Patterns of violence-related skull trauma in neolithic southern Scandinavia

American Journal of Physical Anthropology

Volumn 150, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 190-202

  Fibiger, Linda ^a   Ahlström, Torbjörn ^b   Bennike, Pia ^c   Schulting, Rick J ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^b LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^c UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^d UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Denmark; gender; Neolithic; skull trauma; Sweden; violence

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; AUTOPSY; BONE; CHILD; CONFLICT; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; FATALITY; FEMALE; FRONTAL BONE; HABITUAL ADAPTATION; HUMAN; INFANT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MAXILLA; MULTICENTER STUDY; NEOLITHIC; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTOR; SCANDINAVIA; SCHOOL CHILD; SEX DIFFERENCE; SKULL; SKULL FRACTURE; SKULL INJURY; SOCIETY; SWEDEN; VIOLENCE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DENMARK; FEMALE; HISTORY, ANCIENT; HUMANS; INFANT; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PALEOPATHOLOGY; SEX FACTORS; SKULL; SKULL FRACTURES; SWEDEN; VIOLENCE;

EID: 84872297034     PISSN: 00029483     EISSN: 10968644     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22192     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Ahlström T,. 1993. The human skeletal remains from the Rössberga passage grave, Valtorp Parish, Västergötland. Populations of the Nordic countries. In:, Iregren I, Liljekvist R, editors. Human population biology from the present to the Mesolithic. Lund: University of Lund. p 189-197.
2. Ahlström T,. 2009. Underjordiska dödsriken-humanosteologiska studier av neolitiska kollektivgravar. Göteborg: Göteborgs Universitet.
3. Ahlström T, Molnar P,. 2012. The placement of the feathers: violence among sub-boreal foragers from Gotland, central Baltic Sea. In:, Schulting RJ, Fibiger L, editors. Sticks, stones and broken bones. Neolithic violence in a European perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p 17-33.
4. Andersen NH,. 1997. The Sarup enclosures. The Funnel Beaker Culture of the Sarup site including two causewayed campscompared to the contemporary settlements in the area and other European enclosures. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.
5. Archer J, editor. 1994. Male violence. London: Routledge.
6. Armit I,. 2006. Inside Kurtz's compound: headhunting and the human body in prehistoric Europe. In:, Bonogofsky M, editor. Skull collection, modification and decoration. Oxford: Archaeopress. p 1-14.
7. Arnold CJ,. 1995. The archaeology of inter-personal violence. Scottish Archaeol Rev 9/10: 71-79.
8. Bello S, Andrews P,. 2006. The intrinsic pattern of preservation of human skeletons and its influence on the interpretation of funerary behaviors. In:, Gowland R, Knüsel C, editors. Social archaeology of funerary remains. Oxford: Oxbow. p 1-13.
9. Bennike P,. 1985. Palaeopathology of Danish skeletons. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag.
10. Bennike P,. 1999. The Early Neolithic bog finds: a strange group of people! In:, Coles BJ, Coles JM, Jørgensen SM, editors. Bog bodies, sacred sites and wetland archaeology. Exeter: WARP. p 27-32.
11. Bennike P, Alexandersen V,. 2007. Population plasticity in southern Scandinavia. In:, Cohen MN, Crane-Kramer GMM, editors. Ancient health. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. p 130-148.
12. Berlet AC, Talenti DB, Carroll SF,. 1992. The baseball bat: a popular mechanism of urban injury. J Trauma-Injury Infect Crit Care 33: 167-170.
13. Berryman HE, Haun SJ,. 1996. Applying forensic techniques to interpret cranial fracture patterns in an archaeological specimen. Int J Osteoarchaeol 6: 2-9.
14. Brickley M, Smith M,. 2006. Culturally determined patterns of violence: biological anthropological investigations at a historic urban cemetery. Am Anthropol 108: 163-177.
15. Brink O, Vesterby A, Jensen J,. 1998. Pattern of injuries due to interpersonal violence. Injury Int J Care Inj 29: 705-709.
16. Buikstra JE, Ubelaker DH,. 1994. Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains. Fayetteville: Arkansas Archaeological Survey.
17. Cantos AL, Neidig PH, O'Leary KD,. 1994. Injuries of women and men in a treatment program for domestic violence. J Fam Violence 9: 113-124.
18. Chapman J,. 1999. The origins of warfare in the prehistory of central and eastern Europe. In:, Carman J, Harding A, editors. Ancient warfare: archaeological perspectives. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. p 101-142.
19. Dawson D,. 1996. The origins of war: biological and anthropological theories. Hist Theory 35: 1-29.
20. During EM, Nilsson L,. 1991. Mechanical surface analysis of bone: a case study of cut marks and enamel hypoplasia on a Neolithic cranium from Sweden. Am J Phys Anthropol 84: 113-125.
21. Ebbesen K,. 1993. Sacrifices to the power of nature. In:, Hvass S, Storgaard B, editors. Digging into the past 25 years of archaeology in Denmark. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press. p 122-125.
22. Ember CR, Ember M,. 1992. Resource unpredictability, mistrust and war. A cross-cultural study. J Conflict Resolution 36: 242-262.
23. Ember CR, Ember M,. 2003. Encyclopedia of sex and gender: men and women in the world's cultures. New York: Springer.
24. Falys CG, Lewis ME,. 2011. Proposing a way forward: a review of standardization in the use of age categories and ageing techniques in osteological analysis (2004-2009). Int J Osteoarchaeol 21: 704-716.
25. Fenton TW, deJong JL, Haut RC,. 2003. Punched with a fist: the etiology of a fatal depressed cranial fracture. J Forensic Sci 48: 277-281.
26. Ferguson RB, Whitehead N, editors. 2000. War in the tribal zone: expanding states and indigenous warfare. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.
27. Fibiger L, Knüsel C,. 2005. Prevalence rates of spondylolysis in British skeletal populations. Int J Osteoarchaeol 15: 164-174.
28. Galloway A,. 1999. Principles for interpretation of blunt force trauma. In:, Galloway A, editor. Broken bones Anthropological analysis of blunt force trauma. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. p 35-112.
29. Grossman D,. 2004. On combat: the psychology and physiology of deadly conflict in war and peace. Bedford: PPCT Research Publications.
30. Hallpike CR,. 1973. Functionalist interpretations of primitive warfare. Man 8: 451-470.
31. Hershkovitz I, Bedford L, Jellema LM, Latimer B,. 1996. Injuries to the skeleton due to prolonged activity in hand-to-hand combat. Int J Osteoarchaeol 6: 167-178.
32. Hussain K, Wijetunge D, Grubnic S, Jackson I,. 1994. A comprehensive analysis of craniofacial trauma. J Trauma-Injury Infect Crit Care 36: 34-47.
33. Jiménez-Brobeil SA, du Souich P, Al Oumaoui I,. 2009. Possible relationship of cranial traumatic injuries with violence in the south-east Iberian Peninsula from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age. Am J Phys Anthropol 140: 465-475.
34. Judd MA,. 2002. Comparison of long bone trauma recording methods. J Archaeol Sci 29: 1255-1265.
35. Judd MA, Roberts CA,. 1999. Fracture trauma in a medieval British farming village. Am J Phys Anthropol 109: 229-243.
36. Keeley LH,. 1996. War before civilization: the myth of the peaceful savage. New York: Oxford University Press.
37. Kinnear PR, Gray CD,. 2000. SPSS for Windows made simple. Hove: Psychology Press.
38. Kjaerulff H, Jacobsen J, Aalund O, Albrektsen SB, Breiting VB, Danielsen L, Helweg-Larsen K, Staugaard H, Thomsen JL,. 1989. Injuries due to deliberate violence in areas of Denmark. III. Lesions. Forensic Sci Int 41: 169-180.
39. Knüsel C,. 2005. The physical evidence of warfare: subtle stigmata? In:, Parker Pearson M, Thorpe IJN, editors. Warfare, violence and slavery in prehistory. Oxford: Archaeopress. p 49-65.
40. Knüsel C, Outram A,. Fragmentation: the zonation method applied to fragmented human remains from archaeological and forensic contexts. Environ Archaeol 1: 85-97.
41. Larsen CS,. 1997. Bioarchaeology: interpreting behavior from the human skeleton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
42. Lessa A, de Souza SM,. 2004. Violence in the Atacama Desert during the Tiwanaku period: social tension? Int J Osteoarchaeol 14: 374-388.
43. Levin L, Zadik Y, Peleg K, Bigman G, Givon A, Lin S,. 2008. Incidence and severity of maxillofacial injuries during the Second Lebanon War among Israeli soldiers and civilians. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 66: 1630-1633.
44. Lidke G,. 2008. Untersuchungen zur Bedeutung von Gewalt und Aggression im Neolithikum Deutschlands unter besonderer Berücksichtigung Norddeutschlands: Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald.
45. Lorkiewicz W,. 2012. Skeletal trauma and violence among the early farmers of the North European Plain: Evidence from Neolithic settlements of the Lengyel Culture in Kuyavia, north-central Poland. In:, Schulting RJ, Fibiger L, editors. Sticks, stones, and broken bones. Neolithic violence in a European perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p 51-76.
46. Malojcic B, Mubrin Z, Coric B, Susnic M, Spilich GJ,. 2008. Consequences of mild traumatic brain injury on information processing assessed with attention and short-term memory tasks. J Neurotrauma 25: 30-37.
47. Martin DL, Frayer DW, editors. 1997. Troubled times. Violence and warfare in the past. Amsterdam: Gordon & Breach.
48. Maschner HDG, Reedy-Maschner KL,. 1998. Raid, retreat, defend (repeat): the archaeology and ethnohistory of warfare on the North Pacific Rim. J Anthropol Archaeol 17: 19-51.
49. Merbs CF,. 1989. Trauma. In:, Işcan MY, Kennedy KAR, editors. Reconstruction of life from the skeleton. New York: Alan R. Liss. p 161-189.
50. Meyer C, Brandt G, Haak W, Ganslmeier RA, Meller H, Alt KW,. 2009. The Eulau eulogy: bioarchaeological interpretation of lethal violence in Corded Ware multiple burials from Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. J Anthropol Archaeol 28: 412-423.
51. Nahlieli O, Baruchin AM, Neder A,. 1993. Fracture of the mandible caused by stoning: return of an ancient entity. J Trauma-Injury Infect Crit Care 35: 939-942.
52. Nash G,. 2005. Assessing rank and warfare-strategy in prehistoric hunter-gatherer society: a study of representational warrior figures from the Spanish Levant, southeastern Spain. In:, Parker Pearson M, Thorpe IJN, editors. Warfare, violence and slavery in prehistory. Oxford: Archaeopress. p 75-86.
53. Nielsen PO,. 2001. Oldtiden i Danmark. Bondestenalderen. Copenhagen: Sesam.
54. Novak SA,. 2000. Battle-related trauma. In:, Fiorato V, Boylston A, Knüsel C, editors. Blood red roses. The archaeology of a mass grave from the Battle of Towton AD 1461. Oxford: Oxbow. p 90-102.
55. Novak SA,. 2006. Beneath the façade: a skeletal model of domestic violence. In:, Gowland R, Knüsel C, editors. Social archaeology of funerary remains. Oxford: Oxbow. p 238-252.
56. Oh S,. 1983. Clinical and experimental morphological study of depressed skull fracture. Acta Neurochir 68: 111-121.
57. Ortner DJ,. 2003. Identification of pathological conditions in human skeletal remains. San Diego: Academic Press.
58. Otterbein KF,. 1968. Internal war: a cross-cultural study. Am Anthropol 70: 277-289.
59. Otterbein KF,. 2004. How war began. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
60. Otterbein KF,. 2008. Clan and tribal conflict. In:, Kurtz L, editor. Encyclopedia of violence, peace and conflict, 2nd ed. San Diego: Academic Press. p 268-275.
61. Parker K,. 2008. The effect of skeletal completeness on cranial trauma analyses. Thesis. University of Victoria.
62. Pinker S,. 2011. The better angels of our nature. New York: Viking.
63. Price TD,. 1995. Social inequality at the origins of agriculture. In:, Price TD, Feinmann GM, editors. Foundations of social inequality. New York: Plenum Press. p 129-151.
64. Raetzel-Fabian D,. 2000. Technik in der Jungsteinzeit. In:, Raetzel-Fabian D, editor. Die ersten Bauernkulturen Jungsteinzeit in Nordhessen. Kassel: Staatliche Museen Kassel. p 26-44.
65. Rand M, Strom K,. 1997. Violence-related injuries treated in hospital emergency departments. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice.
66. Retzius G,. 1900. Crania Suecica Antiqua. Eine Darstellung der schwedischen Menschen-Schädel aus dem Steinzeitalter, dem Bronzezeitalter und dem Eisenzeitalter sowie ein Blick auf die Forschungen über die Rassencharaktere der europäischen Völker. Stockholm: Aftonbladets Druckerei.
67. Robb J,. 1997. Violence and gender in early Italy. In:, Martin DL, Frayer DW, editors. Troubled times. Violence and warfare in the past. Amsterdam: Gordon & Breach. p 111-144.
68. Sauer NJ,. 1998. The timing of injuries and manner of death: distinguishing among antemortem, perimortem and postmortem trauma. In:, Reichs KJ, editor. Forensic osteology, 2nd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. p 321-332.
69. Scheuer L, Black S,. 2000. Developmental juvenile osteology. London: Academic Press.
70. Schulting RJ, Fibiger L, editors 2012. Sticks, stones, and broken bones. Neolithic violence in a European perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
71. Schulting RJ, Wysocki M,. 2005. In this chambered tomb were found cleft skulls.: an assessment of the evidence for cranial trauma in the British Neolithic. Proc Prehist Soc 71: 107-138.
72. Scott E,. 1999. The archaeology of infancy and infant death. Oxford: Archaeopress.
73. Shepherd JP, Shapland M, Pearce NX, Scully C,. 1990. Pattern, severity and etiology of injuries in victims of assault. J R Soc Med 83: 75-78.
74. Sherratt A,. 2007. Diverse origins: regional contributions to the genesis of farming. In:, Colledge S, Connolly J, editors. The origins and spread of domestic plants in southwest Asia and Europe. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press. p 1-20.
75. Spedding RL, McWilliams M, McNichol BP, Dearden CH,. 1999. Markers for domestic violence in women. J Accident Emergency Med 16: 400-402.
76. Standen VG, Arriaza BT,. 2000. Trauma in the preceramic coastal populations of northern Chile: violence or occupational hazards? Am J Phys Anthropol 112: 239-249.
77. Stokes RB, Saunders CJ, Thaller SR,. 1996. Bregmatic epidermoid inclusion cyst eroding both calvarial tables. J Craniofac Surg 7: 148-150.
78. Teschler-Nicola M,. 2012. The Early Neolithic site Asparn/Schletz (Lower Austria): skeletal evidence for interpersonal violence. In:, Schulting RJ, Fibiger L, editors. Sticks, stones, and broken bones. Neolithic violence in a European perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p 101-120.
79. Tilley C,. 1996. An ethnography of the Neolithic. Early prehistoric societies in southern Scandinavia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
80. Torres-Rouff C, Junqueira MAC,. 2006. Interpersonal violence in prehistoric San Pedro de Atacama, Chile: behavioral implications of environmental stress. Am J Phys Anthropol 130: 60-70.
81. Wahl J, König HG,. 1987. Anthropologisch-traumatologische Untersuchung der menschlichen Skelettreste aus dem Bandkeramischen Massengrab bei Talheim, Kreis Heilbronn. Fundberichte aus Baden-Württemberg 12: 65-193.
82. Walker PL,. 1989. Cranial injuries as evidence of violence in prehistoric southern California. Am J Phys Anthropol 80: 313-323.
83. Walker PL,. 2001. A bioarchaeological perspective on the history of violence. Annu Rev Anthropol 30: 573-596.
84. Webber M, Ganiaris H,. 2004. The Chelsea wooden club: a Neolithic wooden artifact from the river Thames in London. In:, Cotton J, Field D, editors. Towards a New Stone Age. Aspects of the Neolithic in south-east England. York: Council for British Archaeology. p 124-127.
85. Whittle A,. 1996. Europe in the Neolithic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.