The assessment of fine sediment accumulation in rivers using macro-invertebrate community response

River Research and Applications

Volumn 29, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 17-55

  Extence, C A ^a   Chadd, R P ^a   England, J ^a   Dunbar, M J ^b   Wood, P J ^c   Taylor, E D ^d  

^a ENVIRONMENT AGENCY   (United Kingdom)

^b CENTRE FOR ECOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY   (United Kingdom)

^c LOUGHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^d ATKINS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Biotic index; Diffuse pollution; Macro invertebrates; River restoration; Sediment erosion and deposition; Sedimentation; Siltation

Indexed keywords

BIOMONITORING; CATCHMENT; COMMUNITY RESPONSE; ECOLOGICAL IMPACT; ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION; EROSION; FLUVIAL DEPOSIT; GEOACCUMULATION; HABITAT MANAGEMENT; INDEX OF BIOTIC INTEGRITY; MACROINVERTEBRATE; POLLUTION EFFECT; SEDIMENTATION; SILTATION;

EUROPE; GUINEA;

INVERTEBRATA;

EID: 84872400409     PISSN: 15351459     EISSN: 15351467     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/rra.1569     Document Type: Article

References (194)

1. Acreman M, Aldrick J, Binnie C, Black A, Cowx I, Dawson H, Dunbar M, Extence C, Hannaford J, Harby A, Holmes N, Jarrett N, Old G, Peirson G, Webb J, Wood P. 2009. Environmental flows from dams: the Water Framework Directive. Engineering Sustainability 162: 13-22.
2. Angradi TR. 1999. Fine sediments and macroinvertebrate assemblages in Appalachian streams: a field experiment with biomonitoring applications. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 18: 49-66.
3. Angus RB. 1992. Insecta: Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Helophorinae. In Süsswasserfauna von Mitteleuropa 20/10-2, Schwoerbel J, Zwick P (eds). XI+144. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag: Heidelberg, Berlin.
4. APEM. 2007. Review of UKTAG Proposed Standards for Suspended Solids. APEM Scientific Report 410242: Stockport, UK.
5. Archaimbault V, Usseglio-Polatera P, Garric J, Wasson J-G, Babut M. 2010. Assessing pollution of toxic sediment in streams using bio-ecological traits of benthic macroinvertebrates. Freshwater Biology 55: 1430-1446.
6. Bass J. 1998. Last-instar Larvae and Pupae of the Simuliidae of Great Britain and Ireland: A Key with Brief Ecological Notes. Freshwater Biological Association Scientific Publication 55. FBA: Ambleside, UK.
7. Bennett C. 2007. A seven year study of the life cycle of the mayfly Ephemera danica. Freshwater Forum 27: 3-14.
8. Bennett HH, Mullen MW, Stewart PM, Sawyer JA, Webber EC. 2004. Development of an invertebrate community index for an Alabama coastal plain watershed. Journal of the American Water Research Association 40: 43-51.
9. Bhattacharya S. 2006. A Bayesian semiparametric model for organism based reconstruction. Environmetrics 17: 763-776.
10. Boon PJ. 1988. The impact of river regulation on invertebrate communities in the UK. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 2: 389-409.
11. Braccia A, Reese VJ. 2006. Environmental factors accounting for benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage structure at the sample scale in streams subject to a gradient of cattle grazing. Hydrobiologia 573: 55-73.
12. Bridge JS, Alexander J, Collier REL, Cawthorpe RL, Jarvis J. 1995. Ground penetrating radar and coring used to study the large-scale structure of point bar deposits in 3 dimensions. Sedimentology 42: 839-852.
13. Briggs JC. 1948. The quantitative effects of a dam upon the bottom fauna of a small Californian stream. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 78: 70-81.
14. Bryce SA, Lomnicky GA, Kaufmann PR, McAllister LS, Ernst TL. 2008. Development of biologically based sediment criteria in mountain streams of the Western United States. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 28: 1714-1724.
15. Bryce SA, Lomnicky GA, Kaufmann PR. 2010. Protecting sediment-sensitive aquatic species in mountain streams through the application of biologically based streambed sediment criteria. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 29: 657-672.
16. Buffagni A, Cazzola M, Lopez-Rodriguez MJ, Alba-Tercedor J, Armanini DG. 2009. Distribution and Ecological Preferences of European Freshwater Organisms: Volume 3 Ephemeroptera. Pensoft: Sofia/Moscow.
17. Carling PA. 1981. Freeze-sampling course river gravels. Technical Bulletin of the British Geomorphology Research Group 29: 19-31.
18. Carlisle DM, Meador MR, Mouton SR, Ruhl PM. 2007. Estimation and application of indicator values for common macroinvertebrate genera and families of the United States. Ecological Indicators 7: 22-33.
19. Carter J, Owens PN, Walling DE, Leeks GJL. 2003. Fingerprinting suspended sediment sources in a large urban river system. The Science of the Total Environment 314-316: 513-534.
20. Chadd R, Extence C. 2004. The conservation of freshwater macroinvertebrate populations: a community-based classification scheme. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 14: 597-624.
21. Chadd RP. 2010. Assessment of Aquatic Invertebrates. In Conservation Monitoring in Freshwater Habitats, Hurford C, Schneider M, Cowx I (eds). Springer: Netherlands; 63-72.
22. Chessman BC. 1995. Rapid assessment of rivers using macroinvertebrates: a procedure based on habitat-specific sampling, family level identification and a biotic index. Australian Journal of Ecology 20: 122-129.
23. Chesters RK. 1980. Biological monitoring working party, The 1978 National testing exercise. Department of the Environment, Water Data Unit, Technical Memorandum 19, Reading, UK.
24. Chutter FM. 1969. The effects of silt and sand on the invertebrate fauna of streams and rivers. Hydrobiologia 34: 57-76.
25. Clarke RT, Wright JF, Furse MT. 2003. RIVPACS models for predicting the expected macroinvertebrate fauna and assessing the ecological quality of rivers. Ecological Modelling 160: 219-233.
26. Clews E, Ormerod SJ. 2009. Improving bio-diagnostic monitoring using simple combinations of biotic indices. Rivers Research and Applications 25: 348-361.
27. Cline LD, Short RA, Ward JV. 1982. The influence of highway construction on the macroinvertebrate and epilithic algae of a high mountain stream. Hydrobiologia 96: 149-159.
28. Collins AL, Anthony SG. 2008. Assessing the likelihood of catchments across England and Wales meeting 'good ecological status' due to sediment contributions from agricultural sources. Environmental Science and Policy 11: 163-170.
29. Collins AL, Anthony SG, Hawley J, Turner T. 2009. The potential impact of projected change in farming by 2015 on the importance of the agricultural sector as a sediment source in England and Wales. Catena 79: 243-250.
30. Collins AL, Naden PS, Sear DA, Jones JI, Foster DL, Morrow K. 2011. Sediment targets for informing river catchment management: international experience and prospects. Hydrological Processes 25: 2112-2129.
31. Connolly NM, Pearson RG. 2007. The effect of fine sedimentation on tropical stream macroinvertebrate assemblages: a comparison using flowthrough artificial stream channels and recirculating mesocosms. Hydrobiologia 592: 423-438.
32. Corbet P, Brooks S. 2008. Dragonflies. Collins New Naturalist Library No 106. HarperCollins: London.
33. Corbin TA, Goonan PM. 2010. Habitat and water quality preferences of mayflies and stoneflies from South Australian streams. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 134: 5-18.
34. Cordone AJ, Kelley DW. 1961. The influences of inorganic sediment on the aquatic life of streams. California Fish and Game. California Department of Fish and Game, Inland Fisheries Branch: Sacramento, US; 47: 189-228.
35. Cormier SM, Paul JF, Spehar RL, Shaw-Allen P, Berry WJ, Suter GW. 2008. Using field data and weight of evidence to develop water quality criteria. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 4: 490-504.
36. Davies-Colley RJ, Hickey CW, Quinn JM, Ryan PA. 1992. Effects of clay discharges on streams 1. Optical properties and epilithon. Hydrobiologia 248: 215-234.
37. Davison PS, Withers PJA, Lord EI, Betson MJ, Stromquist JC. 2008. PSYCHIC - a process-based model of phosphorus and sediment mobilisation and delivery within agricultural catchments. Part 1: Model description and parameterisation. Journal of Hydrology 350: 290-302.
38. Davy-Bowker J, Murphy JF, Rutt GP, Steel JEC, Furse MT. 2005. The development and testing of a macroinvertebrate biotic index for detecting the impact of acidity on streams. Archiv für Hydrobiologie 163: 383-403.
39. Day JA, de Moor IJ, Stewart BA, Louw AE (eds). 2001a. Guide to the Freshwater Invertebrates of Southern Africa - Volume 3: Crustacea II, Water Research Commission Report No TT 148/01.
40. Day JA, Stewart BA, de Moor IJ, Louw AE (eds). 2001b. Guide to the Freshwater Invertebrates of Southern Africa - Volume 3: Crustacea III, Water Research Commission Report No TT 141/01.
41. Day JA, de Moor IJ, (eds). 2002. Guide to the Freshwater Invertebrates of Southern Africa - Volume 6: Arachnida & Mollusca, Water Research Commission Report No TT 182/02.
42. Day JA, Harrison AD, de Moor IJ, (eds). 2002. Guide to the Freshwater Invertebrates of Southern Africa - Volume 9: Diptera, Water Research Commission Report No TT 201/02.
43. de Moor IJ, Day JA, de Moor FC, (eds). 2003a. Guide to the Freshwater Invertebrates of Southern Africa - Volume 7: Insecta I, Water Research Commission Report No TT 207/03.
44. de Moor IJ, Day JA, de Moor FC, (eds). 2003b. Guide to the Freshwater Invertebrates of Southern Africa - Volume 8: Insecta II, Water Research Commission Report No TT 214/03.
45. Dewson ZS, James ABW, Death RG. 2007. A review of the consequences of decreased flow for instream habitat and macroinvertebrates. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 26: 401-415.
46. Denton J. 2007. Water bugs and water beetles of Surrey. Surrey Wildlife Trust: Woking.
47. Dickens CWS, Graham PM. 2002. The South African Scoring System (SASS) Version 5 rapid bioassessment methods for rivers. African Journal of Aquatic Sciences 27:1-10.
48. Disney RHL. 1999. British Dixidae (meniscus midges) and Thaumaleidae (trickle midges): Keys with ecological notes. Freshwater Biological Association Scientific Publication No 56. FBA: Ambleside, UK.
49. Dobson M, Poynter K, Cariss H. 2000. Case abandonment as a response to burial by Potamophylax cingulatus (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) larvae. Aquatic Insects 22: 99-107.
50. Donnely TW. 1993. Impoundment of rivers: sediment regime and its effect on benthos. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 3: 331-342.
51. Donohue I, Verheyen E, Irvine K. 2003. In situ experiments on the effects of increased sediment loads on littoral rocky shore communities in Lake Tanganyika. Freshwater Biology 48: 1603-1616.
52. Doyle MW, Stanley EH, Harbor JM. 2002. Geomorphic analogies for assessing probable channel response to dam removal. Journal of the North American Water Resources Association 38: 1567-1579.
53. Dunbar MJ, Pederson ML, Cadman D, Extence C, Waddingham J, Chadd R, Larsen SE. 2010a. River discharge and local scale physical habitat influence macroinvertebrate LIFE score. Freshwater Biology 55: 226-242.
54. Dunbar MJ, Warren M, Extence CA, Baker L, Cadman D, Mould D, Hall J, Chadd R. 2010b. Interaction between macroinvertebrates, discharge and physical habitat in upland rivers. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20: S31-S44.
55. Dunne T, Mertes LAK, Meade RH, Richey JE, Forsberg BR. 1998. Exchanges of sediment between the flood plain and channel of the Amazon River in Brazil. Geological Society of America Bulletin 110: 450-467.
56. Edington JM, Hildrew AG. 1995. Caseless Caddis Larvae of the British Isles. A Key with Ecological Notes. Freshwater Biological Association Scientific Publication No. 53. FBA: Ambleside, UK.
57. Elliott JM, Mann KH. 1979. A Key to the British Freshwater Leeches. Freshwater Biological Association Scientific Publication No. 40. FBA: Ambleside, UK.
58. Elliott JM. 2009. Freshwater Megaloptera and Neuroptera of Britain and Ireland. Keys to Adults and Larvae and a Review of their Ecology. Freshwater Biological Association Scientific Publication No. 65. FBA: Ambleside, UK.
59. European C. 2000. Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, 23 October 2000: establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. Official Journal of the European Communities OJL 327: 70.
60. Eustis AB, Hillen RH. 1954. Stream sediment removal by controlled reservoir releases. The Progressive Fish Culturist 16: 30-35.
61. Extence CA. 1978. The effects of motorway construction on an urban stream. Environmental Pollution 17: 245-252.
62. Extence CA. 1981. The effect of drought on benthic invertebrate communities in a lowland river. Hydrobiologia 83: 217-224.
63. Extence CA, Balbi DM, Chadd RP. 1999. River flow indexing using British benthic macroinvertebrates: a framework for setting hydroecological objectives. Regulated Rivers Research and Management 15: 543-574.
64. Friberg N, Kranvang B, Svendsen LM, Hansen HO. 1994. Restoration of a channelised reach of the River Gelsa, Denmark: effects on the macro-invertebrate community. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 4: 289-296.
65. Fore LS, Karr JR, Wisseman RW. 1996. Assessing invertebrate responses to human activities: evaluating alternative approaches. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 15: 212-231.
66. Frostick LE, Lucas PM, Reid I. 1984. The infiltration of fine matrices into course-grained alluvial sediments and its implications for stratigraphical interpretation. Journal of the Geological Society of London 141: 955-965.
67. Gage MS, Spivak A, Paradise CJ. 2004. Effects of land use and disturbance on benthic insects in headwater streams draining small watersheds north of Charlotte NC. Southeastern Naturalist 3: 345-358.
68. Gledhill T, Sutcliffe DW, Williams WD. 1993. British Freshwater Crustacea Malacostraca: A Key with Ecological Notes. Freshwater Biological Association Scientific Publication No. 52. FBA: Ambleside.
69. Göransson G, Hultén C, Johansson Å, Andersson-Sköld Y, Lind B. 2009. Climate change enhanced risk for mass failure of sediment into rivers - how do we manage such events? 6th Sediment Conference. Hamberg 7-9 October 2009.
70. Graf W, Murphy J, Dahl J, Zamora-Muñoz C, López-Rodríguez MJ. 2008. In Distribution and Ecological Preferences of European Freshwater Organisms. Volume 1 - Trichoptera, Schmidt-Kloiber A, Hering D (eds). Pensoft Publishers: Sofia-Moscow.
71. Graf W, Lorenz AW, Tierno de Figueroa JM, Lucke S, Lopez-Rodriguez MJ, Davis C. 2009. Distribution and Ecological Preferences of European Freshwater Organisms: Volume 2, Plecoptera. Pensoft: Sofia & Moscow.
72. Graham AA. 1990. Siltation of stone-surface periphyton in rivers by clay-sized particles from low concentrations in suspension. Hydrobiologia 199: 107-115.
73. Greenwood MT, Wood PJ, Monk WA. 2006. The use of fossil caddisfly assemblages in the reconstruction of flow environments from floodplain paleochannels of the River Trent, England. Journal of Paleolimnology 35: 747-761.
74. Hakala JP, Hartman KJ. 2004. Drought effect on stream morphology and brown trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations in forested headwater streams. Hydrobiologia 515: 203-213.
75. Hansen M. 1987. The Hydrophiloidea (Coleoptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica 18. E.J. Brill/Scandinavian Science Press Ltd: Leiden/Copenhagen.
76. Harding JS, Young RG, Hayes JW, Shearer KA, Stark JD. 1999. Changes in agricultural intensity and river health along a river continuum. Freshwater Biology 42: 345-357.
77. Hart CW, Fuller SLH (eds). 1974. Pollution Ecology of Freshwater Invertebrates. Academic Press: New York/London.
78. Hayer CA, Irwin ER. 2008. Influence of gravel mining and other factors on detection probabilities of coastal plain fishes in the Mobile River basAlabama. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 137: 1606-1620.
79. Hendrick LB, Welsh SA, Anderson JT, Lin LS, Chen YS, Wei XC. 2010. Response of benthic macroinvertebrate communities to highway construction in an Appalachian watershed. Hydrobiologia 641: 115-131.
80. Herlihy AT, Gerth WJ, Li J, Banks JL. 2005. Macroinvertebrate community response to natural and forest harvest gradients in Western Oregon headwater streams. Freshwater Biology 50: 905-919.
81. Highler LWG. 1973. Reactions of some caddis larvae (Trichoptera) to different types of substrate in an experimental stream. Freshwater Biology 5: 151-158.
82. Hilsenhoff WL. 1987. An improved biotic index of organic stream pollution. Great Lakes Entomologist 20: 31-39.
83. Holmen M. 1987. The Aquatic Adephaga (Coleoptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. I. Gyrinidae, Haliplidae, Hygrobiidae and Noteridae. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica 20. EJ Brill/Scandinavian Science Press Ltd: Leiden/Copenhagen.
84. Howard LC, Wood PJ, Greenwood MT and Rendell HM. 2009. Reconstructing riverine paleo-flow regimes using subfossil insects (Coleoptera and Trichoptera): the application of the LIFE methodology to paleochannel sediments. Journal of Paleolimnology 42: 453-466.
85. Huxley T. 2003. Provisional Atlas of the British Aquatic Bugs (Hemiptera, Heteroptera). Biological Records Centre: Huntingdon.
86. Hynes HBN. 1970. The Ecology of Running Waters. Liverpool University Press: Liverpool.
87. Hynes HBN. 1971. The Biology of Polluted Waters. Liverpool University Press: Liverpool.
88. Hynes HBN. 1973. The effects of sediment on the biota in running water. Fluvial Processes and Sedimentation, Proceeding of a Hydrology Symposium, University of Alberta, Edmonton. National Research Council: Environment Canada, 653-663.
89. Imhof JG, Fitzgibbon J, Annable WK. 1996. A hierarchical evaluation system for characterizing watershed ecosystems for fish habitat. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53: 312-326.
90. James ABW, Dewson ZS, Death RG. 2008. Do stream macroinvertebrates use instream refugia in response to severe short-term flow reduction in New Zealand streams? Freshwater Biology 53: 1316-1334.
91. Janus H. 1982. The Illustrated Guide to Molluscs. Harold Starke Limited: London.
92. Jiang J-G, Shen Y-F. 2003. Application and validation of a new biotic index using data from several water systems. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 5: 871-875.
93. Johannsen SS, Armitage PD. 2010. Agricultural practice and the effects of agricultural land-use on water quality. Freshwater Forum 28: 45-59.
94. Jones JI, Murphy JF, Collins AL, Sear DA, Naden PS, Armitage PD. 2011. The impact of fine sediment on macro-invertebrates. River Research and Applications. DOI: 10.1002/rra.1516
95. Kaller MD, Hartman KJ. 2004. Evidence of a threshold level of fine sediment accumulation for altering benthic macroinvertebrate communities. Hydrobiologia 518: 95-104.
96. Kerney M. 1999. Atlas of the Land and Freshwater Molluscs of Britain and Ireland. Harley Books: Colchester.
97. Kiel E. 2001. Behavioural response of blackfly larvae (Simuliidae, Diptera) to different current velocities. Limnologica 31: 179-183.
98. Killeen I, Aldridge D, Oliver G. 2004. Freshwater Bivalves of Britain and Ireland. Field Studies Council: Preston Montfort/National Museums of Wales.
99. Klausnitzer B. 2009. Insecta: Coleoptera: Scirtidae. Süßwasserfauna von Mitteleuropa 20/17. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag: Heidelberg.
100. Lane SN, Tayefi V, Reid SC, Yu D, Hardy RJ. 2007. Interactions between sediment delivery, channel change, climate change and flood risk in a temperate upland environment. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 32: 429-446.
101. Larsen S, Ormerod SJ. 2009. Low-level effects of inert sediments on temperate stream invertebrates. Freshwater Biology 55: 476-486.
102. Larsen S, Vaughan IP, Ormerod SJ. 2009. Scale-dependent effects of fine sediments on temperate headwater invertebrates. Freshwater Biology 54: 203-219.
103. Larsen S, Ormerod SJ. 2010. Combined effects of habitat modification on trait composition and species nestedness in river invertebrates. Biological Conservation 143: 2638-2646.
104. Larsen S, Pace G, Ormerod SJ. 2011. Experimental effects of sediment deposition on the structure and function of macroinvertebrate assemblages in temperate streams. River Research and Applications 27: 257-267.
105. Lemley AD. 1982. Modification of benthic insect communities in polluted streams: combined effects of sedimentation and nutrient enrichment. Hydrobiologia 87: 229-245.
106. Lenat DR, Penrose DL, Eagleson KW. 1981. Variable effects of sediment addition on stream benthos. Hydrobiologia 79: 187-194.
107. Lenat DR. 1984. Agriculture and stream water quality: a biological evaluation of erosion control practices. Environmental Management 8: 333-343.
108. Lenat DR, Crawford JK. 1994. Effects of land use on water quality and aquatic biota of three North Carolina Piedmont streams. Hydrobiologia 294: 185-199.
109. Lillehammer A. 1988. Stoneflies (Plecoptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica Volume 21. E.J. Brill/Scandinavian Science Press Ltd: Leiden & Copenhagen.
110. Lindegaard C. 1997. Diptera Chrironomidae, Non-biting midges. In Aquatic Insects of Northern Europe Volume 2 Odonata-Diptera, Nilsson A (ed). Apollo Books: Stenstrup; 265-294.
111. Macadam C, Bennett C. 2007. A Pictorial Guide to the British Ephemeroptera. Field Studies Council: Preston Montfort.
112. McFarland B, Carse F, Sandin L. 2010. Littoral macroinvertebrates as indicators of lake acidification within the UK. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20: S105-S116.
113. MacKenzie RA. 2008. Impacts of Riparian Forest Removal on Palauan Streams Biotropica 40: 666-675.
114. Matthaei CD, Weller F, Kelly DW, Townsend CR. 2006. Impacts of fine sediment addition to tussock, pasture, dairy and deer farming streams in New Zealand. Freshwater Biology 51: 2154-2172.
115. Matthaei CD, Piggott JJ, Townsend CR. 2010. Multiple stressors in agricultural streams: interactions among sediment addition, nutrient enrichment and water abstraction. Journal of Applied Ecology 47: 639-649.
116. Merritt R, Moore NW, Eversham BC. 1996. Atlas of the Dragonflies of Britain and Ireland. Her Majesty's Stationery Office: London.
117. Merritt R. 2006. Atlas of the Water Beetles (Coleoptera) and Water Bugs (Hemiptera) of Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire and South Yorkshire 1993-2005. Sorby Special Record Series, No. 14. Sorby Natural History Society: Sheffield.
118. Michaelis FB. 1984. Possible effects of forestry on inland waters of Tasmania: a review. Environmental Conservation 11: 331-344.
119. Milan DJ, Petts GE, Sambrook H. 2000. Regional variations in the sediment structure of trout streams in southern England: benchmark data for siltation assessment and restoration. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 10: 407-420.
120. Molinos JG, Donohue I. 2009. Differential contribution of concentration and exposure time to sediment dose effect on stream biota. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 28: 110-121.
121. Monk WA, Wood PJ, Hannah DM, Wilson DA, Extence CA, Chadd RP. 2006. Flow variability and macroinvertebrate community response within riverine systems. River Research and Applications 22: 595-615.
122. Monk WA, Wood PJ, Hannah DM, Wilson DA. 2008. Macroinvertebrate community response to inter-annual and regional river flow regime dynamics. River Research and Applications 24: 988-1001.
123. Morgan RPC. 2001. A simple approach to soil loss prediction: a revised Morgan-Morgan-Finney model. Catena 44: 305-322.
124. Murray-Bligh JAD, Furse MT, Jones FH, Gunn RJM, Dines RA, Wright JF. 1997. Procedure for collecting and analysing macroinvertebrate samples for RIVPACS. Environment Agency: Bristol, UK.
125. Naden P, Smith B, Jarvie H, Llewellyn N, Matthiessen P, Dawson H, Scarlett S, Hornby D. 2003. Siltation in Rivers. A Review of Monitoring Techniques. Conserving Natura 2000 Rivers Conservation Techniques Series No. 6. English Nature: Peterborough.
126. Naden P. 2010. Sediment Cascades: an integrated approach. In The fine sediment cascade, Burt TP, Allison RJ (eds). Wiley: London.
127. Naismith IA, Wyatt R, Gulson J, Mainstone CP. 1996. The impact of land use on salmonids: a study of the River Torridge catchment, National River Authority R&D Report 30. HMSO London.
128. Nerbonne BA, Vondracek B. 2001. Effects of local land use on physical habitat, benthic macroinvertebrates and fish in the Whitewater River, Minnesota, USA. Environmental Management 28: 87-99.
129. Nilsson AN, Holmen M. 1995. The Aquatic Adephaga (Coleoptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. II. Dytiscidae. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica 32. EJ Brill/Scandinavian Science Press Ltd: Leiden & Copenhagen.
130. Nogaro G, Datry T, Mermillod-Blondin F, Descloux S, Montuelle B. 2010. Influence of streambed sediment clogging on microbial processes in the hyporheic zone. Freshwater Biology 55: 1288-1302.
131. Nuttall PM. 1972. The effects of sand deposition upon the macroinvertebrate fauna of the River Camel, Cornwall. Freshwater Biology 2: 181-186.
132. Nuttall PM, Bielby GH. 1973. The effects of china-clay waste on stream invertebrates. Environmental Pollution 5: 77-86.
133. Osterling MF, Arvidsson BL, Greenberg LA. 2010. Habitat degradation and the decline of the threatened mussel Margaritifera margaritifera: influence of turbidity and sedimentation on the mussel and its host. Journal of Applied Ecology 47: 759-768.
134. Owens PN, Walling DE, Leeks GJL. 1999. Deposition and storage of fine-grained sediment within the main channel system of the River Tweed, Scotland. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 24: 1061-1076.
135. Palmer RW, Taylor ED. 2004. The Namibian Scoring System (NASS) version 2 rapid bio-assessment method for rivers. African Journal of Aquatic Science 29: 229-234.
136. Parkhill KL, Gulliver JS. 2002. Effect of inorganic sediment on whole-stream productivity. Hydrobiologia 472: 5-17.
137. Petts GE. 1984. Sedimentation within a regulated river. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 9: 125-134.
138. Petts GE. 1988. Accumulation of fine sediment within substrate gravels along two regulated rivers, UK. Regulated Rivers: Research & Management 2: 141-153.
139. Petts GE, Thoms MC, Brittan K, Atkin B. 1989. A freeze-coring technique applied to pollution by fine-grained sediments in gravel-bed rivers. The Science of the Total Environment 84: 259-272.
140. Pollard A, Yuan L. 2010. Assessing the consistency of benthic invertebrate community response metrics: a comparison of trait and identity based measures. Freshwater Biology 55: 1420-1429.
141. Quinn JM, Davies-Colley RJ, Hickey CW, Vickers ML, Ryan PA. 1992. Effects of clay discharges on streams: 2. Benthic invertebrates. Hydrobiologia 248: 235-247.
142. R Development Core Team. 2009. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna, Austria.
143. Rabeni CF, Doisy KE, Zweig LD. 2005. Stream invertebrate community functional response to deposited sediment. Aquatic Sciences 67: 395-402.
144. Rabura PO, Okeyo-Owuor JB, Musese FO. 2009. Macroinvertebrate-based index of biotic integrity (M-IBI) for monitoring the Nyando River, Lake Victoria BasKenya. Scientific Research and Essay 4: 1466-1477.
145. Radtke DB. 1997. Handbook for Water Resource Investigations - Section A. National Field Manual for the collection of Water Quality Data, Bottom-material samples, U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water Resources Investigations, Book 9, Chapter A8.
146. Raven PJ, Boon PJ, Dawson FH, Ferguson AJD. 1998a. Towards an integrated approach to classifying and evaluating rivers in the UK. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 8: 383-393.
147. Raven PJ, Holmes NTH, Dawson FH, Everard M. 1998b. Quality assessment using River Habitat Survey data. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 8: 477-499.
148. Reynoldson TB, Young JO. 2000. A Key to the Freshwater Triclads of Britain and Ireland with Notes on their Ecology. Freshwater Biological Association Scientific Publication No. 58. FBA: Ambleside, UK.
149. Richards C, Bacon KL. 1994. Influence of fine sediment on macroinvertebrate colonization of surface and hyporheic stream substrates. Great Basin Naturalist 54: 106-113.
150. Richards C, Haro RJ, Johnson LB, Host GE. 1997. Catchment and reach-scale properties as indicators of macroinvertebrate species traits. Freshwater Biology 37: 219-230.
151. Rosenberg DM, Wiens AP. 1978. Effects of sediment addition on macrobenthic invertebrates in a Northern Canadian River. Water Research 12: 753-763.
152. Ryan PA. 1991. Environmental effects of sediment on New Zealand streams: a review. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 25: 207-221.
153. Scheurer K, Alewell C, Banniger D, Burkhardt-Holm P. 2009. Climate and land-use changes affecting river sediment and brown trout in alpine countries - a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 16: 232-242.
154. Schriever C, Hansler-Ball M, Holmes C, Maund S, Liess M. 2007. Agricultural intensity and landscape structure: influences on the macroinvertebrate assemblages of small streams in Northern Germany. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 26: 346-357.
155. Sear DA. 1993. Fine sediment infiltration into gravel spawning beds within a regulated river experiencing floods: ecological implications for salmonids. Regulated Rivers: Research & Management 8: 373-390.
156. Skinner A, Young M, Hastie L. 2003. Ecology of the Freshwater Pearl Mussel. Conserving Natura 2000 Rivers Ecology Series No. 2. English Nature: Peterborough.
157. Smith B, Naden P, Cooper D. 2003. Siltation in Rivers. 3: Integrated Assessment Procedure. Conserving Natura 2000 Rivers Conservation Techniques Series. English Nature: Peterborough.
158. Soulsby C, Youngson AF, Moir HJ, Malcolm IA. 2001. Fine sediment influence on a salmonid spawning habitat in a lowland agricultural stream: a preliminary assessment. The Science of the Total Environment 265: 295-307.
159. Stals R, de Moor IJ. (eds). 2007. Guide to the Freshwater Invertebrates of Southern Africa. Volume 10. Coleoptera, Water Research Commission Report No TT 320/07.
160. Stanley EH, Luebke MA, Doyle MW, Marshall DW. 2002. Short-term changes in channel form and macroinvertebrate communities following low-head dam removal. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 21: 172-187.
161. Stark JD. 1998. SQMCI: a biotic index for freshwater invertebrate coded-abundance data. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 32: 55-66.
162. Stott T. 2005. Natural recovery from accelerated forest ditch and stream bank erosion five years after harvesting of plantation forest on Plynlimon, mid-Wales. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 30: 349-357.
163. Strand RM, Merritt RW. 1997. Effects of episodic sedimentation on the net spinning caddisflies Hydropsyche betteni and Ceratopsyche sparna (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae). Environmental Pollution 98: 129-134.
164. Stubbs A, Drake M. 2001. British Soldierflies and their Allies (An Illustrated Guide to their Identification and Ecology). British Entomological and Natural History Society: Reading.
165. Suren AM, Jowett IG. 2001. Effects of deposited sediment on invertebrate drift: an experimental study. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 35: 725-737.
166. Sutherland AB, Culp JM, Benoy GA. 2010. Characterizing deposited sediment for stream habitat assessment. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 8: 30-44.
167. Taylor KG, Owens PN. 2009. Sediments in urban river basins: a review of sediment contaminant dynamics in an environmental system conditioned by human activities. Journal of Soils and Sediments 9: 281-303.
168. Tikkanen P, Laasonen P, Muotka T, Huhta A, Kuusela K. 1994. Short-term recovery of benthos following disturbance from stream habitat rehabilitation. Hydrobiologia 273: 121-130.
169. Tierno de Figueroa JM, Sánchez-Ortega A, Iglesia PM, Luzón-Ortega JM. 2003. Fauna Iberica Volume 22: Plecoptera. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas: Madrid.
170. Verdonschot PFM, Real M, Schot JA. 1993. Chironomids and regional water types. Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology 26: 513-520.
171. Wallace ID. 1991. A review of the Trichoptera of Great Britain. Research and Survey in Nature Conservation No. 32. Nature Conservancy Council: Peterborough.
172. Wallace ID, Wallace B, Philipson GN. 2003. Keys to the Case-bearing Caddis Larvae of Britain and Ireland. Freshwater Biological Association Scientific Publication No. 61. FBA: Ambleside.
173. Walling DE. 1984. The sediment yield of African river, Challenges in African Hydrology and Water Resources. Proceedings of the Harare symposium, July 1984. IAHS Publication No 144.
174. Walling DE. 2009. The Impact of Global Change on Erosion and Sediment Transport by Rivers: Current Progress and Future Challenges, The United Nations World Water Development Report 3. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation. Paris.
175. Waters TF. 1995. Sediment in streams. Sources, biological effects and control. American Fisheries Society Monograph. 7 Bethesda, Maryland.
176. Weber P, Post R. 1985. Aquatic habitat assessments in mined and unmined portions of the Birch Creek watershed. Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Division of Habitat, Technical Report 85-2: 65. Alaska Dept Fish and Game: Juneau, US.
177. Weigel BM, Henne LJ, Martinez-Rivera LM. 2002. Macroinvertebrate-based index of biotic integrity for protection of streams in west-central Mexico. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 21: 686-700.
178. Weiss JM, Reice SR. 2005. The aggregation of impacts: using species-specific effects to infer community-level disturbances. Ecological Applications 15: 599-617.
179. Whitehead PG, Wilby RL, Batterbee RW, Kernan M, Wade AJ. 2009. A review of the potential impacts of climate change on surface water quality. Hydrological Sciences Journal 54: 101-123.
180. Whitman OS, Moran EH, Ourso RT. 2003. Photographic techniques for characterising stream bed particle sizes. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 132: 605-610.
181. Wood PJ, Armitage PD. 1997. Biological effects of fine sediment in the lotic environment. Environmental Management 21: 203-217.
182. Wood PJ, Armitage PD. 1999. Sediment deposition in a small lowland stream - management implications. Regulated Rivers Research and Management 15: 199-210.
183. Wood PJ, Armitage PD, Cannan CE, Petts GE. 1999. Instream mesohabitat biodiversity in three groundwater streams under base-flow conditions. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 9: 265-278.
184. Wood PJ, Vann AR, Wanless PJ. 2001. The response of Melampophylax mucoreus (Hagen) (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) to rapid sedimentation. Hydrobiologia 455: 183-188.
185. Wood PJ, Toone J, Greenwood MT, Armitage PD. 2005. The response of four lotic macroinvertebrate taxa to burial by sediments. Archiv für Hydrobiologie 163: 145-162.
186. Wood PJ, Pitcher A, Monk WA, Worrall T. 2011. The influence of substratum composition on benthic invertebrates: Testing PSI, Report for the Environment Agency, Bristol, UK.
187. Wood SN. 2006. Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction with R. Boca Raton. Chapman & Hall/CRC: Florida.
188. Woodiwiss FS. 1964. The biological system of stream classification used by the Trent River Board. Chemistry and Industry 11: 443-447.
189. Wright JF, Moss D, Armitage PD, Furse MT. 1984. A preliminary classification of running-water sites in Great Britain based on macro-invertebrate species and the prediction of community type using environmental data. Freshwater Biology 14: 221-256.
190. Wright JF, Berrie AD. 1987. Ecological effects of groundwater pumping and a natural drought on the upper reaches of a chalk stream. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 1: 145-160.
191. Wright JF, Furse MT, Moss D. 1998. River classification using invertebrates: RIVPACS applications. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 8: 617-631.
192. Zhang Q, Chen Q, Su B, Disse M, Jiang T, Xu C-Y. 2008. Periodicity of sediment load and runoff in the Yangtze River basin and possible impacts from climatic changes and human activities. Hydrological Science Journal 53: 457-465.
193. Zuur A, Ieno EN, Walker N, Saveiliev AA, Smith GM. 2009. Mixed Effects Models and Extensions in Ecology with R. Springer-Verlag: New York.
194. Zweig LD, Rabeni CF. 2001. Biomonitoring for deposited sediment using benthic invertebrates: a test on 4 Missouri streams. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 20: 643-657.