The phylogeny of aglaspidid arthropods and the internal relationships within Artiopoda

Cladistics

Volumn 29, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 15-45

  Ortega Hernández, Javier ^a,b   Legg, David A ^b,c   Braddy, Simon J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^c IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTHROPOD; PALEOZOIC; PHYLOGENETICS; PHYLOGENY; TAXONOMY;

AGLASPIDIDA; ARTHROPODA; QUASIMODASPIS BRENTSAE; TREMAGLASPIS UNITE; TRILOBITOMORPHA;

EID: 84872609093     PISSN: 07483007     EISSN: 10960031     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00413.x     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. Andreeva, O.N., 1957. New discoveries of arthropods from eastern Siberia. Ezhegodnik Vsesouznogo Paleontologicheskogo Obshchestva 16, 80-86.
2. Ax, P. 1986. Das phylogentische System. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart.
3. Barrande, J. 1872. Système Silurien du Centre de la Bohème. 1ère partie. Recherches paleontologiques. Supplément au Vol. 1. Trilobites, crustacés divers et poisons. Prague. Paris.
4. Beecher, C.E., 1901. Discovery of eurypterid remains in the Cambrian of Missouri. Am. J. Sci. 12, 364.
5. Bergström, J., 1968. Eolimulus, a Lower Cambrian xiphosurid from Sweden. Geologiska Föreningens I Stockholm Fürhandlingar 90, 489-503.
6. Bergström, J., 1971. Paleomerus-merostome or merostomoid. Lethaia 4, 393-401.
7. Bergström, J. 1980. Morphology and systematics of early arthropods. In: Kraus, O. (Ed.), Arthropoden Phylogenie. Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg (NF). Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg, Vol. 23, pp. 7-42.
8. Bergström, J., Hou, X.-G., 2003. Arthropod origins. Bull. Geosci. 78, 323-334.
9. Bergström, J., Hou, X.-G. 2005. Early Palaeozoic non-lamellipedian arthropods. In: Koenemann, S., Jenner, R.A. (Eds.), Crustacean Issues 16: Crustacea and Arthropod Relationships. Taylor & Francis, London, pp. 73-93.
10. Bergström, J., Hou, X.-G., Zhang, X., Clausen, S., 2008. A new view of the Cambrian arthropod Fuxianhuia. GFF 130, 189-201.
11. Bousfield, E.L., 1995. A contribution to the natural classification of Lower and Middle Cambrian arthropods: food gathering and feeding mechanisms. Amphipacifica: J. Syst. Biol. 2, 3-35.
12. Bremer, K., 1994. Branch support and tree stability. Cladistics 10, 295-304.
13. Briggs, D.E.G., Collins, D., 1999. The arthropod Alalcomenaeus cambricus Simonetta, from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia. Palaeontology 42, 953-977.
14. Briggs, D.E.G., Fortey, R.A., 1989. The early radiation and relationships of the major arthropod groups. Science 246, 241-243.
15. Briggs, D.E.G., Fortey, R.A. 1992. The Early Cambrian radiation of arthropods. In: Lipps, J.H., Signor, P.W. (Eds.), Origin and Early Evolution of the Metazoa. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 335-373.
16. Briggs, D.E.G., Bruton, D.L., Whittington, H.B., 1979. Appendages of the arthropod Aglaspis spinifer (Upper Cambrian, Wisconsin) and their significance. Palaeontology 22, 167-180.
17. Briggs, D.E.G., Fortey, R.A., Wills, M.A., 1992. Morphological disparity in the Cambrian. Science 256, 1670-1673.
18. Broili, F., 1932. Ein neur Crustacee aus dem rheinischen Unterdevon. Sitzungsberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, mathematisch-naturwissenschafliche Abteilung 1932, 27-38.
19. Bruton, D.L., 1981. The arthropod Sidneyia inexpectans, Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. 295, 619-653.
20. Bruton, D.L., Whittington, H.B., 1983. Emeraldella and Leanchoilia, two arthropods from the Burgess Shale, Middle Cambrian, British Columbia. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. 300, 553-582.
21. Budd, G.E., 1999. A nektaspid arthropod from the Early Cambrian Sirius Passet fauna, with a description of retrodeformation based on functional morphology. Palaeontology 42, 99-122.
22. Budd, G.E., 2002. A palaeontological solution to the arthropod head problem. Nature 417, 271-275.
23. Budd, G.E., 2008. Head structure in upper stem-group euarthropods. Palaeontology 51, 561-573.
24. Budd, G.E., 2011. Campanamuta mantonae gen. et. sp. nov., an exceptionally preserved arthropod from the Sirius Passet Fauna (Buen Formation, lower Cambrian, North Greenland). J. Syst. Palaeontol. 9, 217-260.
25. Budd, G.E., Telford, M.J., 2009. The origin and evolution of arthropods. Nature 457, 812-817.
26. Caron, J.-B., Rudkin, D.M., Milliken, S., 2004. A new Late Silurian (Pridolian) naraoiid (Euarthropoda: Nektaspida) from the Bertie Formation of southern Ontario, Canada - delayed fallout from the Cambrian explosion. J. Paleontol. 78, 1138-1145.
27. Caster, K.E., Macke, W.B., 1952. An aglaspid merostome from the Upper Ordovician of Ohio. J. Paleontol. 26, 753-757.
28. Černyšev, B.I., 1945. On Obrutschweia Tschern. and other Arthropoda [sic] from the Angara River (Siberia). Ezhegodnik Vsesouznogo Paleontologicheskogo Obshchestva 12, 60-68.
29. Černyšev, B.I., 1953. Novye clenistonogie s reki Angary. Ezhegodnik Vsesouznogo Paleontologicheskogo Obshchestva 14, 106-122.
30. Chen, J.-Y., Edgecombe, G.D., Ramsköld, L., Zhou, G., 1995. Head segmentation in Early Cambrian Fuxianhuia: implications for arthropod evolution. Science 268, 1339-1343.
31. Chen, J.-Y., Waloszek, D., Maas, A., 2004. A new "great-appendage" arthropod from the Lower Cambrian of China and homology of the chelicerate chelicerae and raptorial antero-ventral appendages. Lethaia 37, 3-20.
32. Chlupáč, I., 1963. Report on the merostomes from the Ordovician of Central Bohemia. Vestnik Ústredni Ústav geologickych 38, 399-402.
33. Chlupáč, I., 1965. Xiphosuran merostomes from the Bohemian Ordovician. Sbornik Geologických Věd, Paleontologie 5, 7-38.
34. Chlupáč, I., 1988. The enigmatic arthropod Duslia from the Ordovician of Czechoslovakia. Palaeontology 31, 611-620.
35. Chlupáč, I., 1995. Lower Cambrian arthropods from the Paseky Shale (Barrandian area, Czech Republic). J. Czech. Geol. Soc. 40, 9-36.
36. Chlupáč, I., 1999a. Some problematical arthropod from the Upper Ordovician Letná Formation of Bohemica. J. Czech. Geol. Soc. 44, 79-92.
37. Chlupáč, I., 1999b. Unusual arthropods from the Bohemian Ordovician - a review. Acta Universitatis Carolinae - Geologica 43, 393-396.
38. Chlupáč, I., Havlicek, V. 1965. Kodymirus n.g., a new aglaspid merostome of the Cambrian of Bohemia. Sborník Geologickych Ved, Paleontologie, rada P 6, 7-20.
39. Cotton, T.J., Braddy, S.J., 2004. The phylogeny of arachnomorph arthropods and the origin of Chelicerata. Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh: Earth Sci. 94 (for 2003), 169-193.
40. Dunlop, J.A., 2002. Arthropods from the Lower Devonian Severnaya Zemlya Formation of October Revolution Island (Russia). Geodiversitas 24, 349-379.
41. Dunlop, J.A., 2006. New ideas about the euchelicerate stem-lineage. In: Deltshev, C., Stoev, P. (Eds.), European Arachnology 2005. Acta Zool. Bulg., (Suppl. 1), 9-23.
42. Dunlop, J.A., Selden, P.A., 1998. The early history and phylogeny of the chelicerates. In: Fortey, R.A., Thomas, R.H. (Eds), Arthropod Relationships: The Systematics Association Special Volume Series 55. Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 221-235.
43. Edgecombe, G.D., Ramsköld, L., 1999. Relationships of Cambrian Arachnata and the systematic position of Trilobita. J. Paleontol. 73, 263-287.
44. Edgecombe, G.D., García-Bellido, D.C., Paterson, J.R., 2011. A new leanchoiliid megacheiran arthropod from the lower Cambrian Emu Bay Shale, South Australia. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 56, 385-400.
45. Eriksson, B.J., Tait, N.N., Budd, G.E., 2003. Head development in the onychophoran Euperipatoides kanangrensis with particular reference to the central nervous system. J. Morphol. 255, 1-23.
46. Eriksson, B.J., Tait, N.N., Budd, G.E., Janssen, R.J., Akam, M., 2010. Head patterning and Hox gene expression in an onychophoran and its implications for the arthropod head problem. Devel. Genes. Evol. 220, 117-122.
47. Farley, R.D., 2001. Development of segments and appendages in embryos of the desert scorpion Paruroctonus mesaensis (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae). J. Morphol. 250, 70-88.
48. Flower, R., 1968. Merostomes from a Cotter horizon of the El Paso Group. New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Memoir 22, 35-44.
49. Fortey, R.A., Rushton, A.W.A., 2003. A new aglaspidid arthropod from the Lower Ordovician of Wales. Paleontology 46, 1031-1038.
50. Fortey, R.A., Rushton, A.W.A., 2009. The Ordovician aglaspidid arthropod Tremaglaspis reconsidered. Mem. Assoc. Austral. Palaeontol. 37, 17-23.
51. Fortey, R.A., Theron, J.N., 1995. A new Ordovician arthropod, Soomaspis, and the agnostid problem. Palaeontology 37, 841-861.
52. García-Bellido, D.C., Collins, D.H., 2006. A new study of Marrella splendens (Arthropoda, Marrellomorpha) from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale, British Columbia, Canada. Can. J. Earth Sci. 43, 721-742.
53. García-Bellido, D.C., Collins, D., 2007. Reassessment of the genus Leanchoilia (Arthropoda, Arachnomorpha) from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale, British Columbia, Canada. Palaeontology 50, 693-709.
54. Gerhardt, U. 1932. Merostomata. In: Kükenthal, W., Krumbach, T. (Eds.), Handbuch der Zoologie. de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 1-96.
55. Goloboff, P.A., 1993. Estimating character weights during tree search. Cladistics 9, 83-91.
56. Goloboff, P.A., 1997. Self-weighted optimization: character state reconstructions and tree searches under implied transformation costs. Cladistics 13, 225-245.
57. Goloboff, P.A., Farris, J.S., Nixon, K.C. 2003a. Tree analysis using new technology. Program and documentation. Available at: http://www.zmuc.dk/public/phylogeny/TNT.
58. Goloboff, P.A., Farris, J.S., Källersjö, M., Oxelman, B., Ramiacuteirez, M.J., Sunik, C.A. 2003b. Improvements to resampling measures of group support. Cladistics 19, 324-332.
59. Goloboff, P.A., Farris, J.S., Nixon, K.C., 2008a. TNT, a free program for phylogenetic analysis. Cladistics 24, 774-786.
60. Goloboff, P.A., Carpenter, J.M., Arias, J.S., Miranda Esquivel, D.R., 2008b. Weighting against homoplasy improves phylogenetic analysis of morphological data sets. Cladistics 24, 1-16.
61. Hall, J., 1862. A new crustacean from the Potsdam Sandstone. Can. Nat. 7, 443-445.
62. Haug, J.T., Waloszek, D., Haug, C., Maas, A., 2010. High-level phylogenetic analysis using developmental sequences: The Cambrian †Martinssonia elongata, †Musacaris gerdgeyeri gen. et sp. nov. and their position in early crustacean evolution. Arthropod. Struct. Dev. 39, 154-173.
63. Haug, J.T., Maas, A., Haug, C., Waloszek, D., 2011. Sarotrocerus oblitus- small arthropod with great impact on the understanding of arthropod evolution? Bull. Geosci. 86, 725-736.
64. Haug, J.T., Waloszek, D., Maas, A., Liu, Y., Haug, C., 2012. Functional morphology, ontogeny and evolution of mantis shrimp-like predators in the Cambrian. Palaeontology, 55, 369-399.
65. Heider, K. 1913. Entwicklungsgeschichte und Morphologie der Wirbellosen. Die Kultur der Gegenwart, Theil 3, abt. 4 2, 176-332.
66. Hendricks, J.R., Lieberman, B.S., 2008. New phylogenetic insights into the Cambrian radiation of arachnomorph arthropods. J. Paleontol. 82, 585-594.
67. Hesselbo, S.P. 1987. The Cambrian aglaspidid arthropods from Wisconsin and Utah and their geological setting. PhD thesis, University of Bristol, Bristol.
68. Hesselbo, S.P., 1989. The aglaspidid arthropod Beckwithia from the Cambrian of Utah and Wisconsin. J. Paleontol. 63, 636-642.
69. Hesselbo, S.P., 1992. Aglaspidida (Arthropoda) from the Upper Cambrian of Wisconsin. J. Paleontol. 66, 885-923.
70. Hong, Y.-C., Niu, S.-W., 1981. Discovery of new marine family - Sinaglaspidae (Aglaspidida) in Shanxi Province. Kexue Tongbao 26, 911-914.
71. Hou, X.-G., Bergström, J., 1997. Arthropods of the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang fauna, southwest China. Fossils Strata 45, 1-116.
72. Hou, X.-G., Bergström, J., Wang, H.-F., Feng, X.-H., Chen, A.-L. 1999. The Chengjiang fauna. Exceptionally Well-Preserved Animals from 530 Million Years Ago. Yunnan Science and Technology Press, Kunming, Yunnan Province, Chiina. [In Chinese, with English summary.].
73. Hou, X.-G., Clarkson, E.N.K., Yang, J., Zhang, X.-G., Wu, Q.-Q., Yuan, Z., 2009. Appendages of Early Cambrian Eoredlichia (Trilobita) from the Chengjiang biota, Yunnan, China. Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh: Earth Sci. 99 (for 2008), 213-223.
74. Hughes, C.P., 1975. Redescription of Burgessia bella from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale, British Columbia. Fossils Strata 4, 415-435.
75. Hughes, N.C., Haug, J.T., Waloszek, D., 2008. Basal euarthropod development: a fossil-based perspective. In: Minelli, A., Fusco, G. (Eds), Evolving Pathways, Keynotes in Evolutionary Developmental Biology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 281-298.
76. Jahn, J.J., 1893. Duslia, eine neue Chitonidegattung aus dem böhmischen Untersilur, nebst einigen Bemerkungen über die Gattung Triopus Barr. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Wien 102, 591-603.
77. Kühl, G., Rust, J., 2010. Re-investigation of Mimetaster hexagonalis: a marrellomorph arthropod from the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate (Germany). Paläontol. Zeitschr. 84, 397-411.
78. Lauterbach, K.E., 1980. Schlüssereignisse in der Evolution der Grundplans der Arachnata (Arthroopda). Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichten Vereins in Hamburg 23, 163-327.
79. Liu, Y., Maas, A., Waloszek, D., 2010. Early development of the head region of Gryllus assimilis Fabricius, 1775 (Orthoptera, Insecta). Arthropod. Struct. Dev. 39, 382-395.
80. Manning, P.L., Dunlop, J.A., 1995. The respiratory organs of eurypterids. Palaeontology 38, 287-297.
81. Miller, S.A. 1877. The American Paleozoic fossils. Cincinnati, OH.
82. Minter, N.J., Mángano, M.G., Caron, J.-B., in press. Skimming the surface with Burgess Shale arthropod locomotion. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B, Available at: http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2011/11/09/rspb.2011.1986.sh.
83. Moore, R.A. 2005. The origin and early evolution of the Chelicerata. PhD thesis, University of Bristol, Bristol.
84. Moore, R.A., Braddy, S.J., 2005. A glyptocystitid cystoid affinity for the putative stem group chelicerate (Arthropoda: Aglaspidida or Xiphosura) Lemoneites from the Ordovician of Texas, USA. Lethaia 38, 293-296.
85. Moore, R.A., Briggs, D.E.G., Bartels, C., 2008. The arthropod Bundenbachiellus giganteus from the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate, Germany. Paläontol. Zeitschr. 82, 31-39.
86. Novozilov, N. 1962. Klass Merostomata. Mečehvosty. In: Rodendorf, B.B. (Ed.), Osnovy Paleontologii. Spravočnik dla Paleontologov i Geologov SSSR. Clenistonogie, trahejiye I helitserovye. Izdatel′stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow, pp. 386-401.
87. Ortega-Hernández, J., Braddy, S.J., Jago, J.B., Baillie, P.W., 2010a. A new aglaspidid arthropod from the Upper Cambrian of Tasmania. Palaeontology 53, 1065-1076.
88. Ortega-Hernández, J., Braddy, S.J., Rak, Š., 2010b. Trilobite and xiphosuran affinities for putative aglaspidid arthropods Caryon and Drabovaspis, Upper Ordovician, Czech Republic. Lethaia 43, 427-431.
89. Paterson, J.R., Edgecombe, G.D., García-Bellido, D.C., Jago, J.B., Gehling, J.G., 2010. Nektaspid arthropods from the lower Cambrian Emu Bay Shale Lagerstätte, South Australia, with a reassessment of lamellipedian relationships. Palaeontology 53, 377-402.
90. Paterson, J.R., García-Bellido, D.C., Edgecombe, G.D., 2012. New artiopodan arthropods from the early Cambrian Emu Bay Shale Konservat-Lagerstätte, South Australia. J. Paleontol. 86, 340-357.
91. Platnick, N.I., Coddington, J.A., Foster, R.R., Griswold, C.E., 1991. Spinneret morphology and the phylogeny of haplogyne spiders (Araneae, Araneomorphae). Am. Mus. Novit. 3016, 1-73.
92. Raasch, G.O., 1939. Cambrian Merostomata. Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am. 19, 1-146.
93. Rak, Š., Bergström, J., Fatka, O., Budil, P., 2009. The Upper Ordovician arthropod Zonozoe drabowiensis Barrande (Liben and Letnán formations, Sandbian, Barrandian area, Czech Republic). Bull. Geosci. 84, 1-4.
94. Rak, Š., Ortega-Hernández, J., Legg, D.A. (in press). A revision of the Late Ordovician marrellomorph arthropod Furca bohemica from Czech Republic. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. Available at: http://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app20110038.html.
95. Raw, F., 1957. Origin of chelicerates. J. Paleontol. 31, 139-192.
96. Repina, L.N., Okuneva, O.G., 1969. Cambrian arthropods of the Maritime Territory. Paleontol. J. 3, 95-103.
97. Resser, C.E., 1931. A new Middle Cambrian merostome crustacean. Proc. US Nat. Mus. 79, 33.
98. Rota-Stabelli, O., Campbell, L., Brinkmann, H., Edgecombe, G.E., Longhorn, S.J., Peterson, K.J., Pisani, D., Philippe, H., Telford, M.J., 2011. A congruent solution to arthropod phylogeny: phylogenomics, microRNAs and morphology support monophyletic Mandibulata. Proc. R. Soc.: Biol. Sci. 278, 298-306.
99. Scholtz, G., Edgecombe, G.D. 2005. Heads, Hox and the phylogenetic position of trilobites. In: Koenemann, S., Jenner, R.A. (Eds.), Crustacea and Arthropod Relationships: Crustacean Issues 16. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 139-165.
100. Scholtz, G., Edgecombe, G.D., 2006. The evolution of arthropod heads: reconciling morphological, developmental and palaeontological evidence. Devel. Genes. Evol. 216, 395-415.
101. Selden, P.A., Dunlop, J.A. 1998. Fossil taxa and relationships of chelicerates. In: Edgecombe, G.D. (Ed.), Arthropod Fossils and Phylogeny. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 303-331.
102. Stein, M., Selden, P.A., 2011. A restudy of the Burgess Shale (Cambrian) arthropod Emeraldella brocki and reassessment of its affinities. J. Syst. Palaeontol. iFirst 2011, 1-23.
103. Størmer, L., 1944. On the relationships and phylogeny of fossils and recent Arachnomorpha. A comparative study of Arachnida, Xiphosura, Eurypterida, Trilobita and other fossil Arthropoda. Skrifter utgitt av Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. I. Matematisk-Naturvidenskapelig Klasse 5, 1-158.
104. Størmer, L. 1955. Merostomata. In: Moore, R.C. (Ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part P. Arthropoda 2. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Boulder, CO and Lawrence, KS, pp. 4-41.
105. Størmer, L., 1956. A Lower Cambrian merostome from Sweden. Arkiv för Zoologi, serie 2 (9), 507-514.
106. Stürmer, W., Bergström, J., 1978. The arthropod Cheloniellon from the Devonian Hunsrück Shale. Paläontol. Zeitschr. 52, 57-81.
107. Suzuki, Y., Kondo, A., Bergström, J., 2008. Morphological requirements in limulid and decapod gills: a case study in deducing the function of lamellipedian exopod lamellae. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 53, 275-283.
108. Tetlie, O.E., Moore, R.A., 2004. A new specimen of Paleomerus hamiltoni (Arthropoda; Arachnomorpha). Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh: Earth Sci. 94 (for 2003), 195-198.
109. Van Roy, P., 2006a. A new aglaspidid arthropod from the Upper Ordovician of Morocco with remarks on the affinities and limitations of Aglaspidida. Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh: Earth Sci. 96 (for 2005), 327-350.
110. Van Roy, P. 2006b. Non-trilobite arthropods from the Ordovician of Morocco. PhD thesis, Ghent University, Ghent.
111. Vilpoux, K., Waloszek, D., 2003. Larval development and morphogenesis of the sea spider Pycnogonum litorale (Ström, 1762) and the tagmosis of the body of Pantopoda. Arthropod. Struct. Dev. 32, 349-383.
112. Waggoner, B., 2003. Non-trilobite arthropods from the Silver Peak Range, Nevada. J. Paleontol. 77, 706-722.
113. Walcott, C.D., 1911. Cambrian geology and palaeontology II. Middle Cambrian Holothurians and Medusae. Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 57, 41-68.
114. Walcott, C.D., 1912. Cambrian geology and palaeontology II. No. 6. Middle Cambrian Branchiopoda, Malacostraca, Trilobita and Merostomata. Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 57, 145-228.
115. Walter, O.T., 1924. An lowa Cambrian euryptenid. Proc. lowa Acad. Sci. 29, 127-128.
116. Waloszek, D., Chen, J., Maas, A., Wang, W., 2005. Early Cambrian arthropods - new insights into arthropod head and structural head. Arthropod. Struct. Dev. 34, 189-205.
117. Weygoldt, P., Paulus, H.F., 1979a. Untersuchungen zur Morphologie, Taxonomie und Phylogenie der Chelicerata. I. Morphologische Untersuchungen. Zeitschr. Zool. Syst. Evolutionsforschung 17, 85-116.
118. Weygoldt, P., Paulus, H.F., 1979b. Untersuchungen zur Morphologie, Taxonomie und Phylogenie der Chelicerata. II. Cladogramme und die Entfaltung der Chelicerata. Zeitschr. Zool. Syst. Evolutionsforschung 17, 117-200.
119. Wills, M.A., Briggs, D.E.G., Fortey, R.A., Wilkinson, M., 1995. The significance of fossils in understanding arthropod evolution. Verhandlungen der deutschen zoologischen Gesellschaft 88, 203-215.
120. Wills, M.A., Briggs, D.E.G., Fortey, R.A., Wilkinson, M., Sneath, P.H.A. 1998. An arthropod phylogeny based on fossil and recent taxa. In: Edgecombe, G.D. (ed.), Arthropod Fossils and Phylogeny. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 33-105.
121. Zhang, X.-L., Shu, D.-G., 2005. A new arthropod from the Chengjiang Lagerstätte, Early Cambrian, southern China. Alcheringa 29, 185-194.
122. Zhang, X., Han, J., Zhang, Z., Liu, H., Shu, D., 2004. Redescription of the Chengjiang arthropod Squamacula clypeata Hou and Bergström, from the Lower Cambrian, south west China. Palaeontology 47, 605-617.
123. Zhang, X.-L., Shu, D.-G., Erwin, D.H., 2007. Cambrian naraoiids (Arthropoda): morphology, ontogeny, systematics, and evolutionary relationships. Paleontol. Soc. Mem. 68, 1-52.