association: oral health and nutrition. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 103: 615-625.
115. Tsakos, G., Herrick, K., Sheiham, A. & Watt, R.G. (2010) Edentulism and fruit and vegetable intake in low-income adults. Journal of Dental Research 89: 462-467.
116. Tuominen, J.T., Impivaara, O., Puukka, P. & Ronnemaa, T. (1999) Bone mineral density in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 22: 1196-1200.
117. Turkyilmaz, I. (2010) One-year clinical outcome of dental implants placed in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a case series. Implant Dentistry 19: 323-329.
118. Valerio, G., del Puente, A., Esposito-del Puente, A., Buono, P., Mozzillo, E. & Franzese, A. (2002) The lumbar bone mineral density is affected by long-term poor metabolic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Hormone Research 58: 266-272.
119. Vestergaard, P. (2007) Discrepancies in bone mineral density and fracture risk in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes-a meta-analysis. Osteoporosis International 18: 427-444.
120. Wilson, T.G. Jr & Higginbottom, F.L. (1998) Periodontal diseases and dental implants in older adults. Journal of Esthetic Dentistry 10: 265-271.
121. World Workshop in Periodontics: Consensus report. (1996) Implant therapy II. Annals of Periodontology 1: 816-820.
122. Wu, B., Plassman, B.L., Liang, J., Remle, R.C., Bai, L. & Crout, R.J. (2011) Differences in self-reported oral health among community-dwelling black, hispanic, and white elders. Journal of Aging and Health 23: 267-288.
123. Wysham, C.H. (2010) New perspectives in type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular risk, and treatment goals. Postgraduate Medicine 122: 52-60.