Multi-Exposure and Clustering of Adverse Childhood Experiences, Socioeconomic Differences and Psychotropic Medication in Young Adults

PLoS ONE

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 2013, Pages

  Björkenstam, Emma ^a,b   Hjern, Anders ^c   Mittendorfer Rutz, Ellenor ^a   Vinnerljung, Bo ^c   Hallqvist, Johan ^a,d   Ljung, Rickard ^a,b  

^a KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^b NATIONAL BOARD OF HEALTH AND WELFARE   (Sweden)

^c STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^d UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ANXIOLYTIC AGENT; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; PSYCHOTROPIC AGENT; SEDATIVE AGENT;

ADOLESCENT; ALCOHOL ABUSE; ARTICLE; CHILD; CHILD WELFARE; CHILDHOOD; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR; DEATH; DIVORCE; DRUG ABUSE; DRUG USE; EARLY LIFE STRESS; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FAMILY HISTORY; FEMALE; HUMAN; INFANT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL DISEASE; NEWBORN; PARENT; PEER GROUP; PERSONAL EXPERIENCE; PRESCHOOL CHILD; RISK ASSESSMENT; SCHOOL CHILD; SEX DIFFERENCE; SINGLE PARENT; SOCIAL STATUS; SOCIAL WELFARE; SUICIDE; SWEDEN;

CHILD; CHILD ABUSE; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PREVALENCE; PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS; RISK FACTORS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; SWEDEN; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84872442963     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053551     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Bremner JD, Walker JD, Whitfield C, et al. (2006) The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 256: 174-86.
2. Dube SR, Miller JW, Brown DW, Giles WH, Felitti VJ, et al. (2006) Adverse childhood experiences and the association with ever using alcohol and initiating alcohol use during adolescence. J Adolesc Health 38: e1-10, 444, e1-10.
3. Whitfield CL, Dube SR, Felitti VJ, Anda RF, (2005) Adverse childhood experiences and hallucinations. Child Abuse Negl 29: 797-810.
4. Anda R. The health and social impact of growing up with adverse childhood experiences. Available: http://www.acestudy.org/files/Review_of_ACE_Study_with_references_summary_table_2_.pdf. Accessed 2012 Dec 5.
5. Dong M, Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Dube SR, Williamson DF, et al. (2004) The interrelatedness of multiple forms of childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction. Child Abuse Negl 28: 771-84.
6. Anda RF, Brown DW, Felitti VJ, Bremner JD, Dube SR, et al. (2007) Adverse childhood experiences and prescribed psychotropic medications in adults. Am J Prev Med 32: 389-94.
7. Chapman DP, Whitfield CL, Felitti VJ, Dube SR, Edwards VJ, et al. (2004) Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood. J Affect Disord 82: 217-25.
8. Dube SR, Felitti VJ, Dong M, Giles WH, Anda RF, (2003) The impact of adverse childhood experiences on health problems: evidence from four birth cohorts dating back to 1900. Prev Med 37: 268-77.
9. Evans GW, (2003) A multimethodological analysis of cumulative risk and allostatic load among rural children. Developmental psychology 39: 924-33.
10. McEwen BS, (2004) Protection and damage from acute and chronic stress: allostasis and allostatic overload and relevance to the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1032: 1-7.
11. Ljung R, Hallqvist J, (2007) Socioeconomic position, clustering of risk factors, and the risk of myocardial infarction. Am J Public Health 97: 1927-8 author reply 8-9.
12. Kivimaki M, Lawlor DA, Davey Smith G, Kouvonen A, Virtanen M, et al. (2007) Socioeconomic position, co-occurrence of behavior-related risk factors, and coronary heart disease: the Finnish Public Sector study. Am J Public Health 97: 874-9.
13. Gilman SE, Kawachi I, Fitzmaurice GM, Buka SL, (2002) Socioeconomic status in childhood and the lifetime risk of major depression. Int J Epidemiol 31: 359-67.
14. Marmot M, Shipley M, Brunner E, Hemingway H, (2001) Relative contribution of early life and adult socioeconomic factors to adult morbidity in the Whitehall II study. J Epidemiol Community Health 55: 301-7.
15. McLaughlin KA, Breslau J, Green JG, Lakoma MD, Sampson NA, et al. (2011) Childhood socio-economic status and the onset, persistence, and severity of DSM-IV mental disorders in a US national sample. Soc Sci Med 73: 1088-96.
16. Tracy M, Zimmerman FJ, Galea S, McCauley E, Stoep AV, (2008) What explains the relation between family poverty and childhood depressive symptoms? J Psychiatr Res 42: 1163-75.
17. Turner HA, Finkelhor D, Ormrod R, (2006) The effect of lifetime victimization on the mental health of children and adolescents. Soc Sci Med 62: 13-27.
18. National Board of Health and Welfare (2012) Pharmaceuticals- statistics for 2011. Available: http://www.socialstyrelsen.se/publikationer2012/2012-3-28. Accessed 2012 Dec 5.
19. Mark TL, (2010) For what diagnoses are psychotropic medications being prescribed?: a nationally representative survey of physicians. CNS Drugs 24: 319-26.
20. Cnattingius S, Ericson A, Gunnarskog J, Kallen B, (1990) A quality study of a medical birth registry. Scandinavian journal of social medicine 18: 143-8.
21. Ludvigsson JF, Otterblad-Olausson P, Pettersson BU, Ekbom A, (2009) The Swedish personal identity number: possibilities and pitfalls in healthcare and medical research. Eur J Epidemiol 24: 659-67.
22. Wettermark B, Hammar N, Fored CM, Leimanis A, Otterblad Olausson P, et al. (2007) The new Swedish Prescribed Drug Register-opportunities for pharmacoepidemiological research and experience from the first six months. Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety 16: 726-35.
23. Farrington D, Welsh B (2007) Saving Children from a Life of Crime. Oxford: Oxford University Press Inc.
24. Christ GH, Siegel K, Christ AE, (2002) Adolescent grief: "It never really hit me..until it actually happened". JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association 288: 1269-78.
25. Marks NF, Jun H, Song J, (2007) Death of Parents and Adult Psychological and Physical Well-Being: A Prospective U.S. National Study. Journal of family issues 28: 1611-38.
26. Vinnerljung B, Hjern A, Ringback Weitoft G, Franzén E, Estrada F, (2007) Children and young people at risk. Social Report 2006. International Journal of Social Welfare 16: 163-202.
27. Ringback Weitoft G, Hjern A, Batljan I, Vinnerljung B, (2008) Health and social outcomes among children in low-income families and families receiving social assistance-a Swedish national cohort study. Soc Sci Med 66: 14-30.
28. Weitoft GR, Hjern A, Haglund B, Rosen M, (2003) Mortality, severe morbidity, and injury in children living with single parents in Sweden: a population-based study. Lancet 361: 289-95.
29. Hjern A, Vinnerljung B, Lindblad F, (2004) Avoidable mortality among child welfare recipients and intercountry adoptees: a national cohort study. J Epidemiol Community Health 58: 412-7.
30. Vinnerljung B, Hjern A, Lindblad F, (2006) Suicide attempts and severe psychiatric morbidity among former child welfare clients-a national cohort study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 47: 723-33.
31. Wood D, Halfon N, Scarlata D, Newacheck P, Nessim S, (1993) Impact of family relocation on children's growth, development, school function, and behavior. JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association 270: 1334-8.
32. Rothman K (2008) Modern Epidemiology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
33. Ludvigsson JF, Andersson E, Ekbom A, Feychting M, Kim JL, et al. (2011) External review and validation of the Swedish national inpatient register. BMC public health 11: 450.
34. National Board of Health and Welfare (2011) Causes of Death 2010. Stockholm, Sweden: National Board of Health and Welfare.
35. Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, Bernert S, Bruffaerts R, Brugha TS, et al. (2004) Psychotropic drug utilization in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl pp. 55-64.
36. Gilbert R, Fluke J, O'Donnell M, Gonzales-Izquierdo A, Brownell M, et al. (2012) Child maltreatment: variation in trends and policies in six developed countries. Lancet 379: 758-72.
37. Ebrahim S, Montaner D, Lawlor DA, (2004) Clustering of risk factors and social class in childhood and adulthood in British women's heart and health study: cross sectional analysis. BMJ 328: 861.
38. Power C, Atherton K, Manor O, (2008) Co-occurrence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease by social class: 1958 British birth cohort. J Epidemiol Community Health 62: 1030-5.
39. Lewis-Hall F, (1996) Gender differences in psychotropic medications. The Mount Sinai journal of medicine, New York 63: 326-9.
40. Reinherz HZ, Paradis AD, Giaconia RM, Stashwick CK, Fitzmaurice G, (2003) Childhood and adolescent predictors of major depression in the transition to adulthood. Am J Psychiatry 160: 2141-7.
41. Weitoft GR, Rosen M, Ericsson O, Ljung R, (2008) Education and drug use in Sweden-a nationwide register-based study. Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety 17: 1020-8.