Clinical characteristics of cough mixture abusers referred to three substance abuse clinics in Hong Kong: A retrospective study

East Asian Archives of Psychiatry

Volumn 22, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 154-159

  Tang, A K ^a   Tang, Wai Kwong ^b   Liang, H ^b   Chan, F ^c   Mak, S C ^a   Ungvari, G S ^d  

^a CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^b CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^c NORTH DISTRICT HOSPITAL   (Hong Kong)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

Psychopathology; Substance related disorders

Indexed keywords

CODEINE; EPHEDRINE; HYDROCODONE; PROMETHAZINE; PSEUDOEPHEDRINE; ZOPICLONE;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CLINICAL FEATURE; COUGHING; DEMOGRAPHY; DEPRESSION; DISEASE DURATION; DRUG ABUSE; DRUG MIXTURE; DYSTHYMIA; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HONG KONG; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; ICD-10; LENGTH OF STAY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MARRIAGE; MENTAL DISEASE; REFERENCE DATABASE; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; SYMPTOM; UNEMPLOYMENT;

ADULT; ANTITUSSIVE AGENTS; AZABICYCLO COMPOUNDS; CODEINE; COMORBIDITY; DIAGNOSIS, DUAL (PSYCHIATRY); EPHEDRINE; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HONG KONG; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMANS; HYDROCODONE; LENGTH OF STAY; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; PIPERAZINES; PROMETHAZINE; PSEUDOEPHEDRINE; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SEX DISTRIBUTION; SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT CENTERS; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS;

EID: 84872359322     PISSN: 20789947     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (24)

1. Falck R, Li L, Carlson R, Wang J. The prevalence of dextromethorphan abuse among high school students. Pediatrics 2006;118:2267-9. (Pubitemid 46393740)
2. The 2008/09 Survey of Drug Use among Students. Hong Kong SAR Government Narcotics Division, Security Bureau Website: http://www.nd.gov.hk/en/survey-of- drug-use.htm.Accessed 11 Sep 2011.
3. Table 16. Reported drug abusers by age group by sex by common type of drugs abused. Central Registry of Drug Abuse website: http://www.nd.gov.hk/ statistics-list/doc/en/t16.pdf. Accessed 9 Sep 2011.
4. Table 3. Newly/previously reported drug abusers by age group by common type of drugs abused. Central Registry of Drug Abuse website: http://www.nd.gov.hk/statistics-list/doc/en/t3.pdf. Accessed 11 May 2012.
5. Mattoo SK, Basu D, Sharma A, Balaji M, Malhotra A. Abuse of codeine-containing cough syrups: a report from India. Addiction 1997;92:1783-7. (Pubitemid 28006046)
6. Ford JA. Misuse of over-the-counter cough or cold medications among adolescents: prevalence and correlates in a national sample. J Adolesc Health 2009;44:505-7.
7. Ishigooka J, Yoshida Y, Murasaki M. Abuse of "BRON": a Japanese OTC cough suppressant solution containing methylephedrine, codeine, caffeine and chlorpheniramine. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1991;15:513-21.
8. Lam LC, Lee DT, Shum PP, Chen CN. Cough mixture misuse in Hong Kong - an emerging psychiatric problem? Addiction 1996;91:1375-8. (Pubitemid 26315894)
9. Tang A.Liang HJ, Ungvari GS,Tang WK. Referral patterns and clinical characteristics of subjects referred to substance abuse clinic of a regional hospital in Hong Kong. East Asian Arch Psychiatry 2011;21:22-7.
10. World Health Organization. The ICD 10 Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders. Geneva: WHO; 1992.
11. 2011 Population Census Results. Website: http://www.census2011.gov.hk/en/ district-profiles.html. Accessed 9 May 2012.
12. Christo G, Spurrell S, Alcorn R. Validation of the Christo Inventory for Substance-misuse Services (CISS): a simple outcome evaluation tool. Drug Alcohol Depend 2000;59:189-97. (Pubitemid 30417425)
13. Darboe MN. Abuse of dextromethorphan-based cough syrup as a substitute for licit and illicit drugs: a theoretical framework. Adolescence 1996;31:239-45.
14. Elwood WN. Sticky business: patterns of procurement and misuse of prescription cough syrup in Houston. J Psychoactive Drugs 2001;33:121-33. (Pubitemid 32643294)
15. Manaboriboon B, Chomchai C. Dextromethorphan abuse in Thai adolescents: a report of two cases and review of literature. J Med Assoc Thai 2005;88 Suppl 8:S242-5. (Pubitemid 43175647)
16. Miller SC. Dextromethorphan psychosis, dependence and physical withdrawal. Addict Biol 2005;10:325-7. (Pubitemid 41759266)
17. Chomchai C. Stimulant methamphetamine and dextromethorphan use by the Thai youth [abstract]. Proceedings of the 10th Scientific Congress of the Asia Pacific Association of Medical Toxicology; 2011 Nov 12-14. Website: http://www.asiatox.org/10thAPAMT/ Stimulant%20methamphetamine% 20and%20dextromethorphan%20use%20by%20the%20Thai% 20youth.pdf. Accessed Jun 2012.
18. Liu C, Li JH, Tsay WI, Hsu J. Drug use and profile of individuals arrested on drug-related charges in Taiwan. J Food Drug Anal 2005;13:101-6.
19. Suzuki T, Masukawa Y, Misawa M. Drug interactions in the reinforcing effects of over-the-counter cough syrups. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1990;102:438-42. (Pubitemid 20379496)
20. Ong B, Cheah JS. Codeine cough mixture addiction mimicking thyrotoxicosis. Singapore Med J 1985;26:494-5. (Pubitemid 16153825)
21. Shek DT. Cough medicine abuse among young people in Hong Kong. International Conference on Tackling Drug Abuse - Conference Proceedings. Website: http://www.nd.gov.hk/en/conference-proceedings/Drugs-proBK-Part2/Drugs- proBK-Daniel.pdf. Accessed Jun 2012.
22. Wairagkar NS, Das J, Kumar S, Manama J, Satyanarayana K, Phukan RK, et al. Codeine containing cough syrup addiction in Assam and Nagaland, Indian J Psychiatry 1994;36:129-32.
23. Reid G, Costigan G. Revisiting 'The Hidden Epidemic'. A situation assessment of drug use in Asia in the context of HIV/AIDS. Fairfield, Australia: Centre for Harm Reduction/Burnet Institute; 2002.
24. Murthy P. Women and drug abuse: the problem in India. India, Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment/United Nations International Drug Control Programme, Regional Office for South Asia; 2002.